TROPHY HUNTING \ ESPECIALLY IN PAKISTAN wildlife(1)

Assignment no … 1
SUBJECT…WILDLIFE
ECOLOGY
ILMAN KHAN
04-Sep-20

CreatedbyIlman khan
DATE .Friday,September4,2020
DEADLINE...30/09/2020
should reach on animalsunited@live.com by 23rd
of AUGUST.
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CreatedbyIlman khan
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(1)...What is Trophy hunting? Write a detail
note on trophy hunting in Pakistan and its
importance in future conservation planning of
these enigmatic species... (5marks)
(2)....write short note on taxonomic position,
conservation status, Geographic distribution
and general biology of the following species.
Snow leopard
Common leopard
Brown bear
Gray wolf
And Markhoor (10 marks)

CreatedbyIlman khan
(3)...Capture 5 wild animals through mobile
camera and paste in the Word file along with
the details of ….
Taxanomic position
Locality/Area
General information of about the spp
captured. (5 marks)
Refrences.....
 Google.com
 www.Encyclopediabratinica.com
 www.sciencedaily.com
 BrownBear | International AssociationforBearResearchandManagement.(2017).
International AssociationforBearResearchandManagement.
https://www.bearbiology.org/bear-species/brown-bear/
 Ursus arctos (brownbear).(2020). Animal DiversityWeb.
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ursus_arctos/
 https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/99/5/1249/5052734
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf
 https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/g/gray-
wolf/https://defenders.org/wildlife/gray-wolf
 https://markhor.com/blogs/journal/markhor-national-animal-of-pakistan
 http://animalia.bio/markhor

CreatedbyIlman khan
(1)...What is Trophy hunting? Write a detail note
on trophy hunting in Pakistan and its importance
in future conservation planning of these enigmatic
species... (5marks)
Ans. Trophy Hunting…
Trophy hunting is a government licensed killing of the
old wild animals through a proper system in which all the
factors and indicators are kept into account, while allowing
the hunters to hunt such animals. Moreover, it’s a great
source of money for the locals to carry developmental
projects in the respective area. i.e Chitral Gol National Park is
a great source of money for the locals in regard to the trophy
hunting of Markhor.
Trophy hunting is the hunting of wild animals for sport,
not for food. Usually, the animal is stuffed or a body part is
kept for display. Most trophy hunters come from rich
countries and pay high fees for their hunts.
Many hunters claim that trophy hunting isn’t bad for
animals. They say they are supporting animal conservation. The
opposite is true, live animals support the population of their
species.
Lions, elephants, leopards, rhinos, and buffalo, from Africa,
are some of the most expensive and popular animals targeted
in trophy hunting. However, thousands of black bears,

CreatedbyIlman khan
wildebeest, impala, fowl, and other animals are also killed each
year for sport.
Trophy hunting in Pakistan and future
conservation planning…
Pakistan homes to one of the rarest species of mountain
game species on Earth , like Blue sheep, Kashmir Astor and
Sulaiman Markhor; Punjab Blandford and Afghan Urial,
Himalayan and Sind Ibex. Whereas, it’s plain game indigenous
species are the most famous in the world Such as Black buck,
Hog Deer, Indian Spotted Deer, Nil Gai(blue bull), Indian
Jackal and so on.
Limited number of Permits is issued by the Wildlife
department of Pakistan, which are sold out there in open
auctions. The Hunting season begins on 2oth of October and
ends on 20th
of April.
Trophy hunting has been recently adopted in Pakistan
where most species of wild Ungulates are threatened with
extinction. Therefore, government and nongovernment
conservation organizations are trying to conserve wild
ungulates through trophy hunting programs in Community
Based Conservancies (CBC) areas by providing the communities

CreatedbyIlman khan
a share in the Trophy Hunting fee as an incentive. Community
Based Trophy Hunting (CTHP) ensures that trophy fees
benefit local communities in the form of health schemes,
education and employment etc.
In Pakistan, the first trophy hunting program was Chitral
Conservation Hunting Program (CCHP) for Markhor2 started in
1983. As it was not a Conservation Trophy Hunting Programe
since all the revenue earned through trough trophy hunting
goes to the Government. The program ended after 8 years
when government of Pakistan banned the export of trophies
including all the Big game3 hunting throughout Pakistan.
During these eight years 16 approved Markhor hunts was
conducted and earned about US $ 250,000 as trophy hunting
fee (Wildlife Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 2006).
Wildlife Department Khyber Pukhtunkhwa is the only
provincial department in Pakistan which has played key role in
marketing hunts while NonGovernment Organizations have
taken leading role in marketing hunts on behalf of the
communities in Balochistan and Northern Areas. The
share in capital earned through trophy hunting was fixed in all
three provinces (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Gilgit
Baltistan) by National Council for Conservation of Wildlife. At
the beginning 75% share went to the community where the
hunt occurs and 25% went to the government as a token but it

CreatedbyIlman khan
was now changed to 80% and 20%, respectively (Wildlife
Department KP, 2006).
(2)....write short note on taxonomic position,
conservation status, Geographic distribution
and general biology of the following species.
Snow leopard
Common leopard
Brown bear
Gray wolf
And Markhoor (10 marks)
Ans… Snow leopard
GENERAL BIOLOGY…
The snow leopard is the smallest of the
so-called big cats of the genus Panthera with a
head and body length of 1–1.3 m, tail length
0.8–1.1 m, and a weight of 20–50 kg
These spotted leopards live in the mountains across a vast
range of Asia. They are insulated by thick hair—in shades

CreatedbyIlman khan
of gray or creamy yellow and covered with grayish black
spots—and their wide, fur-covered feet act as natural
snowshoes.
The snow leopard is powerful build allows it to scale great
steep slopes with ease. Its hind legs give the snow leopard the
ability to leap six times the length of its body. A long tail
provides balance and agility and also wraps around the resting
snow leopard as protection from the cold.
TAxONOMIC POSITION,,,
 Kingdom….Animalia
 Phylum….Chordata
 Class…Mammalia
 Order….carnivora
 Sub.Order….Feliforma
 Family…felidae
 Genus…Panthara
 Specie…P.uncia
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION….
Snow leopards can be found throughout high mountain ranges,
including the Himalayas and the southern Siberian Mountains
in Russia. Snow leopards are found in 12 countries—including
China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Russia, and
Mongolia—but their population is dropping.
CONSERVATION STATUS…

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In recent years, a concerted effort has begun to save snow
leopards. Protected areas have been established throughout
their range, including sanctuaries in Pakistan, Afghanistan,
Mongolia, and Kyrgyzstan and China. The latter
was particularly good news: Kyrgyzstan’s mountains serve as a
corridor for snow leopards traveling between the northern
and southern ends of their range. That said, creating
protected areas for these big cats has only helped so
much: According to one study, 40 percent of those protected
areas are too small for the wide-roaming snow leopard.
Countries have also been strengthening their enforcement
against poaching, and conservation groups work with herders
to develop systems to keep snow leopards away from their
livestock. Others are building awareness about the important
role these big cats play in their environment. As a flagship
species, snow leopards are essentially a mascot for their
entire ecosystem: If they survive, so will many of the other
species in their habitat.
Common leopard

GENERAL BIOLOGY…

CreatedbyIlman khan
The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the most agile,
adaptable and widely distributed felid. These wild cats play
a vital ecological role as the apex predators and also have
an effect on smooth functioning of the ecosystem.
Compared to other wild cats, the leopard has relatively
short legs and a long body with a large skull. Its fur is
marked with rosettes. It is similar in appearance to
the jaguar, but has a smaller, lighter physique, and its
rosettes are generally smaller, more densely packed and
without central spots. Both leopards and jaguars that
are melanistic are known as black panthers. The leopard is
distinguished by its well-camouflaged
fur, opportunistic hunting behaviour, broad diet, strength,
and its ability to adapt to a variety of habitats ranging
from rainforest to steppe, including arid and montane areas.
It can run at speeds of up to 58 kilometres per hour
(36 mph).
 Kingdom….Animalia
 Phylum….Chordata
 Class…Mammalia
 Order….carnivora

CreatedbyIlman khan
 Sub.Order….Feliforma
 Family…felidae
 Genus…Panthara
 Specie… P. pardus
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION…
Leopards are found in sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian
Peninsula, southwestern and eastern Turkey, in the
Sinai/Judean Desert of Southwest Asia, the Himalayan
foothills, India, Russia, China and the islands of Java and Sri
Lanka, according to the International Union for Conservation
of Nature (IUCN).
The Leopard is quite adaptable with respect to habitat and
food requirements, being found in intensively cultivated and
inhabited areas as well as near urban development. There is a
wide variation in the ecology of this species across its range
and in different ecosystems.
In Pakistan, Common Leopard is found in the highlands of
Baluchistan and Sindh, and mountain forests of Punjab,
Khyber-Pakhtoonkhwa and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).
It inhabits broken hilly or mountainous country throughout
Waziristan, Baluchistan and Sindh

CreatedbyIlman khan
Kohistan in association with Acacia scrub forest. In the
northern mountainous region, it is found in the Murree Hills,
Swat, Kohistan, Dir, Chitral, Abbottabad, Kaghan valley, Gilgit,
Margalla Hills National Park and Neelum Valley in AJ&K.
The main threats to the leopard population include habitat
degradation (timber, fuel wood, unruly development, solid
waste and pollution etc.), encroachments on protected forest,
alarming decrease in its natural prey base, conflicts between
humans and leopards with increasing depredation on both
livestock and humans that lead to retaliatory killing by
livestock owners and communities.
The other threats include poaching, removal of cubs by animal
dealers and trade of body parts, pelts in particular. Pelts,
claws and teeth have been reported to be available for sale in
the markets in northern Pakistan. Moreover, nonexistent
policy frame work to compensate livestock owners or support
towards long term survival of the common leopard and/or
other carnivore species (snow leopard, Eurasian lynx, Asiatic
wolf etc.) in general, is another factor affecting their
conservation in Pakistan.
The habitat of the leopard is also under serious threat. With
only 2.5% of its land with forest cover, Pakistan has the
deforestation at -2.1% and no other country in Asia has the

CreatedbyIlman khan
deforestation rate higher than this. Erosion of land and land
slides, principally owing to this high deforestation is
threatening the ecology of the area.
Brown bear
GENERAL BIOLOGY…
The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear species. In
North America, brown bears are often referred to as
the grizzly bears. The name “grizzly” came from their
grizzled appearance due to the long hairs over the
shoulders and back. They have long claws on their front
limbs. Their fur is often dark brown in color. Others have a
different fur color, ranging from black to light creamy
shade. The typical body length may reach up to 2.8 m (from
head to rump) and the weight ranging from 80 kg to more
than 600 kg. They exhibit sexual dimorphism. Males are
larger than females, about 8% to 10%.
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Mammalia

CreatedbyIlman khan
• Order: Carnivora
• Family: Ursidae
• Genus: Ursus
• Specie:U.arctos
Scientific name:Ursus arctos
The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear species found
across Eurasia and North America.[1][2]
In North America, the
populations of brown bears are called grizzly bears. Brown
bears were once native to Europe, much of Asia, the Atlas
Mountains of Africa, and North America,[76]
but are
now extinct in some areas, and their populations have greatly
decreased in other areas.
In Asia, brown bears are found primarily throughout Russia,
thence more spottily southwest to parts of the Middle East,
to as far south as southwestern Iran, and to the southeast in
a small area of Northeast China, Western China, and parts
of North Korea, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India. They can
also be found on the Japanese island of Hokkaidō.

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Brown bears were once subject to hunting and big game
trophies, as well as being sought for their meat and hides.
Serious threats to bears are habitat destruction and
persecution, problems that affect populations to different
extents across their range.
. American black bear are the only bear species not classified
as threatened by the IUCN.[1]
For example, grizzly bears are now found only in 2% of their
former range. Logging, mining, road construction and other
developments have reduced available bear habitat and
contributed to the decrease in bear populations.
California grizzly bear, Atlas bear and Mexican grizzly bear,
as well as brown bear populations in the Pacific Northwest,
were hunted to extinction in the 19th and early 20th
centuries and many of the southern Asian subspecies are
highly endangered.


 Gray wolf
GENERAL BIOLOGY…

CreatedbyIlman khan
Gray wolf, (Canis lupus), also called timber wolf, largest
wild member of the dog family (Canidae). It inhabits vast
areas of the Northern Hemisphere.
Wolves were domesticated several thousand years ago, and
selective breeding produced dogs. Keen senses, large canine
teeth, powerful jaws, and the ability to pursue prey at 60
km (37 miles) per hour equip the gray wolf well for a
predatory way of life. A typical northern male may be about
2 metres (6.6 feet) long, including the bushy half-metre-
long tail. Standing 76 cm (30 inches) tall at the shoulder, it
weighs about 45 kg (100 pounds), but weight ranges from 14
to 65 kg (31 to 143 pounds), depending on the geographic
area. Females average about 20 percent smaller than males.
 Kingdom….Animalia
 Phylum….Chordata
 Class…Mammalia
 Order….carnivora
 Family…Canidae
 Genus….Canus
 Specie…C.lupus

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 Bionomial Name… Canus Lupus
 Specie…P.uncia
Wolves occurred originally across Eurasia and North America.
Deliberate human persecution because of livestock predation
and fear of attacks on humans has reduced the wolf's range
to about one-third of what it once was. The wolf is
now extirpated in much of Western Europe, the United States
and Mexico, and in Japan. In modern times, the wolf occurs
mostly in wilderness and remote areas. The wolf can be found
between sea level and 3,000 m (9,800 ft).
 Depredation of livestock was the primary justification
for eradicating the wolf from virtually all of the United
States, Mexico, and most of Europe. Wolves in
the United States were killed by every method
imaginable in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and by
1950 they remained only in the northeastern corner
of Minnesota. In the late 20th century and early 21st
century, greater tolerance, legal protection, and other
factors allowed their range to expand in portions
of North America and Europe.

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 Worldwide, wolves still occupy about two-thirds of
their former range, but they remain viable and have
been classified as a species of least concern by
the International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources since 1996.
Markhoor
GENERAL BIOLOGY…
The markhor is a large Capra species native to Central
Asia, Karakoram and the Himalayas. It is listed on the IUCN
Red List as Near Threatened since 2015.[2]
The markhor is the national animal of Pakistan, where it is also
known as the screw horn or "screw-horned goat".
Markhor are adapted to mountainous terrain, and can be found
between 600 and 3,600 m in elevation.
Despite their large size, Markhors are extremely skilled
climbers. They can climb trees and other slanted structures,
including dangerous cliffs, in search for food and to avoid
predators.

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The fur of the lower legs is black and white. Males have longer
hair on the chin, throat, chest, and shanks. Females are
redder in color, with shorter hair, a short black beard, and
are maneless. Both sexes have tightly curled, corkscrew-like
horns, which close together at the head but spread upwards
toward the tips.
 Kingdom….Animalia
 Phylum….Chordata
 Class…Mammalia
 Order….Artiodactyla
 Family…Bovidae
 SUB FAMILY….Caprinae
 Genus…Capra
 Specie… Capra falconeri
Markhor are found in Central Asia, Karakoram, and the
Himalayas. They occur in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India (Jammu-
Kashmir), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Markhor
are adapted to mountainous terrain with steep cliffs; they

CreatedbyIlman khan
typically inhabit open woodlands, scrublands, and forests made
up primarily of oaks, pines, and junipers.
It is listed on the IUCN Red List as Near Threatened since
2015.[2]
Poaching, with its indirect impacts as disturbance,
increasing fleeing distances and resulting reduction of
effective habitat size, is by far the most important factor
threatening the survival of the markhor population. Poaching
causes fragmentation of the population. into small islands
where the remaining subpopulations are prone to extinction.
The markhor is a valued trophy hunting prize for its incredibly
rare spiral horns which became a threat to their species.
Markhor are potential prey for snow leopards, brown bears,
lynx, jackals, and golden eagles. While not directly causing
their endangerment, the already small population of markhor
is further threatened by their predation.
(3)...Capture 5 wild animals through mobile
camera and paste in the Word file along with
the details of ….
Taxanomic position
Locality/Area

CreatedbyIlman khan
General information of about the spp
captured. (5 marks)

(1) Snail….

CreatedbyIlman khan
Taxonomic status…
 Kingdom …Animalia
 Phylum….Mullusks
 Class ...Gastropoda
 Order….Stylommatopora
 Family …Hygrominidae
 Sub family…Monachiana
 Genus…Monacha
 Specie….Monacha cartusiana
Genral description…
Monacha cartusiana is a species of small air-breathing land
snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the
family Hygromiidae, the hairy snails and their allies. I

CreatedbyIlman khan
captured these pictures in the last late spring. Monacha is a
serious pest on crusiferous plants. It posed a serous problem
to the some of the crops such as madicaga sativum.
(2) Slug…
BANANA SLUG…..
Taxonomic Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mullusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Pulmonata

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Order: Geophila
Family: Ariondae
Genus: Ariolimax
Species: Ariolimax columbianus
Locality….
Janokey, Nao kaly tehsil tangi disst charssada kpk Pakistan…
DESCRIPTION
I captured this photograph in the last late spring. I also
studied the copulatory behavior of these organism and their
feeding behavior. With the rise in temperature, these slugs
just vanished they are no tolerant to high temperature.

CreatedbyIlman khan
3)….TROPICAL PAPER WASP…..
TAXONOMIC POSITION…..
Scientific classification

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Paper wasps (Polistes m
ajor)
Locality…
Janokey , Nao kaly tehsil prang ghar mohmand ageny….
DESCRIPTION….
Tropical paper wasps are found at the lower surface of leave.
I took this picture from the lower surface of a mango leave.
The individuals are small in size.
4)….BUTTERFLY…
Locality…
Kingdom: Animalia
Phy lum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hy menoptera
Suborder: Apocrita
Family : Vespidae
Subf amily: Polistinae, Stenogastrinae,
or Vespinae

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Janokey , tehsil tangi distt charssada

CreatedbyIlman khan
5)DUNGBEETLE LARVAE….
I take this picture while digging a dung hill while
shipping the dung to our fields… later on I upload this

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picture on “Inaturalist” app, where I found that this is
the larvae of dung beetle…..
LOCALITY….
Janokey nao kaly, tehsil prang ghar mohmand
agency….
Scientific classification of dung beetle….
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class:Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Scarabaeiformia
Superfamily: Scarabaeoidea
Groups included
Geotrupidae
Scarabaeinae

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Aphodiinae

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