Stephen Hawking was born in 1942 in Oxford, England. He studied physics and cosmology at Oxford and Cambridge. He was diagnosed with ALS at age 21 but survived far longer than doctors predicted. Hawking made groundbreaking contributions to theoretical physics and cosmology, including proving that black holes emit radiation and theorizing about the origins and eventual end of the universe. He authored the popular science book "A Brief History of Time" and received numerous honors. Hawking continued his research despite being paralyzed and communicating through computers until his death in 2018.

1. Stephen HawkingStephen Hawking
A brief history of his life.A brief history of his life.

2. The BeginningThe Beginning
The eldest of Frank and IsobelThe eldest of Frank and Isobel
Hawking's four children, Stephen WilliamHawking's four children, Stephen William
Hawking was born on the 300thHawking was born on the 300th
anniversary of the death of Galileo—longanniversary of the death of Galileo—long
a source of pride for the noted physicist—a source of pride for the noted physicist—
on January 8, 1942. He was born inon January 8, 1942. He was born in
Oxford, England, into a family ofOxford, England, into a family of
thinkers. His Scottish mother had earnedthinkers. His Scottish mother had earned
her way into Oxford University in theher way into Oxford University in the
1930s—a time when few women were able1930s—a time when few women were able
to go to college. His father, anotherto go to college. His father, another
Oxford graduate, was a respected medicalOxford graduate, was a respected medical
researcher with a specialty in tropicalresearcher with a specialty in tropical
diseases.diseases.
The Hawkings would go on to have twoThe Hawkings would go on to have two
other children, Mary (1943) and Philippaother children, Mary (1943) and Philippa
(1947). And their second son, Edward,(1947). And their second son, Edward,
was adopted in 1956.was adopted in 1956.

3. At the age of eleven, StephenAt the age of eleven, Stephen
went to St. Albans School andwent to St. Albans School and
then on to University College,then on to University College,
Oxford, his father's old college.Oxford, his father's old college.
Stephen wanted to studyStephen wanted to study
Mathematics, although his fatherMathematics, although his father
would have preferred medicine.would have preferred medicine.
Mathematics was not available atMathematics was not available at
University College, so he pursuedUniversity College, so he pursued
Physics instead. After three yearsPhysics instead. After three years
and not very much work, he wasand not very much work, he was
awarded a first class honoursawarded a first class honours
degree in Natural Science.degree in Natural Science.

4. His debut at the CambridgeHis debut at the Cambridge
UniversityUniversity
Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do researchStephen then went on to Cambridge to do research
in Cosmology, there being no one working in that area inin Cosmology, there being no one working in that area in
Oxford at the time. His supervisor was DenisOxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis
Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle whoSciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who
was working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. hewas working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. he
became first a Research Fellow and later on abecame first a Research Fellow and later on a
Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. AfterProfessorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After
leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973, Stephen cameleaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973, Stephen came
to the Department of Applied Mathematics andto the Department of Applied Mathematics and
Theoretical Physics in 1979, and held the post ofTheoretical Physics in 1979, and held the post of
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics from 1979 untilLucasian Professor of Mathematics from 1979 until
2009. Stephen is still an active part of Cambridge2009. Stephen is still an active part of Cambridge
University and retains an office at the Department forUniversity and retains an office at the Department for
Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics. His title is nowApplied Maths and Theoretical Physics. His title is now
the Dennis Stanton Avery and Sally Tsui Wong-the Dennis Stanton Avery and Sally Tsui Wong-
Avery Director of Research at the Department of AppliedAvery Director of Research at the Department of Applied
Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.

5. His IllnessHis Illness
Stephen was diagnosed withStephen was diagnosed with
ALS shortly after his 21st birthday, aALS shortly after his 21st birthday, a
type of motor neurone disease whichtype of motor neurone disease which
would eventually cost him almost allwould eventually cost him almost all
neuromuscular control. Althoughneuromuscular control. Although
doctors predicted (incorrectly, as itdoctors predicted (incorrectly, as it
turned out) that Hawking would notturned out) that Hawking would not
survive more than two or three years,survive more than two or three years,
he did gradually lose the use of hishe did gradually lose the use of his
arms, legs and voice, until he wasarms, legs and voice, until he was
almost completely paralysed andalmost completely paralysed and
quadriplegic.quadriplegic.
In spite of being wheelchair boundIn spite of being wheelchair bound
and dependent on a computerisedand dependent on a computerised
voice system for communicationvoice system for communication
Stephen Hawking continuesStephen Hawking continues
to combine family life (he has threeto combine family life (he has three
children and three grandchildren), andchildren and three grandchildren), and
his research into theoretical physicshis research into theoretical physics
together with an extensive programmetogether with an extensive programme
of travel and public lectures.of travel and public lectures.

6. His Theories
Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which
govern the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and
time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end
in black holes.
In the late 1960s, he and his Cambridge friend and
colleague, Roger Penrose, applied a new, complex
mathematical model they had created from Albert
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity which led, in
1970, to Hawking proving the first of
many singularity theorems. This theorem provided a set
of sufficient conditions for the existence of
a singularity in space-time, and also implied that space
and time would indeed have had a beginning in a Big
Bang event, and would end in black holes. In effect, he
had reversed Penrose's idea that the creation of a black
hole would necessarily lead to a singularity, proving that
it was a singularity that led to the creation of the
Universe itself.

7. In collaboration with Brandon Carter, Werner Israel and David
Robinson, he provided a mathematical proof of John Wheeler's so-called
"No-Hair Theorem", that any black hole is fully described by the three
properties of mass, angular momentum and electric charge, and
proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, similar to the
four classical Laws of Thermodynamics. From analysis of gamma
rayemissions, he also suggested that primordial or “mini black holes”
would have been formed after the Big Bang.
In 1974, Hawking and Jacob Bekenstein showed that black
holes are not actually completely black, but that they should thermally
create and emit sub-atomic particles, known today as Hawking
radiation, until they eventually exhaust their energy and evaporate. This
also resulted in the so-called “Information Paradox” or “Hawking
Paradox”, whereby physical information (which roughly means the
distinct identity and properties of particles) appears to be completely
lost to the universe, in contravention of the accepted laws of physics.
Hawking defended this paradox against the arguments of Leonard
Susskind and others for thirty years, until famously retracting his claim
in 2004.

8. AwardsAwards
Professor Hawking has twelveProfessor Hawking has twelve
honorary degrees. He was awarded the CBEhonorary degrees. He was awarded the CBE
in 1982, and was made a Companion ofin 1982, and was made a Companion of
Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of manyHonour in 1989. He is the recipient of many
awards, medals and prizes, is a Fellow ofawards, medals and prizes, is a Fellow of
The Royal Society and a Member of the USThe Royal Society and a Member of the US
National Academy of Sciences. StephenNational Academy of Sciences. Stephen
Hawking has won many awards and honorsHawking has won many awards and honors
such as Pius XI gold medal for science.such as Pius XI gold medal for science.
He has also won the Albert EinsteinHe has also won the Albert Einstein
medal. Stephen Hawking was awardedmedal. Stephen Hawking was awarded
Order of the British Empire by QueenOrder of the British Empire by Queen
Elizabeth the II in person. So he is SirElizabeth the II in person. So he is Sir
Stephen Hawking.Stephen Hawking.
Stephen Hawking has won theStephen Hawking has won the
Presidential Medal of Freedom fromPresidential Medal of Freedom from
President Barack Obama.President Barack Obama.

9. Family Life
When Hawking was a graduate
student at Cambridge, his relationship
with a friend of his sister, Jane Wilde,
whom he had met shortly before his
diagnosis with motor neurone disease,
continued to develop. The couple became
engaged in October 1964 — Hawking
later said that the engagement gave him
"something to live for" — and the two
were married on 14 July 1965.
By December 1977, Jane had metBy December 1977, Jane had met
organist Jonathan Hellyer Jones whenorganist Jonathan Hellyer Jones when
singing in a church choir. Hellyer Jonessinging in a church choir. Hellyer Jones
became close to the Hawking family, andbecame close to the Hawking family, and
by the mid-1980s, he and Jane hadby the mid-1980s, he and Jane had
developed romantic feelings for eachdeveloped romantic feelings for each
other According to Jane, her husbandother According to Jane, her husband
was accepting of the situation, stating "hewas accepting of the situation, stating "he
would not object so long as I continued towould not object so long as I continued to
love him."[ Jane and Hellyer Joneslove him."[ Jane and Hellyer Jones
determined not to break up the familydetermined not to break up the family
and their relationship remained platonicand their relationship remained platonic
for a long period.for a long period.

10. In the late 1980s Hawking had grown close to one of his nurses, Elaine Mason, to
the dismay of some colleagues, caregivers and family members who were disturbed by
her strength of personality and protectiveness. Hawking told Jane that he was leaving
her for Mason and departed the family home in February 1990. After his divorce from
Jane in the spring of 1995, Hawking married Mason in September,declaring "It's
wonderful — I have married the woman I love."

11. A Brief History of Time
A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black
Holes is a 1988 popular-science book by British physicist Stephen
Hawking. It became a bestseller and sold more than 10 million
copies in 20 years. It was also on the London Sunday Times
bestseller list for more than four years and was translated into 35
languages by 2001.
Hawking attempts to explain a range of subjects in cosmology,
including the big bang, black holes and light cones, to the
nonspecialist reader. His main goal is to give an overview of the
subject, but he also attempts to explain some complex mathematics.
In the 1996 edition of the book and subsequent editions, Hawking
discusses the possibility of time travel and wormholes and explores
the possibility of having a universe without a quantum singularity at
the beginning of time.

12. Early in 1983, Hawking first Early in 1983, Hawking first
approached Simon Mitton, the editor in approached Simon Mitton, the editor in
charge of astronomy books charge of astronomy books
at Cambridge University Press, with his at Cambridge University Press, with his
ideas for a popular book on cosmology. ideas for a popular book on cosmology.
Mitton was doubtful about all the Mitton was doubtful about all the
equations in the draft manuscript, equations in the draft manuscript,
which he felt would put off the buyers in which he felt would put off the buyers in
airport bookshops that Hawking wished airport bookshops that Hawking wished
to reach. With some difficulty, he to reach. With some difficulty, he
persuaded Hawking to drop all but one persuaded Hawking to drop all but one
equation. The author himself notes in equation. The author himself notes in
the book's acknowledgements that he the book's acknowledgements that he
was warned that for every equation in was warned that for every equation in
the book, the readership would be the book, the readership would be
halved, hence it includes only a single halved, hence it includes only a single
equation: equation: EE = = mcmc2. The book does 2. The book does
employ a number of complex models, employ a number of complex models,
diagrams, and other illustrations to diagrams, and other illustrations to
detail some of the concepts it exploresdetail some of the concepts it explores..

13. The Theory of Everything
Cambridge University astrophysics student Stephen
Hawking (Eddie Redmayne) begins a relationship with literature
student Jane Wilde (Felicity Jones). Although Stephen excels at
mathematics and physics, his friends and professors are concerned
over his lack of thesis topic. After Stephen and his professor Dennis
Sciama (David Thewlis) attend a lecture on black holes, Stephen
speculates that black holes may have been part of the creation of the
universe and decides to write his thesis on time.
While pursuing his research, Stephen's muscles begin to fail,
eventually causing him to fall and hit his head. He learns he has
motor neuron disease; he will be unable to talk, swallow, or move
most of his body, and has approximately two years to live. As Stephen
becomes reclusive, focusing on his work, Jane confesses her love to
him. She tells Stephen's father she intends to stay with Stephen even
as his condition worsens. They marry and have a son.
Stephen presents his thesis to the examination board, arguing
that a black hole created the universe; they tell him his theory is
brilliant. While celebrating with Jane and his friends, Stephen
realises he cannot walk and begins using a wheelchair.

14. After having a second child, a daughter, Stephen develops a
theory about the visibility of black holes and becomes a world-
renowned physicist. While focusing on the children, Stephen's
health and his increasing fame, Jane is unable to work on her own
thesis and is frustrated; Stephen tells her he understands if she
needs help. She joins the church choir, where she meets widower
Jonathan (Charlie Cox). She and Jonathan become close friends,
and she employs him as a piano teacher for her son. Jonathan
befriends the entire family, helping Stephen with his illness,
supporting Jane, and playing with the children.
When Jane gives birth to another son, Stephen's mother asks
Jane if the baby is Jonathan's. Jane is appalled; seeing that
Jonathan overheard the conversation, when they are alone they
admit their feelings for one another. Jonathan stays away from the
family, but Stephen visits him, saying that Jane needs him.
While Jane and Jonathan take the children camping, Stephen is
invited to a concert in Bordeaux and contracts pneumonia. In
hospital, the doctors tell Jane that Stephen needs a tracheotomy,
which will leave him unable to speak. She agrees to the surgery.

15. Stephen learns to use a spelling board and uses it to communicate
with Elaine, his new nurse (Maxine Peake). He receives a computer with a
built-in voice synthesiser, and uses it to write a book, A Brief History of
Time, which becomes an international best-seller.
Stephen tells Jane that he has been invited to America to accept an
award and will be taking Elaine with him. Jane and Stephen agree to
divorce. Stephen goes to the lecture with Elaine, the two having fallen in
love, and Jane and Jonathan reunite. At the lecture, Stephen sees a student
drop a pen; he imagines getting up to return it, almost crying at the
reminder of how his disease has affected him, and gives an inspiring
speech about human endeavour. Stephen invites Jane to meet
the Queen with him; they share a happy day together with their children
with Stephen saying "Look what we made".

17. Made by:
 Fekete Raluca-MariaFekete Raluca-Maria
 Mulea BiancaMulea Bianca
 Plămadă Ana-MariaPlămadă Ana-Maria
 Vlad AncaVlad Anca
Class 9 G, social science profileClass 9 G, social science profile
Colegiul National “Horea, Closca si Crisan”Colegiul National “Horea, Closca si Crisan”
Alba Iulia, Alba countyAlba Iulia, Alba county

18. Bibliography:Bibliography:
 http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists_hawking.htmlhttp://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists_hawking.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#Primary_and_secondaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#Primary_and_secondary
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#Marriageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#Marriages
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Everything_%282014_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Everything_%282014_film
%29#Plot%29#Plot