Yes, most village processing groups are processing regularly. Out of a total of 23 village processing groups in the southern zone of Tanzania, 17 (74%) were found to be processing regularly in 2009. While 6 groups (26%) were not processing regularly, the majority had established regular processing.

1. Women and children are here,
where are the men?
…., the task is too difficult for them
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

2. Exploring best options for the inclusion of
rural poor in cassava value chain: lessons
from small-scale cassava processing in
East and Southern Africa
Abass Adebayo
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

3. Importance of cassava in ESA
An ideal crop for food security
Stable yield even during harsh weather
Stores well underground
Suitable for piecemeal harvesting – Household food security
Many varieties (improved) are tolerant to diseases
An export crop in the past (Madagascar, Tanzania, Uganda)
An up-and-coming industrial raw material (Zambia, Tanzania,
Madagascar)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

4. Production and yield, 2008
50.0
Production (million MT)
40.0
Yield (tons/ha)
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
FAOSTAT, 2011
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

5. Yield (tons/ha)
South-Eastern Asia 18.4
Southern Asia 31.6
Eastern Asia 16.3
South America 13.5
Africa 10.1
Western Africa 11.4
Central Africa 9.0
Eastern Africa 8.8
Southern Africa
Low yield = Lack of global competitiveness
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

6. Postharvest Issues
Postharvest methods
Pounding
 Storage of harvested roots
 Processing
1. Boiling/Roasting/Frying
2. Hand grating/pounding of fresh roots
3. Fermentation
 Heap fermentation
 Soaking Drying
4. Pounding of dried chips to flour
5. Sun-drying
 Storage of dried cassava
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

7. Postharvest constraints
 High labor input Drying
 Long processing time
 Small output
 High postharvest loss
 High contamination: poor quality & safety Pounding
 Women do the hard work
 Knowledge of processing machinery
fabrication – developing
 Scale-up problems for processing/ lack of
examples for the private sector to follow.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

8. Factors contributing to poor quality & safety of products
 Use of contaminated water, or lack of it, for processing .
 Most fermentation practices promote fungi growth with
potential aflatoxins contamination and discoloration
Soaking Drying
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

9.  Occasional inadequate processing methods
o Short-cuts
o Repeated use of soak water
 Contamination during storage
 Unhygienic handling, transportation and trading practices
Storage in the attics Handling
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

10. Low yield + high labor for processing
+
Poor product quality & safety
= Low market
price
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

11. Profitability of traditional cassava production and
processing in Tanzania
Southern zone Eastern zone Lake zone
150.0
100.0
US$/farmer/year
50.0
0.0
-50.0 Production Processing Production and
-100.0 Processing
-150.0
-200.0
 to limit losses, farmers do not use hired labor and they allocate
land for cassava production based on available family labor
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

12. Farmers’ coping strategy : Cassava for food and less for cash
90
80
Tanzania
70
% 60
50
40 Food
30 Sale
20
10
0
Southern zone Eastern zone Lake zone
 higher proportion of farm output is for home consumption
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

13. IITA’s Value Chain interventions:
Value chain activities through special projects:
Some examples:
 2003 -2007: Small scale cassava processing project - Phase I
 2004/2005: CIAT/IITA – Starch Project and Livelihoods project
 2009-2010: UPoCA
 2009-2011: CAVA
 2009 – 2013: Small scale cassava processing project - Phase II
Formulate value addition interventions that utilize collective
action to correct scale- and knowledge-related market failures
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

14. Set-up value chain models…..
…..to investigate and develop a sequence of inter-linked
agents and markets to transform cassava into products with
attributes for which consumers are prepared to pay.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

15. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

16. Setting-up the laboratory……. Development?
Step 1: Partnership formation: NARES, selected beneficiaries/
actors along the value chain
Step 2: Value chain analysis and benchmarking
Step 3: Introduction of technologies or innovations through training
of value chain actors
End 1
Collecting the data…..… Research
Step 4: Monitoring of the value chain performance
Step 5: Evaluation or impact measurement 2
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

17. Issues of interest…..
 how cassava can be used as input for food, feed and industrial
raw material ;
 what factors are associated with its passage through several
marketing or supply channels, including its transformation?
 how much and at which stage of the channels value is added
to it;
 how the value can be maximized at the least possible total
cost for the competitive advantage of every chain actor?
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

18. Technology introduction : Machinery
 Train and backstop equipment manufacturers in
machinery design and fabrication
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

19.  Collective action for small-scale processing :
Introduce improved processing methods and related
technologies
Mechanized chipping, grating, pressing, starch extraction, raised area
drying.
Grating/Chipping/
Pressing Raised area drying Starch settling
High quality grits/flour Delivery for industrial use
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

20.  Work with industries to increase technical possibility of cassava
use in industrial processes
Bread and other Pastries Large scale bakeries
Training and
In-factory
testing
of cassava
…to diversify
market options
for cassava
Paper/packaging
farmers Biscuit
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

21. Standards/certification (CRP2)
Partnerships with national food regulatory agencies to establish the
mechanisms for verifying to consumers the quality, food safety, and/or
production methods of cassava products. The following standards are
now operational in at least 7 countries
1. Fresh (Sweet)Cassava Roots – Specification
2. Dried Cassava Chips– Specification
3. Cassava Crisps –Specification
4. Composite Flour- Specification
5. Cassava Flour – Specification
6. Cassava Starch – Specification
7. Assay for Total Cyanogens
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

22. Assessment of quality and safety of products from mechanized
and traditional processing
Microbial quality compliance test in Tanzania, 2010
Microbial tests Values Tolerance Comment
levels*
Total plate count, cfu/g 6.7 x 104 -
Total coliforms, cfu/g 1.1 x 103 -
E. coli, cfu/g 9.3 x 101 Shall be absent Not compliant
Yeast and mould, cfu/g 2.6 x 103 103
Salmonella, cfu/g Not detected Shall be absent
Vibrio cholerea, cfu/ g Not detected -
*EAS 740:2010 & TZS 466: 2010 :- Cassava Flour – Specification
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

23. Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin in traditional cassava flour and chips,
2008-2009
Products tested Brazzaville, Congo Tanzania
Aflatoxin B1 Fumonisin Aflatoxin B1
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
Cassava chips 0.35a 0.008a 0.28a
Cassava flour 0.31a 0.009a
Cassava chips: 4 0.89b
month- storage
Maize 1.07b 0.42b -
On-going: Assessment of quality and safety of products from
traditional and mechanized processing in Tanzania, Madagascar and
Zambia
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

24.  Application of food quality and safety management measures
that prevent microbial and chemical contaminants
(CRP2/CRP3-RTB)
Assessment of 21 processing units in Tanzania, Malawi and
Mozambique for quality management practices……
Process control
1. Both low and high in cyanide varieties are processed: mild
processing techniques - chipping and quick drying may pose
safety risks
2. Water from rivers is used without pre-treatment.
3. Processing machines: graters and chipper, are made of mild steel
4. Weevil infestation problems during storage
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

25. Assessment of processing units ……
Hygiene
1. Sun-drying during wet seasons provides ample time for
multiplication of spoilage microorganisms.
2. Public service hammer mills contaminate cassava flour
3. Most processors lack good drainage systems
4. Processors do not have necessary cleaning and
sanitation tools.
5. No hand-washing facilities nor hygiene rules
6. Occasional weevil infestation during storage
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

26. Quality management guidelines for cassava and training of
processors
 Quality management procedures or guidelines.
 Control measures to prevent health hazards/quality defects
 Good Manufacturing Practices
 Good Hygienic Practices
 Training on quality management
and compliance.
 Processors and extension agents
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

27. Assessment of value chain and actors’ performance
Tanzania
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

28. Assessment of the technical efficiency and potential profitability
of the village processing units in Tanzania
Pilot site Labor use: Capacity Profitability- IRR
type man-day/ utilization/day of or NPV
processing-day operation(%)
Chips 4 59% 135%
Flour 1 19 48% -9806 US$
Flour 2 20 100% 77%
Starch 8 100% 91%
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

29. The challenges of small scale village processing, 2007-2008
 Raw material supply
o Seasonal variation in availability and cost of fresh roots; non-
uniformity in quantity and quality.
 Scale of technology
o Sun-drying was a major constraint - irregular processing, low
volumes & inconsistent quality
 Poor image
o Cassava is a subject of many myths and half-truths
 Infrastructure
o Limited access to water, bad roads, poor transport systems and
lack of processing equipment
 Low purchasing power:
o Farmers can’t afford purchase ofAgriculture – Institut international low-cost credits
International Institute of Tropical machines; no d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

30. Determinants of profitability and overall success of village processing
units
o Ability to operate the plants at a high capacity utilization.
o Efficient use of inputs such as labor.
o Ability to maintain quality of products.
o Availability of sufficient raw material at low cost.
o Access to product market.
o Good managerial skills.
o Efficient support infrastructure (water, roads and
transport systems).
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

31. Potential market opportunities for cassava products
(tons/year)
HQCF Cassava Raw raw material
Country Chips for cassava supply
Feed equivalent as % of annual
production
Tanzania 47,500 45,000 370,000 6.0%
Madagasc 9,400 36,000 181,600 8.0%
ar
Zambia 7,720 45,000 210,900 22.0%
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

32. Processing machines
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Manual Chipper Powered Chipper
Grater Dewatering machine
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33. Mechanized processing systems by zone
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

34. Categories of cassava value chain promoters
80
Number of 70
processing 60
machines 50
purchased 40
30
20
10
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
(Oct.)
Research Centers/Universities Dev. Agencies/NGOs
District Governments Private Sector/Farmers
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

35. Spread of mechanized village processing groups in Tanzania, 2010
2004:
< 8 village
processing groups
2010:
> 140 village
processing groups
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

36. Assessment of small scale village processing groups, 2009
Are the village processing groups processing regularly?
25
Southern zone of Tanzania, 2009
23
20
15 17
15
10
8 9
5 6 6 7 6
3 3 4
0
Mtwara Rural Newala Tandahimba Masasi
Village processing units (All) Processing regularly
Not processing regularly
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

37. Constraints of the village processing groups
Simply doing nothing
53 Village processing
No processing shed
units/groups
Market problems (none, far distance)
Machine problem (Old, poor, not installed)
No training
Poor skills (business, processing)
Competiton from fermented cassava
(makopa)
Water problems (expensive, limited access,
lack)
Group problems (disorganized, poor or lack
of commitment, bad or weak leadership)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

38. Assessment of mechanized processing versus traditional methods?
Profitability assessment using four different scenarios, 2009
350.0
300.0
250.0 81.3%
200.0 61.4%
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
Selling price (US$/t) Costs (US$/t) % Profit
Local flour sold at factory gate HQCF delivered to end-users
Chips delivered to end-users Chips sold at factory gate
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

39. Market options for cassava in Tanzania, 2009
Cassava Products USD/ton
Rural villages Dried chips (Udaga) 27-133
Villages near cities Fresh cassava in the soil 10
Dried chips for animals 200
Dried chips for human 200-333
Cassava cuttings (500 pieces) 1
Processing centers
near the cities High Quality Cassava Chips 267
Farmers near Peeled roots at processing plant
processing centers gate 33
High Quality Cassava Flour
(HQCF) 333
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

40. Targeted scale-based market linkages among producers,
processors and end-users (CAVA)
 Targeting market according to realizable capacities of the
smallholder actors in the value chain.
Village
End-users
Processors
Farmers
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

41. Training of 70 end-user industries in Malawi villages
Potential demand for hqcf = 488 tons/year
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

42. Training of end-user industries in Uganda villages
Potential demand for hqcf
= 1089 tons/year
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

43. Possible price for hqcf in Uganda on the basis
of 75% of the on-going price of wheat flour =
US$ 562-590/ton
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

44. On-going value chain activities & Future work
1. Linking smallholder producers to market (CRP2)
 Standards/certification
o The impact of Standardization on product quality,
market access and livelihoods (On-going student study
with WU)
 Conditions under which value chain innovations can lead to
tangible impacts on smallholders’ income and food security (In
collaboration with impact analysts - Nigeria, Tanzania,
Madagascar, Zambia)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

45. Additional studies
(a) Mechanisms by which change agents and smallholders
responded to the value chain innovations
(b) Conditions that favour adoption of the innovations
(c) Tangible impacts that accrued to the beneficiaries
(d) Conditioning factors and policies to promote stronger growth
in the processed cassava markets in ways that reduce
smallholder risks
(e) Best strategy for using hqcf to reduce the vulnerability of rural
and urban poor to the global cereal price volatility.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

46.  HQCF supply chain development – Ongoing; with national
partners
Village processors & Local
Farmers End-Users
business groups Entrepreneurs
Out grower Intermediate
farmers processors 750 tons HQCF
per year
Out grower Intermediate Final
farmers processors processors
(Mechanical
Out grower Intermediate dryer)
farmers processors
Bread and biscuit bakers
Out grower Intermediate flour mills textile mills
farmers processors plywood & adhesive
factories breweries
supermarkets, etc
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

47. Selecting appropriate drying technologies
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

48. 2. Food quality and safety
 Application of food quality and safety management
measures that prevent microbial and chemical contaminants
 Unit operations responsible for mycotoxins contamination in
cassava products (On-going)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

49. 3. Prevention of food losses: the role of microbes in secondary
infection of CBSD infected roots
 The role of microorganisms in post CBSD infection root
deterioration and effect on food quality and yield
o In collaboration with pathologists
4. Food Quality profiling of new germplasms including food yield and
starch properties
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org