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Unit 15 homeostasis
1. Homeostasis
• Homeostatis is the tendency of an organism or
cell to regulate its internal environment.
• E.g. Maintaining chemical composition of
body fluids to a required constant level.
2.
3. Mechanism of Homeostasis
• System governing homeostasis is comprised of
the following components
1. Receptors
2. Control center (Integrator)
3. Effector
• Hypothalamus is the thermoregulatory organ
in the brain.
4.
5. Negative feed back
• Negative feedback is a process in which the
end products of an action cause less of that
action to occur in a feedback loop.
• It occurs in response to some kind of
stimulus.
• Often it causes the output of a system to be
lessened; so, the feedback tends to stabilize
the system.
6.
7.
8.
9. Positive feedback
• Positive feedback is a process in which the end
products of an action cause more of that
action to occur in a feedback loop.
• This amplifies the original action. It is
contrasted with negative feedback, which is
when the end results of an action inhibit that
action from continuing to occur.
• An important example of positive feedback is
the process of labor and childbirth.
12. Osmoregulation
• A type of homeostasis in which water and ions
concentration is maintained in the cells and in
the intercellular fluid.
• Water and solutes relation to the cells
• Animals may be osmoregulators or
osmoconformers based on osmoregulatory
characteristics.
13. Osmoregulators
• These are those animals whose body fluids
have different solute concentration from
external environment. E.g. land animals and
marine vertebrates.
14. Osmoconformers
• These are those animals whose body fluids
and external environment have same solute
concentration.
• Most osmoconformers are marine
invertebrates such as echinoderms (such as
starfish), mussels, marine
crabs, lobsters, jellyfish, ascidians (sea
squirts - primitive chordates), and scallops.
Some insects are also
osmoconformers.[hagfish, skates and sharks
15. Osmoregulation in animals of different
environments
• Fresh water animals: ionocytes
• Marine animals: Teleosts (bony fishes)
• Terrestrial animals e.g. Arthropods in
invertebrates and reptiles, birds and mammals
in vertebrates.
• Anhydrobiosis (metabolic and behavioral
adaptation).
21. Excretion
• The form of nitrogenous waste an animal
excretes depends on its habitat.
• Ammonia:
• Ammonotelic e.g. most fishes, protozoans,
sponges, coelentrates, echinoderms
• Urea:
• Urotelic e.g. some marine organisms and all
terrestrial organisms.
• Uric acid:
• Uricotelics e.g. terrestial invertebrates and egg
laying vertebrates.
42. Urinary tract infection
• Urinary tract infection or UTI, is an infection
that can happen anywhere along the urinary
tract.
• Types of UTI’S
1. Pyelonephritis (Kidney infection)
2. Cystitis (Bladder infection)
3. Urethrites (Urethral infection)
45. Urinary stones
• Hard, crystalline mineral materials that stick
together forming pebbles.
• Symptoms:
1. Pain at the side of belly (groin)
2. Urine become pinkish or reddish
• Chemical Nature:
• Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate (70 %)
• Uric acid (5 to 10 %) and cysteine
• Struvite or infection stones (15 to 20%)
49. • Causes:
1. Hypercalcemia:
• Increased calcium in blood causes hypercalciuria
(high calcium in urine).
• This condition may arise due to
hyperparathyroidism (over secretion of
parathormone hormone from parathyroid).
2. Hyperoxaluria:
• Increase oxalate level in urine.
• Over eating of vegetables rich in oxalate.
50.
51. 3. Hyperuricemia:
• Increase in uric acid in blood
• It may be due to gout (a form of arthritis;
genetic disorder)
• Or consumption of too much protein in the of
meat.
Treatment:
1. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotrypsy (ESWL)
2. Percutaneous nephro lithotrypsy (PCNL)
3. Open surgery (stagehorn stones)
54. Renal failure/kidney failure
• It is a medical condition in which the normal
functions of kidneys (filtration of toxins and
waste products from the blood) is gradually
decreased.
• It is of two types:
1. Acute kidney failure:
• It develops suddenly.
• It develops in already hospitalized persons.
55. • It may be reversible or irreversible.
• Causes:
1. Blood clots or cholesterol deposits in blood
vessels.
2. Chemotherapy drugs e.g. antibiotics
3. Toxins: alcohol, heavy metals and coccaine
Chronic renal failure:
• Gradual loss of kidney function.
• Chronic kidney failure can lead to uremia.
• In case of uremia artificial dialysis become
necessary.
56. • Causes:
1. Diabetes
2. Hypertension
3. Prolong use of anti-inflammatory drug and
pain killers.
Renal failure treatment:
1. Dietary modification
2. Treatment of diabetes and hypertension
3. Dialysis
4. Transplantation
57. Renal dialysis
• Procedure to filter out toxins and waste
products from blood artificially.
• It is applied in conditions where kidneys are
unable to do their normal function.
• There are two types of renal dialysis:
1. Peritoneal dialysis:
2. haemodialysis
64. Thermoregulation
• The maintenance of the body temperature by
living organisms.
• Poikilotherms (ectotherms) e.g. invertebrates,
fishes, Amphibian, reptilian
• homeotherms (endotherms) e.g. birds and
mammals.
65. Thermoregulation in Human
• Thermogenesis: heat production in the body.
1. Shivering…due to muscular activity
2. Non-shivering…due to metabolism
