Taking A Look At African Swine Fever

Taking a Look at African Swine Fever
Viral outbreaks can have many detrimental effects on both human and animal populations. Epidemics in either of these cases would cause a nation to
experience high mortality rates along with great drops in the nation's economy. One such viral outbreak, the African swine fever, in areas such as
sub–Saharan Africa, Sardinia, and ever parts of Spain has created economic and mortality issues in these nations' swine populations. African swine
fever is a large, icosohedral, cytoplasmic, double stranded DNA virus. This disease is part of the Asfaviridae family and shares a close relation to other
viral superfamilies with large, nucleo–cytoplasmic DNA viruses. With no current vaccination available, an infected pig or hog must be immediately
quarantined before the disease can spread out to other possible hosts. Infected hosts will most likely pass on due to the mortality of this disease
reaching near 100%.
The genomic analysis of this disease began by taking cells from an infected host's bone marrow and culturing them. Virus–containing cell supernatants
were collected after purification. PCR was then preformed on these collected samples and the genomic analysis was completed. The genome for this
virus was found to be 189,344 bp though this number does not include repeats and cross links. By comparing this virus with other virulent isolates, it
was found that the African swine fever showed a collinear relationship with the Georgia 2007/1 genome. Deletions and insertions could be
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Fighting the Swine Flu
Swine Flu The swine flu also known as the H1N1 virus was first detected in 2009, it was called "swine flu" because the virus was similar to those
found in pigs it is now a human seasonal flu virus that also circulates in pigs. The H1N1 viruses has continues to circulate since the sickness, 2014
is the first season since 2009 that H1N1 has been so major in the United States. You can't get H1N1 from correctly handled and cooked pork or
pork products. (H1N1 (originally referred to as Swine Flu)) In 1976, there was an outbreak of swine flu at Fort Dix. This virus wasn't the same as
the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. There was one death at Fort Dix. The government decided to produce a vaccine against this virus. The vaccine was
associated with rare instances of neurological problems and was stopped. Some individuals wonder that formalin, used to deactivate the virus,
may have played a role in the growth of problem in 1976. There is no proof that anyone who found this vaccine would be protected against the
2009 swine flu virus. One of the reasons it takes a few months to develop a new vaccine is to test the vaccine for safety to avoid the problems seen
in the 1976 vaccine. People with active infections or diseases of the nervous system are also not suggested to get flu vaccines. Early in the spring of
2009, H1N1 flu virus was first noticed in Mexico, causing some deaths among "younger" people. It began growing during the summer 2009 and
quickly spread to the U.S. and to Europe and eventually

Flu Virus Classification
Influenza viruses are classified as Type A, Type B, or Type C. They are then subcategorized based upon the genes that make up the viruses' surface
proteins. For Type A, there are two surface proteins that determine subcategories: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). There are 18 different
hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes. Type B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but rather, are broken down further
based on varying strains of the virus. Humans cannot get type C, so it is not discussed often.
2)What do the H and N designations refer to?
H and N refer to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase respectively. These two proteins are found on the surface of influenza Type A viruses, and are used
for classifying...show more content...
Does the flu vaccine guarantee immunization? – No. You could become exposed to the flu before the 2 week buffer period is completed, in which
your body has not had ample time to immunize you to the flu. Alternatively, you could be exposed to a strand of the flu that is not included in the
seasonal flu vaccine.
Once I get the flu, how do I get better? – There are antiviral drugs that you can take if you get the flu. These drugs can cut down the time that you are
sick, and eliminate the potential for flu–related complications such as catching pneumonia. Some examples of these antiviral drugs include Tamiflu,
Relenza, and Rapivab.
How do I know if I have the flu or Ebola? – To start, influenza is much more common than Ebola, so it is many times more likely that you merely
have the flu. If you believe there is a real chance you have Ebola, you will have to undergo doctor's tests in order to determine whether you have the
flu or Ebola.
10)What is herd

Swine Flu Research Paper
Swine Flu Research Paper Swine flu is a disease that has placed a burden on humanity for many years. The virus of swine flu has a very intriguing
history as well. Swine flu had originated from the first influenza pandemic in 1918. The actual swine flu virus had come from a pig in Iowa in
1931. Two years later a human strand of swine flu was found in London for the very first time. This was later followed by the Hong Kong flu
pandemic in 1968 which had killed up to one million people worldwide. Many years after these pandemics had occurred, the first cases of swine flu
were found in California and Texas in March of 2009. This pandemic killed 25,174 people who were infected with swine flu. A couple of months later,
the United States and...show more content...
Finally, the species is called influenza A virus and this species infects birds and mammals. In fact, it is the only known species of the genus
influenzavirus A. The parts of the swine flu virus include the membrane envelope which contains proteins and a phospholipid bilayer. This is used to
aid the virus in entering the cell it infects. The nucleoprotein (RNA) is composed of protein and nucleic acid and is found in the cytoplasm. The
capsid includes proteins that enable a virus to enter a host cell (trick the host's surface with the proteins). Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the
surface proteins. The hemagglutinin is the protein that functions in attachment of virus to the host cell. Neuraminidase facilitates the release of
newly produced virus particles from the host cell. Swine flu is primarily found in Europe, North America, Australia, South America, and Asia.
Hispanics are most susceptible to the swine flu because of their poor hygiene and because of the spread of the disease came from Mexico (from the
pigs). Young children between ages one and eighteen are highly at risk because those children are in close contact with each other in school and at
day care. People between the ages of twenty and forty are the people are also at risk because they work, live, and study in close proximity. Young
healthy people with strong immune systems react to the disease most powerfully. Influenza A viruses are

H1n1 Influenza Essay
There is an outbreak that occurred in the United States. Many local hospitals have reported a lot of patients becoming ill with high fevers , congestion
, and difficulty breathing. The thing that each of the hospitalized patients had in common is that they had come into recent contact with some of the
local farmers. After receiving several reports the CDC have investigators at local hospital's assessing the extent of the illness. The US Dept. of
Agriculture have made a visit to a farm for an inspection in regards to multiple people and pets becoming ill. The inspector notices signs and symptoms
in some of the pigs that are coughing (barking), runny nose, congestion, breathing difficulties, high fevers, nasal discharge, and a loss of appetite.
...show more content...
Those that have exhibited signs and symptoms less than 48 hours ago were tested with the Rapid antigen test. The RT–PCR is the standard method for
detecting H1N1 it amplifies and identifies the nucleic acid after cultures have been submitted. RT–PCR will determine the presence of the bacteria
within 24 hours. The outbreak have millions of people afraid on a national level. The World Health Organization, USDA, and the CDC are working
hand in hand to contain the virus. The virus have been confirmed as H1N1 Influenza this is a negative strand RNA with eight genomes, under
microscope it is spherical in shape, it is also known to be apart of the Orthomyxoviridae family. Pigs can be infected by avian (bird), human, and swine
(pig) influenza (flu) viruses. "When flu viruses from different strains infect pigs at the same time, the viruses can transform, and the new viruses that
are a mixed with different strains, such as human or avian flu viruses can develop into something . Infected individuals can transmit the virus by,
coughing, sneezing, saliva, nasal secretions, feces, and blood. Though the CDC, WHO, and the USDA that it is not transmitted by eating pork product,
for those that have been infected antiviral medication have been started to prevent or reduce flu–like

Swine Influenza Virus
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in pigs. People do not
normally get swine flu, but human infections can and do happen. Swine flu is also known as pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu. This is a
viral disease caused by several type swine flu viruses known as Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine–origin influenza virus (S–OIV) which is a strain
belongs to the influenza family and endemic to pigs. There are several subtypes of Influenza A virus known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2,
and H2N3. CDC has determined that this virus is contagious and is spreading from human to human. However, at this time, it not known how easily
the virus spreads between

Swine Flu Personal Statement
We were asked to stay in the car park. A stranger in a white suit came to take a swab of my mouth, and a week later I as diagnosed with Swine Flu.
The thing that stands out the most from this memory is the wonder I had when I saw that, just as I got better, my whole family came down with the
same symptoms. And yet this isn't the only example. Being in a big family means that if one person falls, the others go down too. But it was the
trauma of being swabbed and the swiftness of the contagion that really sparked a flame in my twelve–year old self, a flame that has know grown to be
my passion. Understanding how something so small can infect so many people so quickly is something we've skimmed through at school and in my
opinion, not in enough depth. This encouraged me to do a scientific baccalaureate so that I would be able to continue to understand various aspects of
microbiology and virology. Our school...show more content...
During my time there I helped Laura Simmons, a PhD student, on her project which involved carrying out a genetic screen on the Arabidopsis
thaliana to determine the role of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in plant development. Whilst I was at Rothamstead, I was lucky enough to
be allowed also to visit the open field experiment with Laura. This experience not only allowed me to gain maturity about my chosen course but
also showed me how passionate a scientist should be about his her subject, something which I am about virology. I will also be doing a placement
with Dr Nicola Annels in the Royal Surrey County Hospital during the last two weeks of October this year, working with her on her immunotherapy
project. I want to study my course in Great Britain for two reasons: firstly as it is where I found the course that most suited me, and secondly because
studying in the United Kingdom would allow me to remain close to my family and

Influenza A H1N1 Virus
Introduction
In 1918–19 approximately 50 million deaths were a detriment of the Spanish H1N1 virus pandemic; a respiratory virus. According to the World Health
Organization, the second Influenza A H1N1 pandemic in 2009 spread to more than 200 countries causing more than 18 000 deaths. Before the World
Health Organization had announced the official end of the pandemic in August 2010, in July 2009 the World Health Organization sent out a phase 6
warning that H1N1 could soon be a global pandemic. It is important to recognize that the 2 different outbreaks had different A/H1N1strains effecting
the world population; this suggests A/H1N1has a high ability for mutation, severely complicating the human body's natural immune mechanism of
(Cowling, Fang, Riley, Malik Peiris & Leung, 2009) In the investigation conducted by the swine flu investigation team they determined that the
transmission in households was completed in less than a week from host to host. (France, Jackson & Schrag, 2010) Still this is significantly less than
the school outbreak transmissions (11.3% of household contacts, compared with >30% of school A students) The recommendation to reduce
transmission is to encourage domestic discussions about prevention.
PDF Document Attached–Table 2. Symptom Profiles in Groups of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Pandemic 2009 H1N1 Virus Infection
Worldwide. (Writing Committee of the WHO Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009Influenza New England Journal of Medicine
2010; 362:1708–1719May 6, 2010)
Etiology
An influenza virus possesses 8 genes, 6 derived from the triple North American swine virus lineages and 2 from the Eurasian swine virus lineage.
(Cauchemez, Donnelly, & Reed, 2003) Influenza A is a part of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses that contains a segmented RNA genome. There
are 3 influenza types A, B and C, influenza A and B being responsible for the influenza pandemics. The Influenza A subtype morphology determination
is as a result of the antigenic properties of two membrane glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA–16 types) and neuraminidase (NA–9 types). In

National Influenza Immunization Program
In 1976, due to an outbreak of influenza at Fort Dix, New Jersey, the United States set a precedent in immunology by attempting to vaccinate the entire
population of the country against the possibility of a swine–type Influenza A epidemic. While a great many people were successfully immunized in a
very short period of time, the National Influenza Immunization Program (NIIP) quickly became recognized as a failure, one reason being that the
feared epidemic never surfaced at all. But this massive undertaking deserves more analysis than just a simple repudiation. For example, all evidence
linked to the pathology, microbiology, and historical cycle of influenza and the outbreak atFort Dix suggests that the reactions of the scientists and other
(Silverstein: 13) There are three types of influenza, depending on their activity: type A, which is usually the cause of outbreaks; type B, which is
linked to sporadic cases, and type C, which rarely causes disease reactions. (Silverstein: 54) The virus which causes influenza enters the host through
the respiratory tract, and binds itself to epithelial cells. The virus causes the cell to engulf it by endocytosis, and then fuses to the wall of the
endocytic vesicle, injecting the contents of the virus into the cytosol of the cell. The RNA of the virus enter the nucleus of the cell, and spur the
creation of new copies of the genes. These genes, as well as new viral proteins that are created in the cell, leave the cell as fresh viruses, budding off
the plasma membrane of the cell.
While Scientists still do not know a great deal about the communicability of influenza, they do know that it can be spread by human–to–human contact,
and has some airborne stability. (Silverstein: 59) Specifically, the characteristics of the influenza at Fort Dix was extremely discouraging. First of all, it
was very similar to the 1918 swine influenza A pandemic, which turned out to be one of the mostlethal outbreaks of disease in recorded history, and
one victim had already died. Also, while usually this disease is caused by exposure to pigs, it was obvious that this was the

Swine Flu and Efforts to Control It Essay
Swine Flu: Swine Flu or H1N1is one of the communicable diseases that have posed serious public health threats across the globe. Swine Flu emerged
as an apparent new strain of influenza A in 1997 in Hong Kong in birds though it was later discovered that the strain may have been dated back to the
1950s. The prevalence of swine flu is attributed to various factors including its probability of continual mutation, rapid spread, and the fact that it
covered a larger geographical area than other previous communicable diseases.
Description of the Disease and Efforts to Control it: Swine Flu or H1N1 is a type Ainfluenza or human disease that was originally transmitted to human
from live pigs in which it evolved. However, since people get the...show more content...
One of these environmental factors is exposure to an area or region with many people affected by the influenza. If an individual travels to these
areas or regions, he/she may be exposed to the disease, especially if he/she spends time in large crowds. The second environmental risk factor is
increased exposure to pigs, particularly for swine farmers and veterinarians. The third risk factor is exposure to pigs during a swine seasonal fair,
which has been associated with human H3N2 variant infection. However, there are various available resources for treatment and care antiviral drugs
Tamiflu or oseltamivir and Relenza or zanamivir ("Swine Flu H1N1 Flu", 2013). The other resources include vaccination and additional medication to
individuals suffering from chronic respiratory disease.
Lifestyle, Behavioral and Socioeconomic Status Related to Swine Flu:
The behavioral factors and lifestyle that could cause the disease is increased traveling and tourism in already affected areas. Low socio–economic
status also contributes to swine flu because poverty is associated with poor health. Poor health from low socio–economic status is attributed to
increased exposure to environmental risks and difficulties in accessing resources for treatment and care.
Gaps in Meeting Needs: While treatment and care for swine flu is mainly provided through antiviral

Influenza Research Paper
Influenza is an acute condition that results in high fever, a dry cough and sore throat, body aches, headache, runny nose and malaise upon contracting
the influenza virus (1). These symptoms often progress into more severe conditions and in certain populations; infection with influenza can lead to
death. The influenza virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the family orthomyxoviridae. There are three types of influenza virus and they are classified
as type A, type B and type C (2).
Influenza A virus is extremely virulent and is known for being the most severe type of influenza. This type of virus generally resides in aquatic birds,
which act as hosts for the virus. However, influenza A is capable of being transmitted to other species which...show more content...
A suspension of influenza virus was prepared to contain 4 haemagglutinating units. The non–specific inhibitors of agglutination and non–specific
agglutinins were then removed. Doubling dilutions of the patient's acute and convalescent sera were performed. Double dilutions were also performed
on the A, 1998, H3N2 positive and negative control, using 25ОјL of PBS. 25ОјL of influenza virus suspension was then added to the appropriate wells
and mixed. The mixture was then left to incubate for 15 minutes at room temperature. Following the incubation, 50ОјL of 1% chicken red blood cells
were mixed into all the wells and left to incubate at room temperature for 1 hour. Agglutination was then determined by eye. The assay was then
repeated for the other strains of influenza and the titres

How Does Swine Flu Affect The Economy
Outbreaks in swine flu are common and cause significant economic changes within a number of industries. Generally swine flu may be determined
to be negative however there are a few positives that can be identified under the pandemic resulting from the exposure to the disease and the
increased awareness. Thus far, the economic impact of swine flu has been very minimal looking at it from a worldwide or general perspective and
has limited positive impacts on growth within countries. However, since the disease was recognized in Mexico and had outbreak in the US when the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) made the first official diagnosis in a child in San Diego on April 14 2009, the US along with a
number of other countries became

Influenza And Pandemics
In my Duke Tip camp, I learned what a virus is, how it looks, how it spreads, and how we prevent it. Mainly, I learned about a specific virus: the
influenza virus, also called the flu. For example, the Spanish flu in 1918 was an H1N1 virus, just like the swine flu in 2009. The students in my class
understood that airports and planes are one of the main causes of a pandemic. Pandemics occur when viruses destroy humans worldwide. Highly
populated viruses in countries, states, regions, and cities are classified as epidemics. Most epidemics form into pandemics. You can stop airborne
viruses by sneezing into your elbow and then immediately washing it. With this knowledge we, as students were given, I hope to shape my future.The
Influenza virus,

Symptoms And Symptoms Of The Flu Virus
While I was completing my clinical rotation at the hospital, I was able to observe a 6 year old girl of Hispanic background get admitted with the
flu virus. This particular little girl was placed in a room with a precaution sign on the door that said to wear protective gear such as mask and gloves
upon entering room. The sign also stated that the flu virus was also spread by droplets. So what is the flu? According to the literature, it was found
that in 1933 these causative organisms were later identified as a virus. The flu is a highly contagious virus that attacks our respiratory and immune
system. It can furthermore be broken down into categories A, B and C. Human influenza A and B cause seasonal epidemics in the United States. Type
C is a mild respiratory illness, not known to cause epidemics. Type A can be further broken down into subgroups of different strains while type B is
not broken down into subtypes but lineages and strains. The seasonal flu easily enters through our nose, mouth and carries itself down to our lungs.
Each year, a countless number of people from the age of 0–99 become infected with the influenza (flu) virus. The flu has a sudden onset of high fever,
usually dry cough, muscle aches, sore throat, runny nose and generally a malaise feeling all over the body. Usually the flu is a seasonal virus
occurring typically in the fall or winter months but flu is highly unpredictable. Flu can range from a mild case to a severe hospital ridden case and

A Case Study on Infectious Diseases
Infectious Disease Case Study Introduction Recent reports from the CDC have indicated that the flu vaccine is not easily available in the market.
Based on this one reason, the report has suggested that 50% of at–risk population who have contracted the virus will not be able to receive inoculations
for several months. This is one of the main challenges that are to be faced by the organization in the upcoming season. Transmission And
Symptoms, Treatments of Flu Conventional flu is also referred to as influenza, or H1N1. The causative agent of flu is the virus which causes
infections in the respiratory tract. There are three main types of these viruses, including A, B and C. Some of the people who contract the flu
recover in 102 weeks but in some cases, this leads to potential threatening health issues as pneumonia. Recently, a more novel kind of flu/H1N1
came out in Mexico in 2009 that spread wildly on the global scale, based on which it was defined as a pandemic by the WHO. Another important
variety of flu, H3N2v but it has not been responsible for any recent epidemics. Great changes are seen in the influenza virus over time. This is
because the genetic material of most of the viruses in single stranded RNA which can mutate at greater rates as compared to double stranded DNA
(Shinya, Ebina, Yamada, Ono, Kasai, and Kawaoka, 2006, p. 435). The changes let the virus evade the immune systems of human beings more
powerfully. The diagnosis of flu is carried out by

The Epidemic Of The Swine Flu
Deadly sicknesses have been prevalent around the world since time began and to this day epidemics have been exponentially small in proportion to
previous outbreaks during the Middle Ages thanks to the advances in medicine. However, according to the Centers for Infectious Disease Research
and Policy (CIDRAP), a study done by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Policy (CDC) on the 2009 Swine Flu outbreak reveals the
global death toll to be 284,000 (Roos R, 2014) Although this statistic may not seem as significant to the current AID/HIVpandemic, the lethality of the
Swine Flu is far greater, and so is Ebola with a 50% survival rate and an estimated 14 day life expectancy once symptoms onset according to the CDC.
Stricter...show more content...
What is Ebola?
To further understand the severity of this disease we must know where the disease started and how it evolved. According to Ruzik, D. and Singh, S
in their book of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (2014), Ebola was first reported in 1976 when the first outbreak began, in the regions of Southern Sudan
and Northern Zaire. Originally the cause of the outbreaks were thought to be specifically fruit but conflicting evidence supposes that other primary
carriers of Ebola were monkeys and a small variety of other non–domesticated wild animals, commonly known as "bush meat". (pg.445–446). The
spread of this virus resulted when these infected animals were hunted as game and distributed to meat markets along the regions. It can then be
assumed that the people who ate those contaminated meats got infected and an epidemic soon began.
People that contracted the virus initially through the eating of infected bush meat began exhibiting symptoms of the virus within two to twenty one
days, known as the incubation period (Ruzik D, et al, 2014, pg 444) Once symptoms began developing such as fever, fatigue, and vomiting, similar
to the common flu, the average survival rate was 10% percent at a given life expectancy of six to sixteen days. (p.444). It can be apparent this virus is
very deadly as it can kill within two weeks. The

Essay about Influenza Vaccines
Influenza is an infectious illness that can be spread from one individual to the next. It can be transmitted by means of saliva, nasal secretions, feces
and blood. It can also be spread by coming in contact with the virus on contaminated surfaces. Influenza is responsible for an average of 36,000 deaths
and for more than 226,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. (Davidson, 2007–2009, Davis, 2007).
Influenza viruses are divided into three classes. These are A, B, and C. Influenza A and B are blamed for the increases in hospitalization and deaths
each year. The aim of receiving an annual vaccine is to prevent spreading infections. Since flu outbreaks vary, it is recommended that individuals
receive a vaccination for the flu...show more content...
Additionally, as many as 500,000 chicken eggs per day are needed for the process. Influenza viruses are injected into chicken egg embryos, where they
are allowed to incubate and multiply for several days. A machine extracts the virus from the egg, which is then purified and chemically killed and made
into the vaccine. (Tenpenny, 2008, Davidson, 2007–2009, Offit, 2008).
It takes about eight months for the vaccines to be developed using chicken eggs. If another pandemic were to arise, we would not have access to the
vaccines for at least eight months. Moreover, once the vaccines are made, they must be used. Vaccines that are not used cannot be stored and must be
destroyed because the vaccines break down. The vaccines do include the three influenza viruses; two against different strains of type A, and one against
the type B virus. (Tenpenny, 2008, Davidson, 2007–2009, Offit, 2008).
In late spring 2009, the World Health Organization labeled the swine flu a pandemic. In October 2009, President Barack Obama declared a state of
emergency when over 1,000 Americans, as well as nearly a hundred children, had died as a result of the swine flu. Unfortunately, we also faced a
shortage of vaccines to deal with the outbreak. Responding to the flu outbreak was also slow. In April 2009, the United States federal government
authorized production of the swine flu vaccine. Based on prior growth patterns of seasonal flu vaccines, it projected that 120 million doses

Flu Virus Vaccines
I would treat the new strain just as the CDC already handles the flu virus. The Flu vaccine is given every year to provide protection from flu viruses.
Flu viruses constantly change but with information sciences and technology, the CDC helps to provide prevention and control. Every year the CDC
evaluates public data that contains which flu viruses are making people sick, the extent to which those viruses are spreading, and how well the
previous year's vaccine provided protection (CDC, 2012). The CDC (2012) states, "Public health surveillance is essential to the practice of public health
and to guide prevention and control activities and evaluate outcomes of such activities" (p. 10). The CDC works closely with the state and local health
departments

Pandemics In America Research Paper
There exist various global epidemics whose infectious and undesirable occurrence affects communities at different times leaving unbearable effects
behind. Explosive disease outbreaks cause great cases of life loss and considerable socio–economic disruptions to the economy of the affected area.
Throughout the world, the populations in different continents have suffered the enormous effects of devastating pandemics. This essay will put a
focus on the impact of smallpox and cholera in India. The smallpox case in the Indian states of Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal will get analyzed in
the year 1974 (Farley).The cases of swine pandemic in the same country, India, occurred in the year 2009 will get illustration alongside the effects of
the outbreaks...show more content...
The country through restrictions on movement to curb the spread of the disease got rendered unproductive in some sectors thus slowing the economic
growth of India in both the Smallpox and Swine Flu pandemic. The cultural settings of the people got united through the pandemic since people united
on one front as the population of a nation to fight the two pandemics without cultural barriers in mind (Weiss). The country responded quickly to the
concerns of the people regarding the quality of their lives, and the government implemented measures alongside the global public health problems to
support the fight against the

Taking A Look At African Swine Fever

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Taking A Look At African Swine Fever