How to mitigate the effect of global warming through vegetable crop improvement.

1. Presented by : Imamuddin Shah
Id. No. – 58163
Ph.D. 2nd year
Department of Vegetable Science

2. What is Global Warming?
• Global warming is a gradual increase in the earth’s temperature generally
due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide,
CFCs and other pollutants.
• This phenomenon has been observed over the past one or two centuries. This
change has disturbed the climatic pattern of the earth.
• In 2023, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change reported reiterates
that humans are responsible for all global heating over the past 200 years
leading to a current temperature rise of 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels,
which has led to more frequent and hazardous weather events that have caused
increasing destruction to people and the planet (IPCC, 2023).

3. Causes of Global Warming
Man-made
Causes
Deforestation
Use of Vehicles
Chlorofluorocarbon
Industrial Development
Agriculture
Overpopulation
Natural
Causes
Volcanoes
Water Vapour
Melting Permafrost
Forest Blazes

4. Forest Blazes Volcano
Melting Permafrost
Industries
Overpopulation
Vehicles

5. Effects of Global Warming
Rise in
Tempe
rature
Threats to
the
Ecosystem
Climate
Change
Spread
of
Diseases
High
Mortality
Rates
Loss of
Natural
Habitat

7. Per cent share of the five major CO2 emitting countries and the
European Union in 2015 (Source of data: Olivier et al., 2016).
GHG emissions (Mt CO2-equivalent) from different sectors in
India.
India
7%

8. Simulated Temperature Change
IPCC Report, 2014, 2022

9. Indian scenario

11. Effect of global warming on vegetable crops
Effect of global warming on vegetable crops
Effect of global
warming
- Temperature rise
- Increase dry and
wet
condition
- Increase of CO2 in
atmosphere
Increase in
productivity due to
increased CO2
concentration
Extended growth
period
Increase in
productivity at low
level of temperature
rise
Reduction of
heating cost for
protected
cultivation
Possibility of
cultivating new
crop varieties
Increase of weeds,
blights and pest
Increase of soil
erosion
Quality
degradation due to
temperature rise
Increase of disaster
such as moisture
stress and drought
Reduction of
productivity due
to temperature
rise
Effect of global warming on vegetable crops
+ve impact -ve impact

12. Effect of high temperature on vegetable crops
Parameters Effect Observed in Reference
Fruit colour Decrease Tomato (Kalloo et al., 2001)
Tuber formation Decrease Potato (Sekhawat, 2001)
Bud and flower
abscission
Increase Bean
(Yoldas and Esiyok,
2009)
Male flowers Increase Cucumber (Singh et al., 2010)
Flower bud size Decrease Broccoli
(Kałuzewicz et al.,
2012)
Effect of heat stress on the breeding system in some vegetable crops
Species Response to increase temperature
Carrot Reduced male sterility at 26 °C
Brussels sprout Breakdown of male sterility above 17°C
Radish Breakdown of self incompatibility at 26°C
Rashid et al., 2020
Hampton et al., 2016

13. Effect of heat stress on morphological/ physiological characters of vegetables
Crop Effect References
Brinjal Reduced extension of main stem, reduced no of branches per plant Yadav et al., 2012
Potato
Sharp reduction in the potato tuber yield, at 30 ˚C complete inhibition of
tuber formation occurs and decreased starch content
Sekhawat, 2001
Cauliflower Ricey, leafy, loose, yellow, small and hard curds Yadav et al., 2012
Tomato
Fruit set failure at high temperatures involves bud drop, abnormal flower
growth, poor pollen creation, poor inflorescence and viability, abortion of
ovule and reduced carbohydrate existence
Hazra et al., 2007
Lettuce Bitter taste, accelerated development of tip burn Yadav et al., 2012
Spinach beet Bolting rendering the plant unmarketable
Goreta and Leskovar,
2006
Cow pea Inhibition of floral bud development
Dow El-Medina and Hall,
1986
Chili pepper
(Capsicum
annuum)
Reduced fruit width and fruit weight increased the proportion of abnormal
seeds per fruit. Abortion of flower prior to anthesis and reduce fruit set
Pagamas and Nawata,
2008; Aloni et al., 2000
Okra
Reduced yield, damages in pod quality parameters such as fibre content
and break down of the Ca-pectate.
Gunawardhana et al.,
2011
Common bean
Increased vegetative growth, decreased total yield and quality of pods.
Increased the total phenolic acids in the pod.
El-Bassiony et al.,
2012 Dolkar et al., 2019

14. Objective:- To investigate the linkage of heat tolerance between the seedling and reproductive growth stage
of tomato cultivars ‘Dafnis’ and ‘Minichal’.

15. Leaf heat damages (%)
Electrolyte
conductivity(%)
Proline content
(ug/mg)

16. Plant height (cm) Shoot fresh weight (g)
Root fresh weight (g)

17. Fruit set (%) Fruit yield/plant (Kg)
Conclusion
• The present work showed that heat stress not only damages the appearance of tomato plants but also
significantly affects the physiological-chemical and vegetative parameters in the seedlings stage.
• Among small and large size tomatoes, there was no linkage between the seedling stage and growth stage
in terms of heat tolerances with reproductive traits.
• In the heat-susceptible tomato cultivar D were identified the reduction of the fruit parameters of plants.

20. Component of drought

21. Effect of drought on growth and development of vegetables
Vegetable
Critical stage of water
requirement
Impact of water deficit
Tomato
Flowering and fruit development
Flower shedding, BER, reduced fruit
size, fruit splitting
Eggplant Less yield, poor colour development
Chilli and
capsicum
Shedding of flower and fruits
Cucumber Bitterness and deformity in fruits
Melons Poor fruit quality due to less TSS,
Increase in phenolic content, decreased
carotenoid
Pea Flowering and pod filling Less root nodulation, poor pod filling
Potato Tuberization and enlargement Poor tuber growth and yield, splitting
Onion Bulb formation and enlargement Splitting of outer scales
Bahadur et al., 2011, Klunklin and Savage 2017 and Ansari et al., 2019

22. Objective: The main aim of this research is to compare the growth and yield parameters
of Chilli when it subjected to temperature and water stress.

23. Treatment: Ambient temp + No water stress, ambient temp + 50% water stress, 32°C
Max temp + No water stress, 32°C Max temp + 50% water stress, 34°C Max temp + No
water stress and 34°C Max temp + 50% water stress
Average percentage of transplant success
Average plant height

24. Average fruit weight
Average yield

25. Water logging
Gas diffusion
limitation
Oxygen
deficit
Carbon
dioxide
excess
Ethylene
excess
Mineral nutrient
deficiency
(Leaching induced)
Anaerobic
respiration
Metabolic
toxins (soil or
roots)
Reduced
respiration
(Energy
deficiency)
Reduced root
Conductivity to
water

26. Symptoms of some waterlogged plants
Crops Symptoms Source
Sweet potato Flooding causes decreases in size and number of tuberous roots but
increases fresh weight of the shoots
http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/19
89/cont ributed/irrigation/p-16.htm
Potato Water stress is usually reflected in slower growth, a smaller leaf
canopy, early senescence and eventually in lower yields.
http://nbsystems.co.za/potato/index_
27.htm
Tomato Rapid development of downward growth of leaf petioles Jackson and Cambell
Eggplant Yellowing of the bottom leaves and a brown discoloration in the stem
interior. Prolonged periods of very wet conditions may also promote
rapid growth of rot pathogens
www.rma.usda.gov/pilots/feasible/pd
f/eggpl ant.pdf
Pea Prompt closure of stomata, wilting Zang and Zang
Pumpkin Waterlogged soil with poor drainage can also lead to yellow, cupping
pumpkin leaves
http://www.ehow.com/info_8764513
_pumpkin-leaves-turning-yellow-
cupping.html#ixzz2NVGMMZZW
Garlic Waterlogged soils restrict the roots, cause misshapen bulbs and give
poor results
http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_926
89.html
Onion If the soil stays waterlogged, the onions will rot before they have a
chance to grow
http://www.backyard-vegetable-
gardening.com/growing-onions.html
Available online: http://scholarsmepub.com/sjet/

27. Morphological parameters
T1; 1-10 DAT, T2; 10-20 DAT, T3; 20-30 DAT, T4;
30-40 DAT, T5; 40-50 DAT; T6; 50-60 DAT, T7; 60-
70 DAT, T8; 70-80 DAT, T9; 80-90 DAT, T10; 90-100
DAT; T11; 100-110 DAT, Control; Normal irrigation
schedule
Effect of waterlogging stress (10 days) at specific
growth stage on survival percentage in onion crop
(Ghodke et al., 2018)

28. Effect waterlogging stress (10 days) at specific growth stage on bulb size, weight and TSS in
onion variety Bhima of Super
Treatment Bulb weight (g) Bulb diameter (mm)
Polar size Equatorial size
Control 100.4 51.6 60.33
T1 84.6 57.1 56.18
T2 65.0 47.1 51.68
T3 21.1 35.1 28.52
T4 31.1 37.5 37.66
T5 21.4 47.2 28.69
T6 24.3 52.1 29.65
T7 32.9 49.1 35.92
T8 28.5 42.6 35.27
T9 38.3 45.4 39.57
T10 72.3 55.3 51.02
T11 76.2 51.5 51.35
CD (5%) 5.077 2.359 5.923

29. Salinity Stress
Loss of turgor Decrease
photosynthesis
Leaf abscission,
curling and
epinasty
Loss of cellular
integrity
Respiratory
changes
Growth reduction

30. Effect of Salinity on Different Vegetable Crops
Sr. no. Crop Effect Reference
1. Tomato Flower affected, fruit yield affected and fruit weight was influenced, number of
tomato leaves reduced, tomato plant leaf area was influenced
Kakar et al., 2019
2. Cabbage Decrease dry weight of root and shoot, reduction in number of leaves, reduced leaf
area
Jamil et al., 2007
3. Capsicum Decrease in length and weight of radicles and hypocotyls, dry weight reduced of
shoot and root flesh
Yilmaz et al.,
2004
4. Coriander Decrease in seed germination rates, decrease in plant length, reduced number of
leaves, decrease in root length, reduced survival rates
Ewase et al., 2013
5. Fenugreek Germination percentage decreased, decrease in root and shoot length, reduced
number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot decreased
Kapoor and Pande
(2015)
6. Lettuce Shoot height, fresh and dry weight of shoot decreased, damage to cells, carotenoid
content reduced, necrosis on leaf edges, reduced number of leaves
Kiran, S. (2019)
7. Onion Germination percentage and seed vigour reduced Sudha and
Riazunnisa (2015)
8. Brinjal Shoot and root length decreased, chlorophyll content reduced Ahire and Nikam,
2011
9. Potato Tuber production decreased, total dry matter decreased Ghosh et al., 2001
Patel et al., 2020

31. Mitigation strategies
Reduce the sources or enhance
the sinks of green house gases,
which permanently eliminate or
reduce the long term risk and
hazard of climate change
Source: IPCC Special Report on Global warming of 1.5°C ; world Bank

32. 1. Developing climate resilience
• Screening of germplasm for biotic and abiotic stress resistance in open field
conditions or in controlled conditions and then tolerant germplasm can be used
in the breeding programmes to incorporate resistance
a. Source of heat stress tolerance in vegetables
Crop Varieties Tolerance References
Tomato Kashi Tapas Tolerant to high temperature https://iivr.icar.gov.in/iivr-varieties
Pusa hybrid-1 Tolerant to high temperatures Selvakumar, R., 2018
Kashi Adbhut Tolerant to high temperatures https://iivr.icar.gov.in/iivr-varieties
Radish Pusa Chetki Better root formation under high
temperature regime.
Reddy, M., 2020
Kashi Rituraj High temperature tolerant https://iivr.icar.gov.in/iivr-varieties
Carrot Pusa Vrishti Form root at high temperature Reddy, M., 2020
Cauliflower Pusa Meghna Can form curd at high
temperature
Selvakumar, R., 2018
Bitter Gourd Kashi Mayuri Heat tolerant https://iivr.icar.gov.in/iivr-varieties

33. b. Sources for water logging tolerance
Crop Sources Tolerance Reference
Water spinach Kashi Mannu Extremely tolerant to
water logging condition
https://iivr.icar.gov.in/iivr
-varieties
Brussels sprout Danish prize, Hilds
ideal, Danish prize
Tolerant to excessive
moisture
Reddy, M., 2020
Tomato L-123, L-125, L973,
Nagcarian
Tolerant to water logging
condition
Kno and chen
c. Sources for Salt tolerance
Tomato L. cheesmani, Sabour
Suphala, S. penneli, S.
haibrochaites
Tolerant to salt stress
condition
Cuartero et al., 2006;
Hari Har Ram, 2018
Okra Pusa sawani Tolerant to salt stress
condition
Muthulumar, P. and
Selvakumar, 2017;
Koundinya et al., 2018
French bean P. filiformis Tolerant to salinity Selvakumar, 2015
Onion Hisar-2 Tolerant to salinity Koundinya et al., 2018
Egg plants Pragati and Pusa Bindu Tolerant to salinity

34. d. Sources of drought tolerance in vegetables
Tomato L. penneli, IIHR 14-1, 146-2, 383, 553,
555
Hari Har Ram, 2018
Egg plant SM-1, SM-19 and SM-30
Koundinya et al., 2018
Sweet potato Sree Nandini
Cassava H-97, Sree Sahya
Chilli C. cardenasi, C. chacoense, Arka lohit Kumar, P. and Peter, K. V.,
2020
Okra A. tuberosus, A. caillei, A. rugosus
Kumar et al., 2012
Cassava TP white, Narukku-3
Sweet Potato Sree Bhadra, IGSP 10, IGSP 16, VL - 56
Cucumber INGR - 98018
Onion A. fistulosum, Arka kalyan, A. munzii,
MST-42, MST-46

35. Crop Disease/insect Resistant source Reference
Tomato
TLCV L. peruvianum, L. hirsutum
Hari Har
Ram, 2018
Fruit borer PI 126449 (L. hirsutum)
Bacterial wilt PI 127805, Saturn, Venus
Brinjal
Shoot and Fruit
Borer
Pant Samrat, Annamalai, Bhagyamati, PPC, S. gilo,
S. anomalum, Aushay
Phomopsis Blight
Pusa Bhairav, Florida market, Florida beauty, Pusa
Anupam
Okra
YVMV Parbhani Kranti, IC 1542, Punjab padmini
Shoot and fruit borer Red I, Red II, Pusa sawani, Long green
Cucumber
Powdery mildew
Poinsette, Yomaki, Sparton salad, C. ficifolia, C.
anguria Naik et al.,
2013
Downy mildew Poinsette and Chinese long
CMV
TMG-1, Tokyo long green, Chinese long,
Wisconsin
Hari Har
Ram, 2018
Watermelon
Powdery mildew,
Downy mildew, and
anthracnose
Arka Manik

36. Biotechnology innovative strategies
Biotic and abiotic stresses
Molecular and integrated
breeding
Biotic and abiotic stress tolerance cultivars
Marker assisted selection (MAS)
High throughput phenotyping and
screening for biotic and abiotic stress
tolerance
Breeding
Trait selection
Mapping Population
QTL/Marker/candidate
gene
Genomics
High throughput genotyping
and sequencing
QTL mapping
Screening of germplasm for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance related traits

37. Varieties with various stress tolerance released in India for cultivation
Crop Variety Abiotic stress tolerance variety
Tomato
Pusa Sheetal Fruit set upto 8°C (low) night temperature
Pusa Hybrid 1 Fruit set upto 28°C (low) night temperature
Pusa Sadabahar Fruit set at both low and high night temperature
Arka Vikas Tolerant to drought
Brinjal
SM-1, SM-19 and SM-30 Drought
Pragati and Pusa Bindu Salt tolerance
Okra Pusa Sawani Tolerant to salinity
Muskmelon Jobner 96-2 High soil pH
Cucumber
Pusa Barkha Tolerant to high temperature
Pusa Uday Suitable for throughout the year
Bottle gourd Pusa Santusthi Hot and cold set variety
Onion Hissar-2 Tolerant to salinity
Radish
Pusa Himani Grown throughout the year
Pusa Chetki Better root formation under high temperature regime
Potato
Kufri Surya Heat tolerant up to 25°C night temperature
Kufri Sheetman, Kufri Deva Frost tolerant Koundinya et al., 2018

38. 2. Agronomic approaches
Selection of better adaptable varieties
Resource conservation technology No tillage or minimum tillage, organic soil cover, Crop rotation, Site
specific nutrition management
Reduce CO2 emissions as 0.35t Co2 equivalent/ha/year
Drip irrigation
Soil amendments to improve soil fertility
Protection from heat Use of mulches, shade nets, anti-transparents
Plastic Low Tunnel Technology
Fertilizer, manure and biomass
management
Reduce use of synthetic fertilizer, use of slow-releasing fertilizers,
Nitrification inhibitors etc.
Reduce CO2 emissions as 0.33t CO2 equivalent/ha/year
Mitigate: 0.98t Co2 equivalent/ha/year
Smart Nitrogen Management
Urea tablet/Nitrification
Inhibitors
Leaf colour Chart

39. 3. Grafting (Water, Temperature and salinity stress)
Crop Potential Rootstock References
Low temperature
Cucumber Fig leaf gourd (C. ficifolia), Bar cucumber ( Sicos angulatus L.) Zhou et al., 2007
Cucumber scion grafted onto squash rootstock ( C. moschata Duch) Shibuya et al., 2007
Watermelon Shin-tosa-type Davis et al., 2008
Flooding
Egg plant Solanum torvum, EG195 or EG203, PP0237-7502, PP0242-62 Penella et al., 2014; AVRDC, 2009
Pepper Chilli accessions , PP0237-7502, PP0242-62 and Lee B AVRDC, 2009
High Temperature
Chilli C. annum cv. Toom-1 and 9852-54 (AVRDC) AVRDC, 2009
Salinity
Cucumber Chaojiquanwang (C. moschata) Huang et al., 2013
Brinjal S. torvum Giuffrida et al., 2015
Drought
Egg plant Solanum macrocarpum, S. gilo, PKM-1 Lee et al., 2010; Padey and Rai;
Penella et al., 2014; AVRDC, 2009
Tomato Solanum pennelli, S. Chilense
Pepper Atlante, C-40, Serrano, PI-152225, ECU-973, BOL-58 and NuMe
Conquistador

40. 4. Urban Agriculture
• Fisahai (2010): Urban agriculture, vegetable farming/gardening
• Enhancing food security
• Cultivated and harvested with minimum mechanization
• Avoid use synthetic fertilizer, pesticides and fungicides
• Food that is grown and sold locally eliminates the need for wasteful plastic
packaging and fossil – fueled transport to market
• Minimize greenhouse gases emission

41. Commercialized climate resilient perennial vegetable
• Improve soil health, soil structure and biota
• Deeper root system
• Perennial roots contain more carbon than annuals (FAO 2011; USDA 2015)
Basella
Moringa Bird’s eye chilli Curry leaf
Tree Tomato

42. • In this review, emphasize the effects of abiotic stress, especially at high temperatures, on crop plants, such as
tomatoes, touching upon key processes determining plant growth and yield.

43. Key genes related to heat stress (HS) mechanisms
Gene/locus symbol Origin Defined function Related
trait/phenotype
References
SOD Tomato Antioxidant enzyme Antioxidant defence Zhou et al., 2019
APX Tomato Antioxidant enzyme Antioxidant defence Zhou et al., 2019
SENU3 Tomato, Pepper Senescence-associated
cysteine proteinase
Leaf senescence Drake et al., 1996;
Xiao et al., 2014
• HS causes serious damage to antioxidant enzymes function; therefore, tomato plants are required to
regulate SA and activate other biochemical pathways to enhance heat tolerance (Jahan et al., 2019).
• ROS acts as a transduction signal of heat tolerance; hence, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbic
acid peroxidase (APX) are involved in the antioxidant defense mechanism in tomato plants in response
to the negative effects of high temperature (Zhou et al., 2019).
• Senescence upregulated 3 (SENU3) is a ubiquitous cysteine protease (CP) that is associated with
vacuolar senescence in pepper.

44. Representative genes available for improving heat tolerance in tomato plants
Gene/locus symbol Source Expression References
HsfA1 Tomato Overexpression Mishra et al., 2002
hsp21 Tomato Overexpression Neta-Sharir et al., 2005
MT-sHSP Tomato Expression Nautiyal et al., 2005
LeAN2 Tomato Overexpression Meng et al., 2015
LeCDJ1 Tomato Overexpression Kong et al., 2014
codA Tomato Overexpression Zhang et al., 2020
There are several reports on gene regulation networks rapidly increasing HS
tolerance and development of heat resistant vegetable varieties will contribute
toward climate change adaptation and the construction of sustainable and
resilient food systems
Conclusion

46. • 17 April 2023, Rome: Seeds sent into space last year have returned to Earth in a
new milestone for joint efforts by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to develop
resilient crops that can help provide sufficient food as the planet heats up.
• Arabidopsis and Sorghum seeds — chosen because there is already a large bank of
scientific data available for comparison.
• Now that the seeds are back on Earth, we can see the effects of cosmic radiation,
microgravity and extreme temperatures and compare them with those induced in our
joint laboratories. This ground-breaking experiment can help develop crops that are
able to adapt to climate change and boost global food security,” said FAO Director-
General QU Dongyu.
• “This is the first feasibility study of the FAO and IAEA to determine the effect of
cosmic radiation, microgravity and extreme temperatures on plant genome and
biology, towards generating sufficient genetic variation for enhanced adaptation to
climate change,” said Shoba Sivasankar, Section Head of Plant Breeding and
Genetics at the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre.

47. Conclusion
• Average global temperature has increased by 1.1°C during 1885-2023 & predicted to
increase 2.6-5.8°C while CO₂ concentration is increase in range 550 to 850 ppm at end of
21st century.
• India is losing about 1.5 per cent of its GDP every year due to climate change.
• Increase in temperature leads to changes in the optimum growing period, increased
incidence of temperature-related disorders and changes in the distribution and/or abundance
of pests and diseases.
• Elevated CO₂ has positive effect ranging from 24-51% on productivity of different
vegetable but the high temperature has negative effect.
• For every 10° rise in temperature the water requirement of the crop increase by 50%.
• Development of climate resilient varieties.
• Encouragement to conserve and adopt good agronomic practices.
• Climate resilient perennial vegetable, grafting, urban agriculture, organic farming etc. are
different approaches to combat effect of global warming.

48. Future Thrusts
• Evaluation of diverse germplasm of various vegetable crop
• Development of varieties resistant to various biotic and abiotic stresses
• Restoration of natural eco-systems
• Smart monitoring of impacts of climate change
• Improved production system with minimal emission
• Juggle with planting dates
• Organic approaches