https://purebiotech.in/humoral-immune-response-types-and-functions/

3. The destruction of antigens by producing
antibodies is called antibody mediated
immune response. As antibodies are present in
the body fluids (humors), it is also called
humoral immune response.
Humoral immune response is the operation of
war by the immune system on the pathogen
with the help of antibodies. Antibodies will
react with antigens (pathogens) present
outside the cells.
They cannot kill the pathogens present inside

4. Humoral immunity kills and neutralizes the
intercellular bacterial antigens and their toxins.
Generally, Humoral immune response is brought
about by B cells. Hence it is also called B cell
mediated immunity.
As the B cells are involved in antibody production,
they are called effector cells for humoral immune
response.
The B cells alone cannot bring about humoral
immune response.
They need the cooperation of antigen presenting
cells and T helper cells (TH cells).

5. MECHANISM OF HUMORAL IMMUNE
RESPONSE
The antigen enters the body.
The antigen is identified by the antigen presenting cells
(APC).
The APC internalizes (swallows) the antigen by endocytosis.
Elimination of pathogens by the antibodies is called humoral
immune response. Humoral immune response is brought about
by the interaction of antigens, macrophages, dendritic cells, T
cells and B cells.
It involves the following steps:

6. The antigen is processed and degraded into
peptide fragments by the APC. This process is
called antigen processing.
The peptide fragment is loaded on the MHC
molecule to form peptide- MHC complex.
The peptide-MHC complex is deposited on the
surface of the APC. This is called antigen
presentation.
The antigen present on the APC is identified by
TH cell.

7. The TH cell binds to the peptide-MHC
complex.
The APC releases a protein factor called
interleukin-1.
The interleukin 1 and the binding of TH cell
with the APC, activate the TH cell.
The activated TH cell binds with a B cell.
The TH cell releases lymphokines.
The binding and lymphokines activate the B
cell.

8. The activated B cell proliferates into a clone
of B cells. Most of the B cells develop into
plasma cells and a few cells develop into
memory B cells.
The plasma cells secrete antibodies. The
antibodies kill the intercellular antigens.
Finally, The memory B cells bring about
secondary immune response when the same
antigen enters the body for the second time.

9. FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES
Antibodies kill intercellular pathogens.
They activate the complement system resulting in
the lysis of micro-organisms.
They function as opsonins, coat the pathogens
and mark them for phagocytosis.
They bind to bacterial toxins and neutralize their
toxicity.
They bind to viruses and inhibit their infection.
They bind to macrophages and NK cells,
stimulating phagocytosis of the antigen.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

10. Check also
Purebiotech.in
Read more link in discription
Humoral immune response

11. Thank you☺☺☺☺