Question 1 Outline the various components of transportation and cargo security. Specifically what threats exist and what security measures have been implemented to address those threats. This assignment should be a minimum of 300 words.  Question 2 Select two (2) infrastructure sectors and thoroughly discuss how the strategic objectives of the sector-specific security plan (SSP) will be applied to the two sectors you selected. This assessment should be a minimum of 300 words.  GENERAL OVERVIEW Industrial security is concerned with protecting the manufacturing process. Major threats to industrial security include accidents, natural disasters, internal theft, sabotage, and espionage. Library and museum security is concerned with controlling both criminal and noncriminal threats to library and museum inventories which often include rare, priceless, and irreplaceable objects. Common threats to library and museum security include theft, vandalism fire, floods, water damage, and other environmental elements. Office building security is concerned with securing office buildings. Major threats to office building security include fire, inadequate evacuation routes, terroristic activity, bomb threats, theft, burglary, robbery, sexual assault, and executive kidnapping. In addition to the aforementioned major threats, office buildings, because of their open access (i.e., numerous entry and exit points, multiple agencies occupied one building, and shared common areas such as lounges and restrooms) and highly desired equipment and supplies (e.g., copper piping, recyclable materials, office supplies, payroll checks, classified information, office equipment, etc.), provide additional functionality threats to security that must be addressed by security personnel. Residential security is concerned with securing personal residences. For security experts the home is considered a very unsafe place especially when residents are asleep. Threats to residential security include accidents, medical emergencies, fire, theft, burglary, vandalism, assault, homicide, property damage, personal injury, and natural disasters. Retail loss prevention is an area of security that is primarily focused on the retail industry. Internal and external thefts are the major source of loss for the retail industry. Internal theft usually occurs at the hands of employees who take cash and/or merchandise, abuse the referral system, and utilize a variety of other tactics. External sources of loss include vandalism, burglary, robbery, credit card fraud, coupon fraud, bad checks, and shoplifting. Technological advances create unique challenges for the retail industry as retail sales are conducted in facilities and wirelessly from home computers, mobile phones, tablets and other devices. As a result, card-not-present fraud is an increasing concern for retailers as it results in fraud losses. In addition, as the types of products demanded by consumers and th ...

1. Question 1
Outline the various components of transportation and cargo
security. Specifically what threats exist and what security
measures have been implemented to address those threats.
This assignment should be a minimum of 300 words.
Question 2
Select two (2) infrastructure sectors and thoroughly discuss
how the strategic objectives of the sector-specific security plan
(SSP) will be applied to the two sectors you selected.
This assessment should be a minimum of 300 words.
GENERAL OVERVIEW
Industrial security is concerned with protecting the
manufacturing process. Major threats to industrial security
include accidents, natural disasters, internal theft, sabotage, and
espionage.
Library and museum security is concerned with controlling
both criminal and noncriminal threats to library and museum
inventories which often include rare, priceless, and
irreplaceable objects. Common threats to library and museum
security include theft, vandalism fire, floods, water damage, and
other environmental elements.
Office building security is concerned with securing office
buildings. Major threats to office building security include fire,
inadequate evacuation routes, terroristic activity, bomb threats,
theft, burglary, robbery, sexual assault, and executive
kidnapping. In addition to the aforementioned major threats,
office buildings, because of their open access (i.e., numerous
entry and exit points, multiple agencies occupied one building,
and shared common areas such as lounges and restrooms) and

2. highly desired equipment and supplies (e.g., copper piping,
recyclable materials, office supplies, payroll checks, classified
information, office equipment, etc.), provide additional
functionality threats to security that must be addressed by
security personnel.
Residential security is concerned with securing personal
residences. For security experts the home is considered a very
unsafe place especially when residents are asleep. Threats to
residential security include accidents, medical emergencies,
fire, theft, burglary, vandalism, assault, homicide, property
damage, personal injury, and natural disasters.
Retail loss prevention is an area of security that is primarily
focused on the retail industry. Internal and external thefts are
the major source of loss for the retail industry. Internal theft
usually occurs at the hands of employees who take cash and/or
merchandise, abuse the referral system, and utilize a variety of
other tactics. External sources of loss include vandalism,
burglary, robbery, credit card fraud, coupon fraud, bad checks,
and shoplifting. Technological advances create unique
challenges for the retail industry as retail sales are conducted in
facilities and wirelessly from home computers, mobile phones,
tablets and other devices.
As a result, card-not-present fraud is an increasing concern for
retailers as it results in fraud losses. In addition, as the types of
products demanded by consumers and the in-facility and online
security needs associated with those demands change, retailers
will most likely rely heavily on technology to help focus on loss
prevention instead of apprehension of criminals after assets
have been lost. Being proactive in trying to reduce asset loss is
extremely important when combatting organized retail crime
(ORC). The Law Enforcement Retail Partnership Network
(LERPnet) tracks organized retail crime across jurisdictions and
shares information with retail loss prevention personnel and
public law enforcement agencies. This collaboration helps in the

3. apprehension of ORC perpetrators. Protecting human assets
from acts of terrorism is also a concern for retailers and
requires collaborative efforts between retailers, patrons, and law
enforcement.
Zoo and aquarium security is concerned with securing zoos and
aquariums which are home to many rare and exotic plants and
animals. Threats to zoo and aquarium security include
vandalism, accidents, health-related emergencies, theft,
shoplifting, ticket and credit card fraud, auto theft, violence
against persons, bus and tram incidences, people and dangerous
wildlife encounters, ATM issues, and protection of endangered
species.
Across all of the aforementioned types of security
“comprehensive physical security and access control programs,
continuous inventory control procedures...emergency
management planning and procedures, video surveillance,
security personnel,” vigilant employees, and the integration of
existing technologies appropriate to each type of security will
help minimize the loss of assets, reduce or eliminate threats,
and increase security.
“Workplace violence can occur in virtually any workplace and
at any time…may occur between employees, may be the result
of unsafe working conditions, or may stem from a relationship
that exists outside the workplace”. Persons employed in retail
sales, education, healthcare, transportation, private security and
law enforcement are more likely to be victims of workplace
violence than persons employed in other professions. Workplace
shootings are one of the most frequently occurring types of
workplace violence. Employees at retail outlets, especially
small retail stores, are most at risk of receiving injuries on the
job. Employees should be knowledgeable about the profile of
potential perpetrators of work place violence and they should be
trained to recognize and report these symptoms to appropriate

4. security personnel. Comprehensive workplace violence policies
and procedures should also be clearly outlined so that
employees are aware of the strategies for addressing workplace
violence (e.g., escape routes) and the consequences for
perpetrating workplace violence.
Threats to the well-being of this nation exist domestically and
internationally. After the September 11, 2001 attack and
destruction of the World Trade Center the concept of
“Homeland Security” was coined. Although the notion of
homeland security and the nation’s response to disasters,
violence, and terror can be traced back to the 1800s, the
contemporary use of the term homeland security refers to the
government’s involvement in addressing threats to the unity of
the federal system of government, national security involving
foreign nations, and enforcing laws enacted by Congress. Thus,
terrorism is one of the activities that falls under the supervision
of homeland security. Terrorism exists in many forms and
generally “involves the use of violence or threats to intimidate
or coerce others”. Terrorist acts can be perpetrated domestically
either at the hands of “home grown terrorists” or international
terrorists. International terrorism is perpetrated across the globe
by various terrorist groups.
The United States government has enacted several pieces of
legislation to respond to terrorism. The foreign intelligence
surveillance act (FISA) of 1978 limited the civil liberties
applicable to foreigners and outlined procedures for the
collection of foreign intelligence information deemed necessary
to protect the United States against any real or potential attacks,
sabotage, or international terrorism. After the 1995 Oklahoma
City bombing the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act of 1996 was enacted. After the September 11, 2001 attack
on the World Trade Center the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 was
enacted, enhancing the authority of local, county, state, and
federal law enforcement agencies to conduct criminal

5. investigations. The Aviation and Transportation Security Act of
2001 resulted in the creation of the Transportation Security
Administration (TSA) and the Homeland Security Act of 2002
resulted in the establishment of what is now the US Department
of Homeland Security. In 2006 the USA PATRIOT Act
Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 was signed into
law to continue the provisions outlined in USA PATRIOT act of
2001, address issues associated with the infringement of
Americans’ privacy and civil liberties, improve port security,
and increase the tools available to reduce and eliminate the
spread of methamphetamine.
There are several types of weapons and threats that can
negatively impact homeland security such as bomb threats and
weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological, chemical, and
radiological). Natural disasters (tornadoes, earthquakes and
tsunamis, and hurricanes), and environmental disasters
(environmental crime, pandemics, and bioterrorism) also pose
threats to homeland security. Similar to local and state law
enforcement agencies the federal government utilizes various
law enforcement agencies to secure its personnel, property, and
sensitive information. However, governmental agencies combat
threats to security domestically and internationally.
In response to the intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Protection Act of 2004 (which was a result of the 9/11
commissions report) and the Post-Katrina Emergency Reform
Act of 2006 (which amended the Homeland Security Act of
2002) the Department of Homeland Security (U.S. DHS)
assumed its current structure on March 31, 2007. The U.S. DHS
is a consolidation of more than 22 agencies (including the
acquisition of the Secret Service and the Coast Guard from the
Treasury Department) and is subdivided into four major
directorates (border and transportation security, emergency
preparedness and response, science and technology, and
information analysis and infrastructure protection). The U.S.

6. DHS is managed by the office of the secretary which is
informed by several advisory panels and committees (homeland
security advisory Council, national infrastructure advisory
Council, homeland security science and technology advisory
committee, critical infrastructure partnership advisory Council,
and interagency correlating council on emergency preparedness
and individuals with disabilities).
Domestically the border and transportation security directorate
of the U.S. DHS, particularly the transportation portion of that
directorate, is the most recognized primarily because US
citizens utilize various modes of transportation that fall under
the supervision of the U.S. DHS daily. Airline and airport
security are managed by the Transportation Security
Administration (TSA). To reduce threats to homeland security
the TSA enforces minimum security measures imposed by the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) which include screening
all persons and baggage before entering departure areas,
collaboration with law enforcement, the awareness and
enforcement of security plans developed by airline and airport
management and the knowledge and enforcement of airport
disaster plans. Airport security strategies also include the use of
passenger profiling techniques, U.S. customs agents with
trained dogs, screening of airline employees, positive
identification of all passengers, random baggage searches,
screening equipment, biometrics (e.g., fingerprinting),
automated scanners, explosive detection equipment, and control
integration techniques.
Like humans, cargo is also transported throughout the United
States. The primary function of this cargo transportation is for
commerce. Cargo is transported by air (airplanes), land
(trucking industry and railroad), and sea (maritime). Billions of
dollars are lost each year in transportation and cargo related
thefts. Thefts can be perpetrated by employees and
nonemployees. Various government agencies and policies have

7. been created and enacted to address issues associated with
transportation and cargo security. Threats can originate
domestically or could potentially be imported from international
providers. The National Cargo Security Council (NCSC)
collects and analyzes cargo theft information from which cargo
security measures can be devised to help prevent cargo losses.
There are also various types of security associated with the
various modes of transportation (trucking industry, railroad,
maritime) utilized for cargo. The trucking industry relies on the
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to help
enforce its security measures. The Federal Railroad
Administration (FRA) helps enforce railroad security measures.
Maritime security measures are derived from the Maritime
Transportation Security Act (MTSA) of 2002 and the Security
and Accountability for Every (SAFE) Port act of 2006.
The U.S. DHS is also concerned about critical infrastructure
security. Seventeen (17) critical infrastructure sectors have been
identified as needing protective action to prevent and respond to
terrorist attacks or other hazards. Because the majority of the
infrastructure sectors identified by the U.S. DHS are privately
owned and operated, the National Infrastructure Protection Plan
(NIPP) which is supplemented by sector-specific plans (SSPs)
helps to ensure infrastructure security between private and
public owners. The NIPP and the SSPs “define roles and
responsibilities, catalog existing security authorities,
institutionalize already existing security partnerships, and
establish the strategic objectives required to achieve a level of
risk-reduction appropriate to each individual sector”. The SSPs
also share information concerning best practices and threat-
based information within a “sector-specific risk-reduction
consultative network”. The need to maintain infrastructures was
exemplified in the Minneapolis, Minnesota when portions of the
Interstate 35W bridge collapsed into the Mississippi River on
August 1, 2007 near downtown Minneapolis. The September 9,

8. 2010 explosion of the San Bruno gas pipeline in California
exemplifies the need for information sharing among SSPs. The
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) strongly
encouraged the operators to establish maximum allowable
operating pressure guidelines (MAOP) based on the weakest
points of the pipeline and to share the findings with other
pipeline operators so that proactive corrective measures
appropriate for their systems could be implemented to avoid any
future ruptures.
Utility security is also an integral part of Homeland security.
The utility industry is tasked with securing not only its
administrative facilities, but it must also secure its remote
facilities, massive infrastructure, and personnel who primarily
work in the field. Industrialized societies must have sufficient
water supplies, sewage systems, natural gas, and electric power
to function. Modern nations are dependent on such utilities for
survival. Threats to security include natural disasters, accidents,
employee theft, vandalism, trespassing, robbery, theft of copper
wiring, energy theft, terrorism, and human and animal attacks in
the field. Utility security measures are designed to prevent and
reduce economic loss, injuries, and deaths. Security measures
include the establishment of emergency preparedness plans the
development of redundant systems and procedures for rapid
recovery after a disaster, accident prevention programs,
employee training and protective equipment, inventory control,
use of covert surveillance cameras, limiting the amount of cash
at facilities, encouraging the use of mail and electronic bill
payment, monitoring energy usage to control energy theft,
training employees on how to avoid confrontation and utilize
de-escalation techniques, and improved training for security
personnel.