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A Survey on IPv6 Secure Link Local Communication Models, Techniques and Tools
1.
ISSN(Online): 2456-8805 Dr. P.
Sumathi et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.2, Issue 6,27 December 2017, pg. 1-6 © 2017, IJARIDEA All Rights Reserved 1 A Survey on IPv6 Secure Link Local Communication Models, Techniques and Tools Dr. P. Sumathi1 , Dr. Saroj Patel2 , A. Prabhakaran3 1 Assistant Professor, PG & Research, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Coimbatore, India 2 Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Jodhpur National University Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India 3 Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Computer Application, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India Abstract— The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is a protocol in the Internet Protocol suite used with Internet Protocol Version (IPv6). The major responsible for NDP is auto-configuration of nodes, discovery of other nodes on the link, determining the network and data link layer addresses of other nodes, detect duplicate address detection, finding available routers, address prefix discovery, and maintaining reachability information about the paths to other active neighbor nodes. If NDP is not secure and there is a potential for breaking the local area network protection. NDP has some basic protection mechanisms based on the scope of NDP. Neighbor Discovery Protocol message cannot be injected into the network infrastructure from beyond the directly connected data link layer access networks. This protection shield is not enough to completely protect local area network. Therefore without securing NDP vulnerable to various attacks which can be categorized as spoofing, Denial of Service (DoS), Replay, Redirect and Rogue routing information attacks. SEND is a newly specified technology that makes use of Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) to protect the NDP that is used in IPv6 networks to bind the network layer to the data link layer in the protocol stack. Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) Protocol offers three additional features to NDP address ownership proof, message protection and a router authorization mechanism. The aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding IPv6 Secure Link Local communication Models, Techniques and Tools. Keywords— IPv6, Link-Local Communication, NDP, SEND. I. INTRODUCTION The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is the organization that is responsible for defining the Internet Protocol standards. When the IETF developed IPv4, the global expansion of the Internet and the current Internet security issues were not anticipated. In IPv4 original design, network security was only given minor consideration. The public Internet grew to the point where people in most parts of the world could connect to the Internet, many companies connected to the Internet for a variety of applications, with the predominate applications being email and web. In the early 1990s, the IETF realized that a new version of Internet Protocol would be needed, and the Task Force started by drafting the new protocol's requirements. IP Next Generation (IPng) was created. IPv6 is the second network layer standard protocol that follows IPv4 for computer communications across the Internet and other computer networks. IPv6 offers several compelling functions and is really the next step in the evolution of the Internet Protocol. These improvements came in the form of increased address size, a streamlined header format, extensible headers, and the ability to preserve the confidentiality and integrity of communications. IPv6 provides several improvements over its predecessor. IPv6 and IPv4 are both network layer protocols, many of the network layer vulnerabilities are therefore similar. However, because the protocol layers above and below the IP layer remain the same for either IP version, many of those attacks will not change. Because the two protocols are related, the similarities between the protocols can create
2.
ISSN(Online): 2456-8805 Dr. P.
Sumathi et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.2, Issue 6,27 December 2017, pg. 1-6 © 2017, IJARIDEA All Rights Reserved 2 similar attack patterns. IPv6 could improve security in some areas, but in other areas, it could also open new threats. Neighbor Discovery Protocol is one of the main protocols in the IPv6 suite. It is heavily used for several critical functions such as discovering other existing nodes on the same link, determining others link layer addresses, detecting duplicate addresses, finding routers and maintaining reachability information about paths to active neighbor. Only a few and limited techniques have been introduced to eliminate threats within Neighbor Discovery Protocol. Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is mandatory for IPv6, so it is logic consequence to use IPSec as a solution for the threats within Neighbor Discovery Protocol. IPSec Authentication Header (AH) could be implemented with Neighbor Discovery Protocol Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor Advertisement messages to secure the communication between the nodes. Because of the bootstrap problem arise when using Internet Key Exchange (IKE) to create the Security Association (SA) of the IPSec; SA could only be configured manually which is impractical and tedious task when the networks have large number of nodes. [6] discussed about a project, The effective incentive scheme is proposed to stimulate the forwarding cooperation of nodes in VANETs. In a coalitional game model, every relevant node cooperates in forwarding messages as required by the routing protocol. This scheme is extended with constrained storage space. A lightweight approach is also proposed to stimulate the cooperation. As a Future Enhancement, we further reduce the length of communication overhead and there by the link failures can be reduced. II. IPV6 SECURE LINK LOCAL COMMUNICATION The NDP for IPv6 provides the mechanism required to accomplish the Router Discovery, Prefix Discovery, Parameter Discovery, Address Auto configuration, Address resolution, Next-hop determination, Neighbor Unreachability Detection, Duplicate Address Detection, and Redirect. NDP defines a number of new ICMPv6 messages: Router Solicitation (RS), Router Advertisement (RA), Neighbor Solicitation (NS), Neighbor Advertisement (NA), and Redirect. During bootstrapping hosts need to discover routers and network information and configure their IPv6 interfaces [7]. To accomplish the router discovery the node sends RS messages to all routers multicast address. The response from the routers should be a RA carrying the expected information. To achieve the prefix discovery, a node uses either a manually configured IPv6 address for each interface or generates a link-local IPv6 address as specified in RFC 4862 [1]. In addition, DAD (Duplicate Address Detection) must be performed for every address prior to assigning this address to an interface. DAD consists of sending up to DupAddrDetectTransmits, Neighbor Solicitation messages that carry the address that the node is checking for duplicates in the Target Address field. The IPv6 source address of NS is the unspecified address and the destination address is the Solicited node multicast address of the target. If there is no answer within a certain period of time then depending on the value of DupAddrDetectTransmits, another NS is sent or the address is assumed to be unique that no other node is using the same address. Both constants are defined in RFC 4861 [2] and RFC 4862 [1] respectively, with default values of 1,000 milliseconds and one respectively. After the node’s interfaces are configured, when a node wants to send a packet to a neighbor, it first sends a NS message to the Solicited node multicast address in order to resolve the target’s link-layer address. One of the most common assumptions about IPv6 is that it is designed to be secure. Such assumptions are a result of incorporating IPSec Authentication Headers into the IPv6 protocol suite.
3.
ISSN(Online): 2456-8805 Dr. P.
Sumathi et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.2, Issue 6,27 December 2017, pg. 1-6 © 2017, IJARIDEA All Rights Reserved 3 The implementation of a process responsible for securely transporting the keys has eight different modes of operation. Some key exchanges can be done automatically others must have a manual element. One of the goals of auto configuration is to have the entire process occur automatically and without any human interaction. The automatic key exchanges can occur only between hosts with already established IPv6 addresses. Neighbor Discovery Protocol is not secure and there is a potential for breaking the local network protection. Neighbor Discovery Protocol has some basic protection mechanisms based on the scope of Neighbor Discovery Protocol. It is a link-local protocol, so the source address must be either unspecified (::/128) or a link-local address, and the hop limit must be set to 255. Also, the routers do not forward link-local address. Thus NDP message cannot be injected into the network infrastructure from beyond the directly connected data link layer access networks. III. THREAT AND VULNERABILITY ON IPV6 LINK LOCAL COMMUNICATION IP Security(IPSec), is a framework of open standards developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force that provide security for transmission of sensitive information over unprotected networks such as the Internet. IPSec acts at the network layer, protecting and authenticating IP packets between participating IPSec devices. In IPv6, IPSec is implemented using the AH authentication header and the ESP extension header. The authentication header provides integrity and authentication of the source. The authentication header protects the integrity of most of the IP header fields and authenticates the source through a signature-based algorithm. The ESP header provides confidentiality, authentication of the source, connectionless integrity of the inner packet and limited traffic flow confidentiality. The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol is a key management protocol standard that is used in conjunction with IPSec. IPsec can be configured without IKE, but IKE enhances IPSec by providing additional features, flexibility, and ease of configuration for the IPSec standard. IKE is a hybrid protocol that implements the key exchange inside the Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) framework ISAKMP, Key exchange are security protocols implemented by IKE. This functionality is similar to the security gateway model using IPv4 IPSec protection. IV.SECURE NEIGHBOR DISCOVERY PROTOCOL Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) Protocol is a newly specified technology that makes use of Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) to protect the NDP that is used in IPv6 networks to bind the network layer to the data link layer in the protocol stack. SEND offers three additional features to NDP address ownership proof, message protection and a router authorization mechanism. To achieve these additional features, SEND comes with five new options CGA Generation, CGA Verification, RSA signature, nonce, and Timestamp [4]. 1. CGA Generation The CGA algorithm uses input values as Public Key, Modifier (128 bits), Subnet Prefix (64bits) and Sec value. The cost of creating a new CGA depends on the security parameter Sec, which can take on values from 0 to 3. If Sec = 0, a CGA can be created from the hash input with a straightforward algorithm that just computes a suitable hash and embeds it into the address [5]. The output from the CGA algorithm is a CGA address and a CGA
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Sumathi et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.2, Issue 6,27 December 2017, pg. 1-6 © 2017, IJARIDEA All Rights Reserved 4 Parameters. The CGA generation begins with the determination of the address owner's Public Key and by selecting the proper “Sec” value. 2. CGA Verification The first step of the verification process is to extract various parameters from the ICMPv6 CGA Option. HASH1 and HASH2 are then calculated with the exception of the 7th and 8th bits (universal/global bits) and the first three Sec bits, the leftmost 64 bits of HASH1 should be identical to the interface identifier portion of the IPv6 address. 3. RSA Signature SEND uses the RSA Signature option to authenticate the identity of the sender and to prevent an attacker from spoofing CGA addresses. The public key signatures maintain the integrity of the messages and authenticate the sender identity. Once the public key is obtained from CGA Option, the receiver can use it to decrypt messages encrypted with the corresponding private key. ICMPv6 Option 12 allows us to use RSA digital signatures to establish authenticity of such packet exchanges. Key Hash—leftmost 128 bits of SHA-1 of the public key used for constructing the signature [8]. 4. Timestamp The Timestamp option provides replay protection and ensures that unsolicited advertisements and redirects have not been replayed such as periodic RA and Redirect. The timestamp contains the time elapsed since Jan 1st, 1970, 00:00 UTC. 48 bits are used for seconds, and 16 bits for 1/64K seconds. The RFC 3971 [3] defines some parameters for adjusting the permissible drift in sender and receiver clocks. 5. Nonce A random or pseudo-random number generated by a node and used exactly once. In SEND Protocol, the option is used to prevent a replay attack in solicited messages, such as NS/NA and RS/RA. SEND Protocol can use third parties as verifiers of node identity. This process is referred to as the Authentication Delegation Discovery. To begin such a process, a host needs to know a Trust Anchor to confirm that a given router is authorized to perform router duties. This is a feature without a corresponding ND function, and to accommodate it the SEND protocol implements two new ICMPv6 Message Types are Certification Path Solicitation (CPS) and Certification Path Advertisement (CPA) [9]. V. DISCUSSION ON SECURE LINK LOCAL Realizing the importance of NDP security, IPv6 have included a security mechanism in it to protect IP based communications. The modern operating system lacks support for SEND Protocol, the security standard without sophisticated implementations [10]. Cisco and Juniper, have various levels of support for SEND Protocol in their routers, no major operating system provides a good level of support. Current SEND implementations for specific OS distribution, some of these implementations DoCoMo's SeND (send-0.2), NDprotector, Easy-SEND, and Windows Secure Neighbor Discovery (WinSEND) are done in the user space and others Native SeND Kernel API for BSD (send-0.3), TrustRouter and ipv6-send-cga at the kernel level [11]. Table 1 shows the Summary of the Different type of SEND Methods with a brief description TABLE I SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF SEND PROTOCOL METHODS Method First Release Language Based On Operating System Availability (site)
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Sumathi et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.2, Issue 6,27 December 2017, pg. 1-6 © 2017, IJARIDEA All Rights Reserved 5 DoCoMo's SEND 2008 C - Language Linux, FreeBSD Support has been stopped Native SeND Kernel API 2010 C - Language Linux, FreeBSD http://p4web.freebsd.org ipv6-send-cga(Huawei and BUPT) 2009 C-Language Linux https://code.google.com/p/ipv6-send-cga/ Easy-SEND 2009 Java Linux http://easy-send.sourceforge.net/ ND Protector 2011 Python Linux http://amnesiak.org/NDprotector/ WinSEND 2011 .NET Windows Not support by Microsoft TrustRouter 2012 Python and C Linux, Windows, Mac OS X https://github.com/TrustRouter/TrustRouter Cisco IOS 12.4(24)T 2009 IOS 12.4T Cisco Router http://www.cisco.com/cisco/web/support/inde x.html SEND Protocol perform two ICMPv6 messages for identifying the router authorization process. All the methods (Table 1) mainly work in the network layer. All ND messages without the CGA and RSA signature options are to be treated as regular ND. There is also an option for specifying which authorization method. SEND Protocol has a number of disadvantages that causes the NDP extension not being widely implemented [12]. The CGA option cannot assure the identity of real node and it also not sufficient to ensure the CGA address that belongs to appropriate node. Attacker could steal NDP message and change the CGA parameters. Another major disadvantage is the implementation of SEND Protocol results in more processing cycles that consume CPU of nodes as well as bandwidth. Table 2 highlights a summary of mitigation methods on IPv6 security and identifying their strength and weaknesses. TABLE II STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF SEND METHODS Method Strength Weakness DoCoMo's SEND Operating system user space. Users can verify information related to the internal states and the operations executed by the application and distributed independently. Limited debugging mode. Implementation does not handle DAD collisions. Processing overhead, effectively prohibiting production deployment in high-speed networking environments. Available only in FreeBSD and DragonFlyBSD. Native SeND Kernel API for BSD Easy to use and portable. Implementation is completely in user space and self-contained. Implementation is completely independent of the kernel. And does not handle DAD collisions. No reliability and security. Huawei and BUPT (ipv6-send- cga) Operating system user-space. ECC algorithm is implemented as an alternative signature algorithm. A simple CRL verification mechanism. Research prototype, bugs that sometimes could even cause kernel crashes. Easy-SEND Works as a firewall between the network interface card and the IPv6 stack. Actual version is limited to the creation of a secure environment for IPv6 nodes. Hosts are not able to participate in the Router Discovery process. NDprotector The implementation uses the Private Key and adds an RSA signature option. The implementation is currently limited to Linux platform. WinSEND The User Interface allows users to set or modify WinSEND input parameters, Not supported in Windows Operating System. TrustRouter One-click solution that can be installed on clients running Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows. TrustRouter does not implement CGAs and does not secure neighbor advertisements. Cisco IOS IPv6 RA Guard, IPv6 ND Inspection mitigates Implementation is completely dependent and limited to other
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Sumathi et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.2, Issue 6,27 December 2017, pg. 1-6 © 2017, IJARIDEA All Rights Reserved 6 12.4(24)T some of the inherent vulnerabilities of duplicate address detection. Internetworking Operating System (IOS). VI.CONCLUSION NDP is important in IPv6 network for address resolution process. The implementation of SEND Protocol have a default assumption that communication link is safe and reliable, which is not correct in reality, the protocol facing biggest issue with the idea of CGA based on the speed of the computers currently in use. SEND Protocol is a research prototype need focused on protocol correctness, as well as much to be done in hardening the daemon itself against attack and making it more robust and stable also not commercial grade reliability and security. However, not many detailed instructions for using SEND protocol are available. The number of manually configured security associations needed for protecting NDP can be very large, which makes that approach impractical for most purposes. These threats need to be considered and eliminated. Future researches are requested in order to overcome the limitation of the proposed mechanism and to find a complete model to SEND Protocol. VII. REFERENCES [1] Dhanoj Mohan, Rathikarani, Gopakumar, Automation of Ration Shop Using PLC, IJMER, ISSN: 2249-6645, Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2971-297. S. Thomson, T. Narten, and T. Jinmei, “IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration”, RFC 4862 (Standard), Internet Engineering Task Force, September 2007. URL https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4862.txt. Obsoletes by 2462. [2] Narten T., et al., “Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)”, RFC 4861 (Standard), Internet Engineering Task Force, September 2007. URL https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4861. Obsoletes by 2461. [3] J. Arkko, J. Kempf, B. Zill, P. Nikander, “Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND),” RFC 3971 (Proposed Standard), Internet Engineering Task Force, March 2005. URL https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3971. [4] J. Arkko, et al., “Securing IPv6 Neighbor and Router Discovery”, WiSE '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Wireless security, pp. 77-86, Sep. 2002. ISBN: 1-58113-585-8, DOI: 10.1145/570681.570690. [5] Implementing First Hop-Security in IPv6, Cisco Systems, 2011; Retrieved from www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/ipv6/configuration/ guide/15_0sy/ipv6_15_0sy_book/ip6-first_hop_security.html. [6] Christo Ananth, "Incentive Scheme for Stimulation of Forwarding Cooperation of nodes in VANETs ", Rakuten Kobo Inc. Publishing, Toronto, Canada, ISBN: 978-81-910-751-4-4, October 2017, pp: 12-56. [7] Wendell Odom, “CCNP ROUTE 642-902”, Pearson Education Inc., Cisco Press, January 2010. pp. 529. ISBN-10: 1-58720-253-0, ISBN-13: 978-1-58720-253-7. [8] Weilin Xu et al., “NAPT66-Stateful IPv6-to IPv6 Network Address Port Translation”, Retrieved from https://code.google.com/p/napt66/. Accessed 20-June-2015. [9] Xiaoyu Zhao, et al., “A Lightweight AplusP Approach for public IPv4 Address Sharing in IPv6 Environments”, In 5th International Multi-Conference on Computing in the Global Information Technology (ICCGI), page 256-261, Valencia, Spain, September 20-25, 2010. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCGI.2010.21. [10]Ahmad AlSa'deh, HosniehRafiee, ChristophMeinel, “Secure Neighbor Discovey: A Cryptographic Solution for Securing Ipv6 Local Link Operations,” Chapter 8, pp : 178-196. [11]A. AlSa’deh and C. Meinel,"Secure Neighbor Discovery: Review, Challenges, Perspectives, and Recommendations," IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 26 –34, Aug. 2012. [12]Supriyanto, I.H. Hasbullah, R.J. Murugesan, S. Ramadass, “Survey of IPv6 Link Local Communication Security Vulnerability and Mitigation Methods,” IETE TECHNICAL REVIEW, vol 30, issue 1, pp. 64-71, Jan-Feb 2013.
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