Role of Internet Exchange Points (IXP)
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2nd Central Asia Internet Symposium – 2 March 2016, Dushanbe By Maarit Palovirta (palovirta@isoc.org)
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Role of Internet Exchange Points (IXP)
- 1. Internet Society Role of Internet Exchange Points (IXP) 2nd Central Asia Internet Symposium – 2 March 2016, Dushanbe Maarit Palovirta (palovirta@isoc.org)
- 2. Role of Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) A primary role of an IXP is to: •Keep local Internet traffic within local infrastructure and to reduce costs associated with traffic exchange between networks. •Improve the quality of Internet services and drive demand by reducing delay and improving end-user experience. •Create a favorable environment for local Internet infrastructure and service development e.g. local content and shared services. •Act as a catalyst for overall Internet development through knowledge sharing and capacity building. Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) are now well recognised as a vital part of the Internet ecosystem and essential for facilitating a robust domestic ICT sector*. * See for example, the OECD’s recent report on Internet Traffic Exchange: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/internet-trafficexchange_5k918gpt130q-en
- 3. IXPs around the World Source: TeleGeography World IX Map, http://www.internetexchangemap.com/
- 4. IXP and Local Internet Eco-system ISP 4 ISP 1 ISP 2 IXP evolution No IXP IXP ‘spoke’ IXP ‘hub’ IXP ISP 3 IXP Content provider International ISP 4 ISP 1 ISP 2 Country A ISP 3 IXP Content provider International ISP 4 ISP 2 ISP 1 IXP ISP 3 IXP International Content provider Country A Country A
- 5. Local Internet Eco-system and IXP Source: Internet Society 2015
- 6. Geography of Top Level Domain Names
- 7. Language is a significant issue, and English remains over-represented
- 8. ISOC: IXP & Interconnection Activities •ISOC works with partners throughout the world to build IXPs, human capacity, and bottom-up governance of IXPs. •With partners: Euro-IX, RIRs (RIPE-NCC, AfriNIC, APNIC, LACNIC), IXPs, Cisco, Comcast, Google, Alcatel, Microsoft, NSRC, PCH, and other global and regional experts •Through Grants: IXP Toolkit Grant from Google Alcatel and Cisco donations & equipment grants Comcast and Microsoft grants for IXP development and training
- 9. ISOC: 2014-15 Highlights • Create an IXP Portal: Access to information & experts | www.ixptoolkit.org Released 25 February 2014 | Rebooting 2ndQ2015 IXP Videos • Create an IXP Toolkit: A study and Methodology to Identify Best Practices | www.internetsociety.org/ixptoolkitguide/ Released 25 February 2014 | Rebooting 2ndQ2015 2014 by Numbers: -10 new IXPs with ISOC involvement -18 IXPs “leveled up” with ISOC involvement -34 IXP workshops organised by ISOC • ISOC awarded a grant by Google to extend its Internet exchange point (IXP) activities in emerging markets.
- 10. 0 Kyrgyz Republic: IXP Work (2015) •IXP roundtable: Business level introduction of IXPs to government, network operators and technical experts. •ISOC study on Kyrgyz Internet Environment: Specific recommendations for next steps to the Kyrgyz Telecommunication Operators Association (who runs IXP) •BGP training: Technical training on peering/ BGP to engineers from local ISPs. •Next steps: Visit to a European IXP and further technical training (tbc!)
- 11. 1 Georgia: IXP Workshop (2014) - Workshop partners: GNCC, RIPE NCC and EUR-IX. - Attendees: Main telecoms operators, ISPs, data center providers, GRENA. - Summary of issues raised: IXP and competition in telecoms market; Private peering vs. public peering; IXP neutrality: who and where; Value add of IXPs; Role of government in IXP development.
- 12. 2 Thank You! palovirta@isoc.org @European Regional Bureau www.internetsociety.org For any questions, please contact me at: palovirta@isoc.org
Editor's Notes
- Founded in 1992, by Internet pioneers The Internet Society is the world's trusted independent source of leadership for Internet policy, technology standards, and future development. More than simply advancing technology, we work to ensure the Internet continues to grow and evolve as a platform for innovation, economic development, and social progress for people around the world. With offices in Washington, D.C, USA, and Geneva, Switzerland, we work to ensure that the Internet and the web that is built on it: Continues to develop as an open platform that empowers people to share ideas and connect in new and innovative ways Serves the economic, social, and educational needs of individuals throughout the world – today and in the future We are also organizational home of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the premier Internet standards-setting body. The Internet Society supports the evolution of the Internet through technical expertise, capacity building and innovation.
- Costs: Avoiding costs related to international traffic/ tromboning; Reducing dependency on the incumbent; Leveling the playing field for all ISPs. Content & quality: Reducing latency and improving user experience Reinforcing local content eco-system: Internet infrastructure and service development (both local entrepreneurship and international investment) Location for shared services, such as domain name servers (DNS), caching and time-servers.
- So far IXPs have only emerged in about half the countries in the world, and these vary greatly in scale and effectiveness. Ideally, IXPs are needed in every region in which different networks need to exchange local traffic. Deployment of IXPs are, however, sensitive to a variety of local constraints, and initiating and ensuring their efficient operation is not as simple as it would appear, especially in emerging markets (where IXPs are rare). To this end, the Internet Society is working with numerous countries and regions to help them establish and reap the benefits of IXPs: “Barriers to the Internet” analysis for Africa, in the making for South Asia and the Caribbean; capacity building and training (both technical and business); IXP toolkit for starting up IXPs. ISOC enabled examples on IXP launches in Africa this year include Rwanda, Namibia, Swaziland, Gambia. Recent workshop e.g. work in progress include Georgia and Montenegro in Europe and Papua New Guinea in Asia-Pacific.
- Private peering agreements to exchange traffic in place -> IXP spoke The next stage: IXP hub Are global content providers present: Google, Akamai, Verisign? Expanding content hosting industry
- Different routes to access local content in developing markets: Baseline assumptions: No competitive domestic data hosting facilities No IXP International transit more expensive than peering locally at IXP 1. International routing -> high international transit costs; lower data hosting costs. Impact on Internet eco-system: Higher local connectivity prices High latency and low quality for end-users Potential barrier for local businesses to grow 2. Local routing -> low transit costs, higher local data hosting costs (due to economies of scale and power costs) Impact on local Internet eco-system: Lower local connectivity prices Lower latency and better quality for end-users -> drives further demand Encourages local businesses to develop new local content and attract international content e.g. Google cache Government can support by hosting e-government services in a local data centre (DCaaS)
- Driving demand for Internet use and e-participation can be done by developing of local content as discussed, but also by facilitating access to regional and international content. This graphic maps a combination of generic top-level domains (gTLDs) and country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) in order to provide an indication of the total number of domain registrations in every country worldwide. The graphic excludes all countries that contain fewer than 10,000 domains. Findings: A majority of domains (78%) are registered in Europe or North America, reinforcing the dominance of those two regions in terms of Internet content production. Asia, in contrast, is home to 13% of the world’s domains while Latin America (4%), Oceania (3%), and the Middle East and Africa combined (2%) have even smaller shares of the world’s websites. These data offer a fascinating window into one important facet of Internet content production. Large Internet populations in some countries (e.g. China) are not necessarily indicators of large numbers of domain registrations. In other words, just because a country is home to a large number of Internet users, doesn’t necessarily mean that it is also home to an active group of content producers. However, it is also likely that we see a lot of the world’s content simply placed within websites that are hosted within only a few countries (in particular, the US). Importance of IXP: In a local context, presence of an IXP greatly enhances local capacity and often serves as a “capacity incubator”. International content also feeds demand for local bandwidth and contributes to the local Internet economy. International content providers and networks serve as aggregators of content; they deliver traffic directly to the terminating network and provide quality-enhancing inputs, such as caching of content close to the end user. Local caching also reduces the volume of traffic that needs to be delivered to the terminating network. CDNs growing not only because of cost but also because of quality. Conclusion: A healthy Internet commercial ecosystem ensures that both locally-produced content and content served by foreign organisations can be easily hosted in close proximity to every IXP.