Gendered post-harvest losses among informal retailers in Egypt
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This presentation was given by Seamus Murphy (World Fish), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute). Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
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Gendered post-harvest losses among informal retailers in Egypt
- 1. Gendered Post-Harvest Losses among informal fish retailers in Egypt Seamus Murphy, Ph.D.; WorldFish, Gender, Value Chains & Nutrition; s.murphy@cgiar.org Froukje Kruijssen, Malcolm Dickson, Cynthia McDougall, Paula Kantor, Diksha Arora
- 2. Research Question - Post Harvest Losses (PHL) in Egypt Hypothesis: •Post harvest losses are greatest profitability constraint to informal fish retail in Egypt. Research Questions: 1.What kinds & costs of PHLs are experienced between women and men retailers? (biophysical, nutritional, or economic - which incl. market forces) 2.How do we evaluate the causes and outcomes of these PHLs more accurately? 3.What interventions effectively address these gendered PHLs? 4.Where do go from here to improve gendered PHL research?
- 3. 1. Study Design • Longitudinal study of gender-responsive market interventions (SCD-funded IEIDEAS) • Baseline survey (2013) of 748 women & men retailers across 5 sites. • Endline survey (2015) of 151 women in 5 same sites (72 non-ben vs 79 beneficiaries) • Data collection Sex-disag mixed methods qualitative & quantitative questionnaires; a. Household characteristics and practices. b. Enterprise trade & profitability. c. Household gender attitudes and roles. • Gender-responsive market intervention: a. 5-Capitals approach; social, financial, human, physical and natural capital… b. Gender-transformative approach; tackling power relations through action res…
- 4. 2.2. Baseline; Summary 1. Educational status of household members of women retailers lower than men retailers. However, we also find women in men retailers’ households have received more education than women retailers themselves. 2. Assets and livelihoods based assessments indicated lower socioeconomic status among women retailer households. 3. Women retailers are more likely to be divorced than men retailers. Men retailers are more likely to be single.
- 5. 2.1. Baseline; Household Characteristics Governorat e Sex N Age Household size Children <5 Children <15 % of non workers mean Std err mean Std err mean Std err mean Std err mean Std err Sharqia Women 33 33.7 1.70 4.4 0.33 0.67 0.15 1.97 0.26 0.46 0.04 Men 71 32.8 1.20 4.2 0.19 0.65 0.10 1.65 0.16 0.66* 0.02 El-Mineya Women 70 36.9 1.20 5.4 0.20 0.73 0.12 2.40 0.21 0.50 0.03 Men 35 41.4 2.30 4.3* 0.34 0.60 0.14 1.50* 0.21 0.51 0.05 Kafr El Sheikh Women 72 36.4 1.20 4.5 0.19 0.44 0.09 1.80 0.17 0.49 0.03 Men 55 38.3 1.50 4.1 0.22 0.53 0.09 1.40 0.18 0.56 0.04 Beheira Women 142 40.8 0.93 3.6 0.12 0.22 0.04 0.98 0.10 0.35 0.02 Men 68 31.8** 1.00 4.2* 0.18 0.79** 0.11 1.5* 0.18 0.59** 0.03 Fayoum Women 190 35.2 0.77 5.6 0.14 0.91 0.06 2.90 0.13 0.48 0.02 Men 12 42.6* 2.30 5.4 0.47 NA 2.00 0.43 0.56 0.03 Total Women 507 37.1 4.8 1.60 2.10 0.45 Men 241 35.5 4.3** 1.50 1.50** 0.59** Significance levels are **, * for 0.01 and 0.05 respectively.
- 6. 2.3. Baseline: Retailer Characteristics • More women retailers than men retailers illiterate. • Rates of women’s retailers’ illiteracy higher than aggregated 5-governorate official statistics – 53.78%. (Fayoum, Mineya, Beheira). Educational status of Women & Men Retailers: 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
- 7. 2.4. Baseline; Enterprises Characteristics • Differences in volumes & species sold between governorates and between women and men. • Avg. purchase volume of tilapia was 56.75kg/day.Avg. purchase volume of tilapia for women was 46.9kg/day versus 79.65kg/day for men retailers. • On avg. men were involved in selling higher numbers of different mixed species at the same time (1.8 vs 1.4)
- 8. 2.5. Baseline: Gendered Pre- & Post-Harvest Losses Avg buying price (EGP/kg) Avg price – morning (EGP/kg) Gross profit – morning (%) Avg price – afternoon (EGP/kg) Gross profit – afternoon (%) Tilapia super 12.5 14.4 15.0 13.3 6.3 Tilapia 1 11.5 12.9 11.8 12.1 4.8 Tilapia 2 10.2 12.0 17.8 10.5 3.6 Tilapia 3 7.4 9.6 29.7 8.6 17.1 Tilapia 4 4.4 6.5 49.0 5.5 24.5 Mullet 1 23.6 25.8 9.2 24.3 2.9 Mullet 2 21.5 24.2 12.1 21.9 1.8 Live catfish 10.2 11.8 15.7 10.9 6.9 What do we know so far: What types of losses most affect women retailers biophysical, nutrient, or economic losses?
- 9. 3.1. Gendered PHL Findings; 5DE of Fish Retail Income: Questions on women’s and men’s involvement around use of retailers’ own and total household income were posed to understand gender relations in practice. Decision making: Gender-based differences related to household responsibilities & decision-making have measureable effect on livelihood outcomes of fish retailers. Women & men report having voice in the final decision. W/ conditional questioning (disagreement); a majority of women across governorates report spouse’s view prevails, higher % of men report their view prevails. Mobility: There is strong agreement that women need men’s permission to leave the home, though agreement about women’s right to work outside the home has a mean of 0.94/hh. Adding conditions, responses shift and there is relatively high agreement that it is not acceptable for married women to work outside of the home if her husband earns sufficient income. Leadership Low expectations around women’s capacities limits their agency from women themselves and by others. Findings show women’s leadership capacity has limited acceptance among many men and some women. Time (Time- use data limited) Time-use patterns reflected conflicts in balancing retail work & domestic responsibilities. 6.78% of men report never facing conflicts. 78,3% of women report not having enough time for activities than they like, due to fish retail. Women travel on avg. 3hr/day to wholesale mkts in Sharqia
- 10. 3.1. Interventions • 5-Capitals Approach; Market interventions that provide support to women retailers in form of social, financial, human, physical, and natural capital • Gender Transformative Approach Theatre Action Groups established where both women and men retailers invited to act out and discuss daily encounters of conflict. Initiatives are retailer-led and continue without program support in three sites.
- 11. 3.3. Interventions; Economic Outcomes Net Profit ($/day): •Beneficiaries $10 •Non-beneficiaries $1 Net Profit ($/day): •Beneficiaries $10 •Non-beneficiaries $1 FGDs: ‘Financial and social capital are key. Wholesalers and farmers now competing over our trade giving different lending terms, prices and quality. FGDs: ‘Financial and social capital are key. Wholesalers and farmers now competing over our trade giving different lending terms, prices and quality.
- 12. 3.2. Interventions; Social Outcomes 2013 Baseline 2015 Beneficiaries
- 13. 4. Next Steps… 1. Time Poverty: (Time poverty highest among women retailers in Sharqia & Fayoum) Time What were you doing? Record your main activity for each 10-minute period from 04.00 to 07.00! Only one main activity on each line! Distinguish between travel and the activity that is the reason for travelling. What else were you doing? Record the most important parallel activity. Indicate if you used, in the main or parallel activity, a computer or internet. You do not need to record the use of a computer or internet during working time. Where were you? Record the location or the mode of transport Were you alone or together with somebody you know? Mark "yes" by crossing Alone With other household members Other persons that you know Partner Parent Household member up to 9 years Other household member 07.00-07.10 Woke up children Code 1.1 At home Code 3.1 07.10-07.20 Had breakfast Code 1.2 Talked with my family Code 2.1 07.20-07.30 --"-- --"-- 07.30-07.40 Cleared the table Code 1.3 Listened to the radio Code 2.2 07.40-07.50 Dressed children Code 1.4 Talked with children Code 2.3 07.50-08.00 Wholesale Mkt Code 1.5 --"-- On foot Code 3.2 08.00-08.10 Went to work Code 1.6 Read the newspaper Code 2.4 Bus Code 3.3 08.10-08.20 Went to work Code 1.6 --"-- Code 2.5 --"-- 08.20-08.30 Work Code 1.7 Workplace Code 3.4 e.g. at home, at friends' home, at school, at workplace, in restaurant, in shop, on foot, on bicycle, in car, on motorbike, on bus.. Use an arrow, citation marks or the like to mark an activity that takes longer than 10 minutes.
- 14. Thank You
Editor's Notes
- At inception, Its aim was to understand the conditions and outcomes of farmed fish retail between women and men, its informal settings, scale and trader relations. Its findings informed subsequent market interventions across its five study sites. Two multi-staged household surveys were conducted using structured quantitative and qualitative questionnaire and FGDs across five governorates. To examine whether gender was significant to PHLs, we compare the male retailers with the male spouses of the female retailers and conversely the female retailers with the female spouses of the male retailers, examining their age and education levels. In addition we compare households by assessing the retailer’s marital status, household size, dependency ratio, and asset holdings.
- Across the sample, women retailers live in larger hhs with higher number of children under five years of age but lower % of nonworkers. Women retailers’ families have a higher relative poverty status, as their larger families with more children are driven to put more members into the labor force.
- Differences in volumes and species sold between governorates and between women and men. Across the sample, the average purchase volume of tilapia was 56.75kg/day. However, the average purchase volume of tilapia for women was 46.9kg/day versus 79.65kg/day for men retailers. Proportionately, men were involved in selling a higher number of different fish species at the same time: an average of 1.8 for men, versus 1.4 for women.
- Sales price will decline over the course of the day. Because there are hardly any cold storage facilities available, retailers buy their daily quantity of fish from a trader in the morning and aim to sell the entire batch in a day. To illustrate difference in gross profitability&apos;s (selling price minus buying price) between sales in the morning and sales in the afternoon, the second table compares averages across species and graded products. Little interesting findings its that more interesting is that tilapia grade IV (4-6fish/kg) fetches highest average gross profit (49%) and highest afternoon gross profit (24.5%).
- The insecurity of tenure for vending space can expose vendors to poor working conditions, including absence of toilets and clean water, and exposure to adverse weather conditions such as high temperatures. These issues not only impair retailer wellbeing but also compromise the quality and value of the fish they are selling because there are limited cold storage facilities, thereby reducing retailers’ profit margins.
- the 5-Capitals approach to market interventions provides social, financial, human, natural, and physical capital. Beneficiary women retailers were brought together to form women retailer committees, who were registered under the umbrellas of Community Development Associations (CDAs). CDAs are Egypt’s district- and town-level civil society administrative bodies. Village savings and loans associations (VSLAs) were formed of between 10 and 25 retailers. Beneficiaries received human capital in the form of training in accounting, business development & management and certification processes. Physical capital was provided to groups through delivery of ice boxes and partially-credited tricycles to registered VSLAs. Gendered transformative approaches focus explicitly on the dimensions where power relations play out between men and women (Coles and Mitchell, 2011; Farnworth et al., 2015; Herr and Mutua et al., 2014; Muzira, 2009; Rubin et al., 2010; 2009; Veliu et al., 2009). The gender transformative approach established theatre action groups, where women and men retailers were invited to act out their daily encounters of conflict. These approaches were retailer-led and participatory in design. Significantly, these initiatives have proved sustainable as theatre action groups continue to travel and perform in neighbouring towns without project support (WorldFish, 2017).
- To examine whether gender was significant to PHLs, we compare the male retailers with the male spouses of the female retailers and conversely the female retailers with the female spouses of the male retailers, examining their age and education levels. In addition we compare households by assessing the retailer’s marital status, household size, dependency ratio, and asset holdings.