This presentation summarizes key information about the large intestine. It discusses the parts of the large intestine including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. It describes the large intestine's functions of absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces. It also examines disorders like irritable bowel syndrome, Hirschsprung's disease, diverticulosis, and appendicitis. The presentation was given by Hasnain Shahid Subukhtgeen Wraich, Muhammad Abdullah Fahad Ishfaq, and Hussain Shahid Muhammad Sanan under the direction of Mam Hafiza Sidra Yaseen of the University

1. PRESENTATION
ON
LARGE INTESTINE
BY
HASNAIN SHAHID SUBUKHTGEEN WRRAICH
MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH FAHAD ISHFAQ
HUSSAIN SHAHID MUHAMMAD SANAN
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
MAM HAFIZA SIDRA YASEEN
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
The University of Lahore ;Lahore Campus

2. OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
PARTS
FUNCTION
MECHANISM
ABSORPTION
DISORDERS

3. INTRODUCTION
The large intestine is part of the digestive tract.
The digestive tract includes the mouth, esophagus
stomach, small intestine,large intestine, and rectum.
The large intestine is approximately 5 feet long,
making up one-fifth of the length of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
The large intestine is responsible for processing
indigestible food material (chyme) after most
nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine

4. The large intestine performs an essential role by
absorbing water, vitamins, and electrolytes from
waste material.
The large intestine is the place where feces are
formed by the absorption of water from the passing
intestinal contents.
In addition to its role in the formation, storage and
subsequently defecated of feces,.
the large intestine also houses an extensive
microflora(Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium) that
is essential for our survival.

5. PARTS
The large intestine is composed of ;
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

6. Cecum
The cecum is the first section of the large intestine
and is involved in digestion.
It connects the small intestine to large intestine
Asending colon
The ascending colon section of the large intestine,
It is connected to the small intestine by a section
of bowel called the cecum.
The ascending colon runs upwards through the
abdominal cavity toward the transverse colon for
approximately eight inches (20 cm).

7. Transverse colon
The transverse colon is the part of the colon from
the hepatic flexure
Descending colon
The descending colon is the part of the colon from
the splenic flexure to the beginning of the sigmoid
colon.
One function of the descending colon in the
digestive system is to store feces that will be
emptied into the rectum. It is retroperitoneal in
two-thirds of humans

8. Sigmoid colon
The sigmoid colon is the part of the large
intestine after the descending colon and before
the rectum.
The name sigmoid means S-shaped.
Rectum
The rectum is the last section of the large
intestine.
It holds the formed feces awaiting elimination
via defecation.

9. FUNCTION
The large intestine has 3 primary functions;
Absorbing water and electrolytes
Producing and absorbing vitamins
Forming and propelling feces
toward the rectum for elimination

10. The Descending colon stores feces that will
eventually be emptied into the rectum.
The Sigmoid colon contracts to increase the
pressure inside the colon, causing the stool to
move into the rectum.
The Ascending colon is to absorb the remaining
water and other key nutrients from the
indigestible material, solidifying it to form stool.
The Rectum holds the feces awaiting elimination
by defecation.

11. MECHANISM
MOTILITY
The intestinal wall is made up of multiple layers. The
4 layers of the large intestine from the lumen outward
are
Mucosa
Sub mucosa
Muscular layer
Serosa
These layers contribute to the motility of the large
intestine. There are 2 types of motility.
Haustral Contraction
Mass Movement

12. Haustral contraction is activated by the
presence of chyme and serves to move food slowly to
the next haustra, along with mixing the chyme to
help with water absorption.
Mass movements are stronger and serve to move
the chyme to the rectum quickly.

13. Absorption of Water and
Electrolytes
Absorption of water occurs by osmosis.
Water diffuses in response to an osmotic gradient
established by the absorption of electrolytes.
Sodium is actively absorbed in the colon by sodium
channels.
Potassium is either absorbed or secreted
depending on the concentration in the lumen.
The electrochemical gradient created by the active
absorption of sodium allows for this.
Chloride ions are exchanged for bicarbonate ions
across an electrochemical gradient.

14. Production/Absorption of
Vitamins
The colon also plays a role in providing required
vitamins through an environment that is conducive
for bacterial cultivation.
The colon houses trillions of bacteria that protect
our gut and produce vitamins.
The bacteria in the colon produce substantial
amounts of vitamins by fermentation.
Vitamin K and B vitamins, including biotin, are
produced by the colonic bacteria.

15. These vitamins are then absorbed into the blood.
When dietary intake of these vitamins is low in an
individual, the colon plays a significant role in
minimizing vitamin disparity.

16. Disorders of Large Intestinal Motility
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome is thought to be due to
psychological factors influencing the motility of
the large intestine via the extrinsic autonomic
nervous system.
During times of stress, segmentation contractions
may be increased or decreased, resulting in
constipation or diarrhea

17. Hirschsprung disease is a disorder at birth that
occurs when nerve cells are absent (Auerbach’s
Plexus) in the muscles of the colon.
This affects motility in the colon, making it difficult
to pass stool.
Hirschsprung Disease: Megacolon

18. Diverticulosis is a disorder in which pockets
develop in the colonic mucosa due to the
weakness of the muscle layers in the colon wall.
This usually occurs over time from chronic
attrition of the aging process.
Diverticulitis can develop if these pockets get
infected or inflamed, causing abdominal pain
and change in bowel movements.
Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis

19. APENDICITIS
Appendicitis happens when your appendix
becomes inflamed, likely due to a blockage. It can
be acute or chronic.
The appendix is a small pouch attached to the
intestine.
When your appendix becomes blocked, bacteria
can multiply inside it.
This can lead to the formation of pus and swelling,
which can cause painful pressure in your abdomen.
Left untreated, can cause your appendix to burst.
This can cause bacteria to spill into your abdominal
cavity, which can be serious and sometimes fatal.

21. Symptoms
Appendicitis pain often starts off as mild cramping in
your upper abdomen or bellybutton area that then
moves to the lower right quadrant of your abdomen.
This pain often:
gets worse when you move or cough
is so intense that it wakes you from sleep
is severe and different from other abdominal pain
you’ve experienced
worsens within a few hours

22. CAUSES
Many things can potentially block your appendix,
including:
A buildup of hardened stool
Enlarged lymphoid follicles
Intestinal worms
Traumatic injury
Tumors
TREATMENT
Pain relievers
Surgery

23. REFERNCE
WEB SITES
INTRODUCTION. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507857/
PARTS. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine
FUNCTIONS,DISORDER. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/large-
intestine