TESTING OF COMPOSITE ON DROP-WEIGHT IMPACT TESTING AND DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOSITE USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES UT - C SCAN

International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE)
Issue 04, Volume 7 (
_________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value
6.980 | PIF: 6.445 | Jour Info: 7.085 | ISRAJIF (2019):
IJIRAE © 2014- 20, All Rights Reserved
TESTING OF COMPOSITE
TESTING AND DAMAGE I
COMPOSITE USING NON
School of Aeronautical Sciences,
School of Aeronautical Sciences,
Manuscript History
Number: IJIRAE/RS/Vol.07/Issue0
Received: 02, April 2020
Final Correction: 10, April
Final Accepted: 14, April
Published: April 2020
Citation: hosseini & Asokan (2020). T
of composite using non
Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE
Editor: Dr.A.Arul L.S, Chief Editor, IJIRAE, AM Publications, India
Copyright: ©2020 This is an open access article distributed
License, Which Permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author
and source are credited
Abstract: In recent years the use of composite materials in
in a wide range of engineering applications. Composite materials offer numerous advantages over more
conventional materials because of their superior specific properties, but a serious obstacle to a more
use of these materials is their high sensitivit
to assess the impact response
load and damage identification of composite using Non
In the study includes checking the strength of the specimen, plotting of graphs between the height and the impact
energy obtained and tabulatin
Keywords: Composites materials
destructive testing; NDT UT C
1.1 Composites
Composites are well known for their excellent weight/strength and weight/stiffness properties and they are the
materials of choice for light
aircraft components such as spoilers, wings and i
now replaced light alloys in aircraft components since they are lighter and have a lower maintenance control
surface (cleaning and polishing). Laminated fiber reinforced composite materials are
environmental resistance and fatigue resistance. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Polymer (CFRP), Kevlar and hybrid composites are commonly used for aircraft structures and components.
However, these materials are at risk of experiencing damage. There are different types of damage possible in an
aircraft such as fatigue, corrosion, accidental (impact) damage, and associated repairs; it is reported that at least
13% of 688 repairs to 71 Boeing 747 fuse
of failure in aircraft structures
, Volume 7 (April 2020)
___________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – Mendeley (Elsevier Indexed); Citefactor
| PIF: 6.445 | Jour Info: 7.085 | ISRAJIF (2019):
20, All Rights Reserved
TESTING OF COMPOSITE ON DROP
TESTING AND DAMAGE I
COMPOSITE USING NON-
TECHNIQUES UT
Ahmad hosseini
School of Aeronautical Sciences, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India
ahmad.hosseini.ace@gmail.com
Dr. R. Asokan
School of Aeronautical Sciences, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India
IJIRAE/RS/Vol.07/Issue04/APAE10082
2020
April 2020
April 2020
hosseini & Asokan (2020). Testing of Composite
n-destructive testing Techniques –
Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE), Volume VII, 267-278. doi://10.26562/IJIRAE.2020.APAE1008
Dr.A.Arul L.S, Chief Editor, IJIRAE, AM Publications, India
This is an open access article distributed
In recent years the use of composite materials in
use of these materials is their high sensitivity to localized impact loading.
impact response of drop weight impact tests
and damage identification of composite using Non-destructive testing techniques ultrasonic testing (UT) C scan
energy obtained and tabulating the results after conducting the various functional tests.
Composites materials; Mechanical property; Structural behavior
NDT UT C-scan
I. INTRODUCTION
well known for their excellent weight/strength and weight/stiffness properties and they are the
materials of choice for light-weight structures. Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) composites are widely used in
aircraft components such as spoilers, wings and in subsystems such as turboprops and turbofans. Composites have
surface (cleaning and polishing). Laminated fiber reinforced composite materials are
materials are at risk of experiencing damage. There are different types of damage possible in an
13% of 688 repairs to 71 Boeing 747 fuselages were related to impact damage Impact damage is an important type
of failure in aircraft structures.
2020)
__________________________________________
Mendeley (Elsevier Indexed); Citefactor 1.9 (2019); SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2019):
| PIF: 6.445 | Jour Info: 7.085 | ISRAJIF (2019): 6.456 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2019):
ON DROP-WEIGHT IMPACT
TESTING AND DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION OF
-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
TECHNIQUES UT - C SCAN
Ahmad hosseini
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India
ahmad.hosseini.ace@gmail.com
Dr. R. Asokan
on drop-weight Impact testing and
– C Scan. International Journal of Innovative Research in
doi://10.26562/IJIRAE.2020.APAE1008
Dr.A.Arul L.S, Chief Editor, IJIRAE, AM Publications, India
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
In recent years the use of composite materials in structural components has become increasingly common
y to localized impact loading. This paper presents an experimental study
ct tests on fiber reinforced polymer composites
destructive testing techniques ultrasonic testing (UT) C scan
g the results after conducting the various functional tests.
Structural behavior; Impact test; Drop
INTRODUCTION
weight structures. Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) composites are widely used in
n subsystems such as turboprops and turbofans. Composites have
surface (cleaning and polishing). Laminated fiber reinforced composite materials are also known for their good
lages were related to impact damage Impact damage is an important type
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
2020) www.ijirae.com
_________________________________________
(2019); SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2019):
Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2019): 194.35
20, All Rights Reserved Page–267
WEIGHT IMPACT
DENTIFICATION OF
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
damage identification
International Journal of Innovative Research in
doi://10.26562/IJIRAE.2020.APAE10082
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
structural components has become increasingly common
conventional materials because of their superior specific properties, but a serious obstacle to a more widespread
This paper presents an experimental study
reinforced polymer composites with deferent
destructive testing techniques ultrasonic testing (UT) C scan.
Drop-weight test; Non-
weight structures. Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) composites are widely used in
n subsystems such as turboprops and turbofans. Composites have
also known for their good
lages were related to impact damage Impact damage is an important type

_________________________________________
In the last few decades, the use of composite materials in different structures has become increasingly popular since
composites are well known for t
the material of choice for light weight structures. Laminated
for their good environmental resistance and fatigue resista
more materials and it creates a new material with a unique combination of properties. Normally, composite material
is formed by reinforcing
provided by the reinforcing
provided by the matrix.
Figure 1: Composite material formed by reinforcing fibers in a matrix resin
Because of high specific strength and modulus, low specific density and corrosion resistance,
plastics are used in vast majority of fields such as aerospace, transportation and building structures. In order to
optimize designing with these
properties. Toughness is an important property of composite materials and shows energy absorption capacity of the
specimen. This energy is measured by impact testing. The im
complex and the present knowledge is far from complete. The resulting damage due to impact, often in the form of
de-laminations, matrix cracking and fiber failure may severely reduce the structural strength
Therefore, a current and important design requirement in load bearing composite structures is the ability to
tolerate the impact damage. In the field of low velocity impact, the most frequently used testing machines are of
"Drop Weight" type, as they allow tests to be performed in operating conditions close to the actual ones, and at the
same time assure a wide range of impact velocities and energies.
1.2 Fiberglass
In general, fiberglass is a low cost material and has good electrical insu
to the low stiffness of glass reinforcement. In a humid environment, the strength of
sustained loading, as the moisture absorbed onto the surface of the flaw reduces the surface e
commonly chosen in impact sensitive applications even though it has a lower elastic modulus and lower resistance
to fatigue. It has the higher impact damage tolerance of laminates and a lower raw material cost compared to carbon
fibers GFRP laminate has great impact resistance since it has higher energy absorption due to its higher strain to
failure ratio compared to a carbon fiber reinforced material Table
E-glass. The density, tensile
Source: International Journal of Impact Engineering
1.3 Drop weight impact testing
In this study, a weight is dropped from a known height and allowed to accelerate under the force of gravity. The
hammer comes down and strikes the material specimen causing some type of failure, whether it be fracture,
cracking, plastic deformation, or purely elastic deformation.
___________________________________________
the last few decades, the use of composite materials in different structures has become increasingly popular since
composites are well known for their excellent weight/strength and weight/stiffness properties and this makes them
the material of choice for light weight structures. Laminated
for their good environmental resistance and fatigue resista
is formed by reinforcing fibers in a matrix resin as shown in Figure 1. The strength an
provided by the reinforcing fiber or fabric, while the rigidity and environmental resistance of the composite is
provided by the matrix.
optimize designing with these materials it is necessary to perform standard tests and find out their mechanical
specimen. This energy is measured by impact testing. The im
laminations, matrix cracking and fiber failure may severely reduce the structural strength
, as they allow tests to be performed in operating conditions close to the actual ones, and at the
is a low cost material and has good electrical insu
to the low stiffness of glass reinforcement. In a humid environment, the strength of
s GFRP laminate has great impact resistance since it has higher energy absorption due to its higher strain to
failure ratio compared to a carbon fiber reinforced material Table
density, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of E
Table-1. Mechanical properties of C
Source: International Journal of Impact Engineering
Drop weight impact testing:
Property
Density (g/cm3)
Tensile strength at 23° C (MPa)
Young’s modulus at 23° C (GPa)
Elongation percentage
2020)
__________________________________________
heir excellent weight/strength and weight/stiffness properties and this makes them
the material of choice for light weight structures. Laminated fiber-reinforced composite materials are also known
for their good environmental resistance and fatigue resistance. A composite material is a combination of two or
in a matrix resin as shown in Figure 1. The strength and stiffness of the composites is
or fabric, while the rigidity and environmental resistance of the composite is
materials it is necessary to perform standard tests and find out their mechanical
specimen. This energy is measured by impact testing. The impact behavior of FRP materials is so diverse and
laminations, matrix cracking and fiber failure may severely reduce the structural strength
is a low cost material and has good electrical insulation. However, it has a short fatigue life due
to the low stiffness of glass reinforcement. In a humid environment, the strength of fiberglass
failure ratio compared to a carbon fiber reinforced material Table-1 shows the mechanical properties of C
strength and modulus of elasticity of E-glass is higher than that of C
1. Mechanical properties of C-glass and E-glass
C-glass E-glass
2.52 2.58
C (MPa) 3310 3445
C (GPa) 68.9 72.3
4.8 4.8
_________________________________________
heir excellent weight/strength and weight/stiffness properties and this makes them
reinforced composite materials are also known
nce. A composite material is a combination of two or
d stiffness of the composites is
or fabric, while the rigidity and environmental resistance of the composite is
Because of high specific strength and modulus, low specific density and corrosion resistance, fiber reinforced
materials it is necessary to perform standard tests and find out their mechanical
pact behavior of FRP materials is so diverse and
laminations, matrix cracking and fiber failure may severely reduce the structural strength and stability.
lation. However, it has a short fatigue life due
fiberglass is reduced under
sustained loading, as the moisture absorbed onto the surface of the flaw reduces the surface energy. Glass fiber is
1 shows the mechanical properties of C-glass and
glass is higher than that of C-glass.

_________________________________________
In the case of fiber reinforced composite materials,
failures. With the drop weight method, the weight is guided to the target material specimen by sliding through a
tube or by sliding down guide rails. Since the mass either stops dead on the specimen or breaks it, the test was
essentially pass/fail. However, the energy absorbed by a specimen when it breaks can be estimated:
i) The mass is dropped from increasing heights until the specimen fractures or breaks.
ii) Further tests are carried out on other samples to get more accurate val
Both the mass and the drop height can be varied. The impact energy is the kinetic energy of the mass at impact. The
energy absorbed by the test specimen is the impact energy required to just fracture or break the specimen. The
impact testing can have
margins and print areas. If you hold it and your printed page up to the light, you can easily check your margins to
see if your print area fits within the space allo
1.4 Testing standards
Depending on the type of material being tested, the method of testing, or the configuration of the material being
tested, ASTM International has produced standards governing the method and analysis for many types of impact
resistance tests. For the case of
composites and the standard used is ASTM D5628. This standard governs the configuration of the test sample, the
proper type of impact device to use, and the proper configuration
1.5 Non Destructive test UT
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) uses high frequency sound energy to conduct examinations and make measurements.
Ultrasonic inspection can be used for flaw detection/evaluation, dimensional
characterization, and more. To illustrate the general inspection principle, a typical pulse/echo inspection
configuration as illustrated below will be used.
A typical UT inspection system consists of several functional units, such a
display devices. A pulser/receiver is an electronic device that can produce high voltage electrical pulses. Driven by
the pulse, the transducer generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. The sound energy is introduce
propagates through the materials in the form of waves. When there is a discontinuity (such as a crack) in the wave
path, part of the energy will be reflected back from the flaw surface.
electrical signal by the transducer and is displayed on a screen. In the applet below, the reflected signal strength is
displayed versus the time from signal generation to when an echo was received. Signal travel time can be directly
related to the distance that the
orientation and other features can sometimes be gained.
___________________________________________
In the case of fiber reinforced composite materials, delamination and/or tearing of fi
entially pass/fail. However, the energy absorbed by a specimen when it breaks can be estimated:
The mass is dropped from increasing heights until the specimen fractures or breaks.
Further tests are carried out on other samples to get more accurate val
impact testing can have a load cell attached to it so that impact force can be determined.
see if your print area fits within the space allowed.
Testing standards
resistance tests. For the case of drop weight impact testing there are standards plastics and fiber reinforced
proper type of impact device to use, and the proper configuration
1.5 Non Destructive test UT
Ultrasonic inspection can be used for flaw detection/evaluation, dimensional
configuration as illustrated below will be used.
A typical UT inspection system consists of several functional units, such a
path, part of the energy will be reflected back from the flaw surface.
signal by the transducer and is displayed on a screen. In the applet below, the reflected signal strength is
related to the distance that the signal travelled. From the signal, information about the reflector location, size,
orientation and other features can sometimes be gained.
Figure 2: Ultrasonic Testing
2020)
__________________________________________
delamination and/or tearing of fibers can occur as material
The mass is dropped from increasing heights until the specimen fractures or breaks.
Further tests are carried out on other samples to get more accurate value.
a load cell attached to it so that impact force can be determined. And
drop weight impact testing there are standards plastics and fiber reinforced
proper type of impact device to use, and the proper configuration of clamp to hold the test specimen.
Ultrasonic inspection can be used for flaw detection/evaluation, dimensional measurements, material
A typical UT inspection system consists of several functional units, such as the pulser/receiver, transducer, and
path, part of the energy will be reflected back from the flaw surface. The reflected wave signal is transformed into an
signal travelled. From the signal, information about the reflector location, size,
_________________________________________
bers can occur as material
And boxes showing the
drop weight impact testing there are standards plastics and fiber reinforced
of clamp to hold the test specimen.
measurements, material
s the pulser/receiver, transducer, and
the pulse, the transducer generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. The sound energy is introduced and
The reflected wave signal is transformed into an
signal travelled. From the signal, information about the reflector location, size,

_________________________________________
Ultrasonic Inspection is a very useful and versatile
that are often cited include:
 It is sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities.
 The depth of penetration for flaw detection or measurement is superior to other NDT methods.
 Only single-sided access is needed when the pulse
 It is highly accurate in determining reflector position and estimating size and shape.
 Minimal part preparation is required.
 Electronic equipment provides instantaneous results.
 Detailed images can be produced with automated systems.
 It has other uses, such as thickness measurement, in addition to flaw detection.
As with all NDT methods, ultrasonic inspection also has its limitations, which include:
 Surface must be accessible to transmit
 Skill and training is more extensive than with some other methods.
 It normally requires a coupling medium to promote the transfer of sound energy into the test specimen.
 Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small, exceptionally th
to inspect.
 Cast iron and other coarse grained materials are difficult to inspect due to low sound transmission and high
signal noise.
 Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go undetected.
 Reference stand
The above introduction provides a simplified introduction to the NDT method of ultrasonic testing.
effectively perform an inspection using ultrasonic, much mo
pages present information on the science involved in ultrasonic inspection, the equipment that is commonly used,
some of the measurement techniques used, as well as other information.
The testing of the specimens was done in the impact testing machine developed. The specimen was clamped to the
base of the machine before testing. The crushing force of the specimen during the impact was sensed by using the
load cell which was placed betwe
a certain height above the specimen. The impactor would hit the specimen with an impact speed that depends on
the dropping height. The kinetic energy of the impactor was then
specimen, which reduced the kinetic energy of the impactor until it finally
later used in the numerical analysis.
From the design principle and requirements, the drop weight i
machine can be divided into 4 subsystems namely the frame that consists of guide
assembly that consists of weighing masses, impactor head and clamp and the load cell with
evaluation of composite sample
the study is to find dimension of damage using immersion UT system.
on the various factors li
___________________________________________
Ultrasonic Inspection is a very useful and versatile NDT method. Some of the advantages of ultrasonic inspection
that are often cited include:
It is sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities.
The depth of penetration for flaw detection or measurement is superior to other NDT methods.
sided access is needed when the pulse-
It is highly accurate in determining reflector position and estimating size and shape.
Minimal part preparation is required.
Electronic equipment provides instantaneous results.
ges can be produced with automated systems.
It has other uses, such as thickness measurement, in addition to flaw detection.
Surface must be accessible to transmit ultrasound.
Skill and training is more extensive than with some other methods.
It normally requires a coupling medium to promote the transfer of sound energy into the test specimen.
Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small, exceptionally th
Cast iron and other coarse grained materials are difficult to inspect due to low sound transmission and high
Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go undetected.
Reference standards are required for both equipment calibration and the characterization of flaws.
effectively perform an inspection using ultrasonic, much mo
II. METHODOLOGY
load cell which was placed between the specimen and the steel base.
the dropping height. The kinetic energy of the impactor was then
specimen, which reduced the kinetic energy of the impactor until it finally
later used in the numerical analysis.
From the design principle and requirements, the drop weight i
machine can be divided into 4 subsystems namely the frame that consists of guide
evaluation of composite sample using Non Destructive test UT immersion ultrasonic testing system. The objective of
the study is to find dimension of damage using immersion UT system.
on the various factors like nature of defects to be identified, sample thickness.
2020)
__________________________________________
NDT method. Some of the advantages of ultrasonic inspection
It is sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities.
-echo technique is used.
It is highly accurate in determining reflector position and estimating size and shape.
Electronic equipment provides instantaneous results.
ges can be produced with automated systems.
It has other uses, such as thickness measurement, in addition to flaw detection.
ultrasound.
Skill and training is more extensive than with some other methods.
Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small, exceptionally thin or not homogeneous are difficult
Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go undetected.
ards are required for both equipment calibration and the characterization of flaws.
effectively perform an inspection using ultrasonic, much more about the method needs to be known. The following
II. METHODOLOGY
en the specimen and the steel base. An impactor was elevated and then released at
the dropping height. The kinetic energy of the impactor was then absorbed by the progressive folding of the
specimen, which reduced the kinetic energy of the impactor until it finally stopped. The crushing force data was
From the design principle and requirements, the drop weight impact testing was designed. The impact testing
machine can be divided into 4 subsystems namely the frame that consists of guide columns; base plate; impactor
using Non Destructive test UT immersion ultrasonic testing system. The objective of
the study is to find dimension of damage using immersion UT system. Choosing the inspection method depends up
be identified, sample thickness.
_________________________________________
NDT method. Some of the advantages of ultrasonic inspection
in or not homogeneous are difficult
ards are required for both equipment calibration and the characterization of flaws.
The above introduction provides a simplified introduction to the NDT method of ultrasonic testing. However, to
re about the method needs to be known. The following
n impactor was elevated and then released at
absorbed by the progressive folding of the
crushing force data was
mpact testing was designed. The impact testing
columns; base plate; impactor
assembly that consists of weighing masses, impactor head and clamp and the load cell with display.Damage
using Non Destructive test UT immersion ultrasonic testing system. The objective of
Choosing the inspection method depends up

Issue 04, Volume 7 (April 2020) www.ijirae.com
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IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – Mendeley (Elsevier Indexed); Citefactor 1.9 (2019); SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2019):
6.980 | PIF: 6.445 | Jour Info: 7.085 | ISRAJIF (2019): 6.456 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2019): 194.35
IJIRAE © 2014- 20, All Rights Reserved Page–271
2.1 Preparations of specimen
The composite materials chosen are Owen roving fabric 0/90 bi bidirectional Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(GFRP) type E-glass ,Epoxy 400 g/m² were laminated with resin to increase their impact strength. The materials
were fabricated using a vacuum infusion process technique.
Table 2 - Laminate thickness for type E-glass/Epoxy 400 g/m²
Type of fiber glass Number of plies Thickness (mm)
E-glass/Epoxy 400 g/m² 12 4
There are numerous methods for fabricating composite components. Some methods have been borrowed but many
were developed to meet specific design or manufacturing challenges. Selection of a method for a particular part,
therefore, will depend on the materials, the part design and end-use or application. Composite fabrication processes
involve some form of molding, to shape the resin and reinforcement. A mold tool is required to give the unformed
resin /fiber combination its shape prior to and during cure. For an overview of mold types and materials and
methods used to make mold tools.
2.2. Composite Manufacturing Processes
Thermoset composites
1. Short fiber reinforced
2 .Continuous fiber reinforced
A) Prepreg
B) Resin transfer
Thermoplastic composites
1. Commingle
2 . Impregnated
2.3 Composite Manufacturing Processes
 Hand Lay-up
 Pre-preg forming
 Pressure molding
 Vacuum bagging
 Filament winding
 Pultrusion
 Spray method
 Sheet molding
 Bulk molding
 Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding
2.4 Vacuum bagging
The vacuum bagging molding process utilizes a flexible and transparent film in order to fully enclose and
compacting the wet laminate by using atmospheric pressure. This process is also called vacuum bagging for short as
it uses a vacuum and pump to extract the air from inside the vacuum bag and compress the part under atmospheric
pressure in order for the compacting and hardening process to take place. Vacuum bagging is an upgrade of the wet
lay-up process and is widely spread in the composite industry because of its clear benefits over this method. You
will most often see the use of fiberglass, carbon fiber and resin materials being laminated together using the vacuum
bag technique. The outer atmospheric pressure caused through the vacuum within the closed system will compress
the laminate and excess resin is sucked out of the wet laminate into the bleeder cloth and resin catch pot.
Advantages of Vacuum bagging:
1. simple design
2. any fiber/matrix combination
3. cheap mold material
4. better quality for the cost
Disadvantages of Vacuum bagging:
1. Cannot be heated up too much
2. Breeder clothe has to be replaced frequently
3. Low pressure (760 mm Hg the most)
4. Inconsistency

_________________________________________
2.4 Preparations of specimen vacuum infusion process:
Steps:
1. Mould preparation
2. Applying wax (release agent) on mould surface ,wait for 20 to 30 minutes after applied release agent
3. Make lamination layer one by one
4. Use peel ply after finishing he lamination
5. Use release film
6. Use breather cloth
7. Vacuum bagging
8. Start the vacuum pump
9. Release the product
Using Equation (1)
Impact energy (E) = m×g×h
Where,
m = Drop mass (kg)
h = Drop height (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s)
3.1 Impact Test Procedure
A drop-weight impact test is performed
concentrated impact using a drop weight. The damage response is a function of the test configuration; the damage
resistance is quantified in
___________________________________________
Figure 4: Preparations of specimen
Preparations of specimen vacuum infusion process:
Mould preparation
Applying wax (release agent) on mould surface ,wait for 20 to 30 minutes after applied release agent
Make lamination layer one by one
peel ply after finishing he lamination
Use release film
Use breather cloth
Vacuum bagging-close the bag by using sealant tape
Start the vacuum pump-running time min 3hrs
Release the product
III. FORMULAE
Impact energy (E) = m×g×h (Joule) (1)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s)
3.1 Impact Test Procedure
weight impact test is performed using a balanced, laminated plate. Damage is imparted through out
resistance is quantified in term of size and type of damage in the
Figure 5: Drop weight impact test
2020)
__________________________________________
: Preparations of specimen
Preparations of specimen vacuum infusion process:
close the bag by using sealant tape
FORMULAE
using a balanced, laminated plate. Damage is imparted through out
size and type of damage in the specimen.
Figure 5: Drop weight impact test
_________________________________________
using a balanced, laminated plate. Damage is imparted through out-of-plane,

______________________________________________________________________________________________
This method cover the damage resistance of fiber glass E-glass laminated plates subjected to a drop-weight impact
event. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced laminate plates, with range of
acceptable test laminates and thickness. The potential energy of the Drop-weight, as define by the mass and drop
height of the impactor is specified prior to test. Equipment and procedure are provided for optional measurement of
contact force during impact event. The damage resistance properties generated by this test method are highly
dependent upon several factors, which include specimen geometry, lay-up, impactor geometry, impactor mass,
impact force, impact energy, and boundary conditions.
Specimen and testing details:
Figure 5: composite glass fiber on drop test
Composite materials offer numerous advantages over more conventional materials because of their superior
specific properties, but a serious obstacle to a more widespread use of these materials is their high sensitivity to
localized impact loading. The impact response of drop weight impact tests on fiber reinforced polymer composites
with deferent load. The composite materials chosen are Owen roving fabric 0/90 bi bidirectional Glass Fiber
Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) type E-glass ,Epoxy 400 g/m² were laminated with resin to increase their impact
strength. The materials were fabricated using a vacuum infusion process technique.
Table 3: specimen
Impact energy height
5 0.1484
10 0.29676
15 0.44514
20 0.59352
25 0.7419
3.1 UT and Scan parameters
Ultrasonic parameters
• Method : Through Transmission
• Transducer frequency : 2.25 MHz
• Transducer focal distance in water : 2 inch
• Pulser voltage : 200 V;
• Gain :18 dB;
Scan parameter
• Index resolution : 0.3 mm
• Scan resolution : 0.3 mm

_________________________________________
Through Transmission Method
• Through transmission testing is used to evaluate defect information in the sample.
• Two separate probes are used for transmitting
opposite side of the sample at equal distance.
• The signal from the good region is taken as a reference and gain is adjusted such way that the signal will not get
saturated.
• At the damaged regions,
be less compared with good region.
• This technique shows abnormality in a material.
Figure 7: Schematic of the Immersion UT system for through transmission method
In this study testing of composite on drop
g/m² with specimens thicknesses 4mm according to number of plies fabricated, and by varying the impact energy
from the result obtained, the impact force, the energy absorbed, with increase of impact energy displacement
increase the damage area it can be concluded that GFRP type E
4mm specimen with low force had a less damage compare t
impact resistant, the highest impact strength obtained for the fiber glass with respect to the height and impact
energy from 5(J) to 25(J) in five specimen.
___________________________________________
Figure 6: Sample placement
Through Transmission Method
Through transmission testing is used to evaluate defect information in the sample.
Two separate probes are used for transmitting and receiving the ultrasonic energy.
opposite side of the sample at equal distance.
The signal from the good region is taken as a reference and gain is adjusted such way that the signal will not get
At the damaged regions, the sound waves get scattered and sound energy reaching the receiver transducer will
be less compared with good region.
This technique shows abnormality in a material.
IV. CALCULATIONS
In this study testing of composite on drop-weight impact testing were performed on GFRP type E
ned, the impact force, the energy absorbed, with increase of impact energy displacement
increase the damage area it can be concluded that GFRP type E
4mm specimen with low force had a less damage compare t
he highest impact strength obtained for the fiber glass with respect to the height and impact
energy from 5(J) to 25(J) in five specimen.
2020)
__________________________________________
Figure 6: Sample placement
Through transmission testing is used to evaluate defect information in the sample.
eceiving the ultrasonic energy. The probes are placed
the sound waves get scattered and sound energy reaching the receiver transducer will
CALCULATIONS
weight impact testing were performed on GFRP type E
increase the damage area it can be concluded that GFRP type E-glass/Epoxy 400 g/m² with specimens thicknesses
4mm specimen with low force had a less damage compare to specimen with applied more force
_________________________________________
The probes are placed
the sound waves get scattered and sound energy reaching the receiver transducer will
weight impact testing were performed on GFRP type E-glass/Epoxy 400
glass/Epoxy 400 g/m² with specimens thicknesses
o specimen with applied more force specimen more

_________________________________________
The results could be analysed through C
axis (y-axis) and the travel time of the ultrasonic pulse is represented as a displacement along the other axis (x
It was possible to obtain indication of an echo from the defects in
signal amplitude analyses are ultrasonic C
internal delamination. Through transmission testing is used to evaluate defect information in the
separate probes are used for transmitting and receiving the ultrasonic energy.
of the sample at equal distance.
that the signal will not get saturated. At the damaged regions, the sound waves get scattered and sound energy
reaching the receiver transducer will be less compared with good region. This technique shows abnormality in a
material.
The specimens E-glass are impacted at five deferent load. Since the study is on
impact testing and damage identification of composite
damage mechanisms observed
deformation in specimens increase the energy increases.
impact load, as the impact energy also increases.
___________________________________________
The results could be analysed through C-scan UT presentation as receive pulse amplitude displacement along one
axis) and the travel time of the ultrasonic pulse is represented as a displacement along the other axis (x
It was possible to obtain indication of an echo from the defects in
signal amplitude analyses are ultrasonic C-scan from fiber glass /E
delamination. Through transmission testing is used to evaluate defect information in the
separate probes are used for transmitting and receiving the ultrasonic energy.
of the sample at equal distance.The signal from the good region is taken as a reference and gain is adjusted such way
ignal will not get saturated. At the damaged regions, the sound waves get scattered and sound energy
Figure 8: Specimen’s
glass are impacted at five deferent load. Since the study is on
impact testing and damage identification of composite using Non
damage mechanisms observed for specimens due to impact loading strongly influenced by, impactor energy, the
deformation in specimens increase the energy increases. The overall delamination area increased by the increasing
impact load, as the impact energy also increases.
2020)
__________________________________________
UT presentation as receive pulse amplitude displacement along one
axis) and the travel time of the ultrasonic pulse is represented as a displacement along the other axis (x
It was possible to obtain indication of an echo from the defects in laminate specimens, detected by the peak rise in
from fiber glass /E-glass which show high percentage depth of
delamination. Through transmission testing is used to evaluate defect information in the
separate probes are used for transmitting and receiving the ultrasonic energy. The probes are placed opposite side
The signal from the good region is taken as a reference and gain is adjusted such way
Specimen’s E v/s H
glass are impacted at five deferent load. Since the study is on testing of composite on drop
using Non-destructive Testing Techniques UT
for specimens due to impact loading strongly influenced by, impactor energy, the
The overall delamination area increased by the increasing
_________________________________________
UT presentation as receive pulse amplitude displacement along one
axis) and the travel time of the ultrasonic pulse is represented as a displacement along the other axis (x-axis).
laminate specimens, detected by the peak rise in
glass which show high percentage depth of
delamination. Through transmission testing is used to evaluate defect information in the sample. Two
The probes are placed opposite side
The signal from the good region is taken as a reference and gain is adjusted such way
testing of composite on drop-weight
destructive Testing Techniques UT - C Scan. The
for specimens due to impact loading strongly influenced by, impactor energy, the
The overall delamination area increased by the increasing

______________________________________________________________________________________________
As the load increases the damage also increases. Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane Impact
force is one of the major design concerns of structures made of advanced composite laminates. Knowledge of
damage resistance properties of a laminated composite plate is use full for product development and material
selection. To establish quantitatively the effects of stacking sequence, fiber surface treatment, variation in fiber
volume fraction and processing and environmental variables on the Damage resistance of a particular composite
laminate to concentrated drop-weight impact force and energy. The properties obtained using this test method can
provide guidance in required to anticipated damage resistance structure of material, thickness, Stacking sequence.
However it must be understood that damage resistance of a composite structure is highly dependent upon several
factor including geometry thickness, stiffness, mass, support condition.
4.1 Through Transmission results
Figure 9: sample 1
• Transducer frequency : 2.25 MHz
• Transducer focal distance in water : 2 inch
• Pulser voltage : 200 V;
• Gain :18 dB;
• Index resolution : 0.3 mm
• Scan resolution : 0.3 mm
Figure 10: sample 2
Damage dimensions:
• In scan axis: 26.53 mm;
• In Index axis : 21.06mm;

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure11: Sample 3
Damage dimensions:
In scan axis: 21.3 mm;
In Index axis :21.1 mm
Figure 12: Sample 4
Damage dimensions:
• In scan axis:18 mm;
• In Index axis :20.3 mm;
Figure13: Sample 5
Damage dimensions:
• In scan axis: 18.6 mm;
• In Index axis : 15.5 mm;

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 14: Sample 6
Damage dimensions:
• In scan axis: 12 mm;
• In Index axis :12.1 mm;
REFERENCES
1. Nesterenko, B. G., “Analytical-Experimental Study of Damage Toler- acne of Aircraft Structures,” International
Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, Paper 333.1, Aug. 2012
2. Rafaela Sepe, Enrico Aementani, “Crack Growth Behavior of Welded Stiffened Panel”, Pane Qing Bali Subsea
Pipeline Design, Analysis, and Installation2014, Pages 695-705, Volume 19, Issue3
3. L. Molent, S.A. Barter, “The Lead Fatigue Crack Concept for Aircraft Structural Integrity”, Defense science and
technology organization, 15 March 2017, Pg-363-377.
4. Shakeb Deane, Nicolas P. Avdelidis, Clemente Ibarra-castanedo, (25 December 2018), Application of NDT
Thermographic Imaging of Aerospace Structures, Infrared Physics & Technology, PII: S1350-4495(18)30956-3,
INFPHY 2858
5. Soutis C. Fiber reinforced composites in aircraft construction. Prog Aero Sci 2005; 41:143–51.
6. Akotonarivo ST, Payan C, Moysan J, Hochard C. Local damage evaluation of a laminate composite plate using
ultrasonic birefringence of shear wave. Compos Part B: Eng. 2018; 142:287–92
7. Harman AB, Wang Chun H. Improved design methods for scarf repairs to highly strained composite aircraft
structure. Compos Struct 2016; 75(1–4):132–44.
8. Caminero MA, Pavlopoulou S, Lopez-Pedrosa M, Nicolaisson BG, Pinna C, Soutis C. Analysis of adhesively bonded
repairs in composites: damage detection and prognosis. Compos Struct 2013; 95:500–17.

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TESTING OF COMPOSITE ON DROP-WEIGHT IMPACT TESTING AND DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOSITE USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES UT - C SCAN