14 May 2015

1. Biological Control of Aflatoxin: Experience and
lessons learnt from Senegal and the Gambia
Dr. Amadou Lamine SENGHOR
REPUBLIQUE DU SENEGAL, MINISTERE DE
L’AGRICULTURE ET DE L’EQUIPEMENT RURAL
DIRECTION DE LA PROTECTION DES VEGETAUX

3. For years after independence 1960, the dominant crop in
Senegal was peanut.
It represented over 80 % of the country’s exports, covered half
the cultivated area, and employed 87 percent of the active
population (Caswell, 1985).

4. 0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
QUANTITYGROUNDNUTS(MT)
Year
Quantity of output (Mt)
Quantity 0f export (Mt)
(Yiadom, 2003)

6. Aflatoxin in Peanut oil from Diourbel and Kaolack Regions
(Bathily, 1998):
Aflatoxin Oil samples from
Diourbel
Oil samples from
Kaolack
B1 24 ± 14 42 ± 32
B2 13 ± 10
G1 23 ± 20 7 ± 4
G2 6 ± 2
TOTAL (B1, B2,
G1, G2)
40 ± 27 59 ± 34

7. (Bathily, 1998): 85% of aflatoxin remains in the cake after
extraction (Basappa and Sreenivasa, 1974)
Aflatoxin in Peanuts’ Cake from Diourbel and kaolack Regions
Aflatoxin Cake samples from
Diourbel
Cake samples from
Kaolack
B1 91 ± 64 134 ± 52
B2 79 ± 58 68 ± 26
G1 76 ± 17 16 ± 14
G2 45 ± 22 16 ± 14
TOTAL (B1,
B2, G1, G2)
199 ± 94 220 ± 105

15. Aflatoxin in groundnut Samples from Seven Regions of
Senegal
Level of aflatoxin (ng/g)
Districts B1 B2 G1 G2
Means Means Means Means
Diourbel 96 30 35 27
Kaolack 73 30 44 20
Kafrine 38 4 12 2
Kolda 25 8 11 3
Fatick 16 14 21 12
Tamba 5 2 0.38 3
Ziguinchor 2 6 4 3
LSDa 80 15 19 11
aLess significant difference test (P=0.05) to compare means of grain
samples from 8 regions in Senegal(Senghor et al., 2012)

16. Aflasafe: Transferring Aflasafe SN01 to the field

17. In 2007, a survey was made for soil, maize and sesame
sampling to isolate atoxigenic A. flavus for biocontrol use.
Collaboration between IITA and the University of Thiès.

20. Fields inoculation in Nioro and Diourbel

21. Teams recruited for area treatment of fields in 6
village at the peanut basin Senegal in 2012

22. Soil sampling before
inoculation

23. Treatment with Aflasafe
Threshing at harvest
Packaging sample in two sets
Sample collection

28. Extraction and
toxin analysis
of samples

29. Table 5. Aflatoxin concentration at harvest in Groundnut samples from
fields treated with Aflasafe SN01 and their controls in 2010, 2011 and
2012.
Aflatoxin concentration (ng/g)2
2010 2011 2012
Area Treatment Mea
n3
Reduction
(%)4
Mean3
Reduction
(%)4
Mean3
Reduction
(%)4
aflasafe
SN01 1.9 b 93.4 6.6 b 86.9 3.7 b 81.8
Diour-
bel Control 29.7a 50.1 a 20.3 a
Nioro
aflasafe
SN01 4.4 b 75.3 5.6 b 75.8 5.4 b 90.4
Control 17.6a 23.1 a 55.7 a
1. In 2010 and 2011 there were 20 farmers’ fields in Diourbel and 20 farmers’ fields in Nioro
regions each for both control and aflasafe SN01 treatments. In 2012, there were 17 farmers’ fields
in Diourbel and 71 farmers’ fields in Nioro each for control and Aflasafe SN01 treatments. Samples
for aflatoxin analysis were processed immediately after harvest.
2. Aflatoxin B was the sum of aflatoxin B1 and B2.
3. Means within each column, for each year with different letters are significantly different
according to the t-test at 5% level of probability.
4. Reduction (%) = ([mean of control - mean of aflasafe SN01 treated]/mean of control) × 100.

30. Table 6. Aflatoxin concentration at harvest in Groundnut samples from fields
treated with Aflasafe SN01 and their controls after four month of storage at
farmers conditions in 2010, 2011 and 2012.
Aflatoxin concentration (ng/g)2
2010 2011 2012
Area Treatment Mean
3
Reduction
(%)4
Mean3
Reduction (%)4
Mean3
Reduction (%)4
aflasafe
SN01 4.4 b 85.8 2.1 b 90.7 6.9 b 80.7
Diour-
bel Control 31.3 a 22.1 a 35.5 a
Nioro
aflasafe
SN01 3.5 b 95.2 2.8 b 94.1 11.5 b 84.2
Control 52.1 a 46.7 a 72.5 a
1. In 2010 and 2011 there were 20 farmers’ fields in Diourbel and 20 farmers’ fields in Nioro regions
each for both control and aflasafe SN01 treatments. In 2012, there were 17 farmers’ fields in
Diourbel and 71 farmers’ fields in Nioro each for control and aflasafeTM SN01 treatments. Samples
for aflatoxin analysis were processed three months after storage in farmers’ storage conditions.
2. Aflatoxin B was the sum of aflatoxin B1 and B2.
3. Means within each column, for each year with different letters are significantly different according
to the t-test at 5% level of probability.
4. Reduction (%) = ([mean of control - mean of aflasafe SN01 treated]/mean of control) × 100.

31. Fig. 1. Gambia road map with the 7 ground nuts major producing regions

33. Tester Pairs Positive
Isolates
Locations/
Regions
A E Z
M2-7 GMG 72-8 URR South SG
GMG 72-9 U R R South SG
GMG 20-10 W C R Gambia SG
GMG 87-9 URR North SS
GMG 105-14 C RR North SS
MS14-19 GMG 35-7 L R R Gambia SG
GMG 107 - 1 C RR North SS
M21-11 GMG 72-12 UR R South SG
SS19-14 GMG 72-3 U RR South SG
GMG72-4 U RR South SG
GMG72-6 U R R South SG
GMG 72 - 7 U R R South SG

34. 2014 Growing Season

36.  Make use of Aflasafe by all Groundnut and Maize
producers by including Aflasafe in NAIP Senegal: Already
proposed and accepted
 Training of farmers on the use and adoption of Aflasafe by
ANCAR
 Creating a market for Groundnut treated with Aflasafe
(SODEFITEX)
 Production and marketing of Aflasafe SN01
 Continue sensitization by the media (TV and Radio
broadcasting programs)

38. African Agricultural Technology
Foundation (AATF)
USDA-ARS, IITA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS