Process Planning, Designing, Manufacturing and Fabrication is done and took the final analysis for the development of the project as it was or diploma final year project as an external all calculations and data is being mentioned in this

1. AIR ENGINE
ALPHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GUIDED BY :- PROF. VISHAL. S. JOSHI.
PREPARED BY : -
HRISHIKESH PANDEY : 156940319546
PRASHANT MISHRA : 176940319516
SAHIL PAWAR : 176940319549
JAINISH SHAH : 176940319558

2. CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
OBJECTIVE
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
MACHINE ELEMENTS
DESIGN
POWER TRANSMISSION
METHODOLOGY
PROCESS EVALUATION
RESULT & DISCUSSION
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES& DISADVANTAGES
FUTURE SCOPE
REFRENCES

3. ABSTRACT
➢ A Compressed air vehicle is powered by an air engine, using
compressor air, which is stored in a tank, instead of mixing fuel with a
air burning it in the engine to drive pistons with hot expanding gases,
compressed air vehicle (CAV) use the expansion of compressed air to
drive pistons. One manufacture claims to have designed an engine
that is 90% efficiency.

4. INTRODUCTION
➢ These Days our world is facing fuel exists and air pollution.
➢ The primary fuel we are using is gasoline which is expensive and non
renewable.
➢ So an alternative for gasoline has to be adopted. Compressed air serves this
purpose.
➢ Compressing gas into a small space is a way to store energy.
➢ Over the recent decades the serious environmental issues such as green
house gas effect ozone layer depletion & have drawn considerable attention.
➢ They have existed in many forms over the past two centuries, ranging in size
from hand held turbines up to several hundred horsepower.

5. PURPOSE
➢ A Compressed- air engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by
expanding compressed air.
➢ Compressing a gas into a small space is a way to store energy.
➢ When the gas expands again, that energy is released to do work.
➢ That's the basic principle behind what makes an air engine car go.
➢ Within the next two years, you could see the first air-powered vehicle
motoring through your town. Most likely, it will be the evolution car that is
being built by Zero Pollution Motors.
➢ The cars have generated a lot of interest in recent years, and the Mexican
government has already signed a deal to buy 40,000 evolution to replace
gasoline- and diesel-powered taxis in the heavily polluted Mexico City.

6. ➢ The main objective is to develop compressed air engine which can be run by
the compressed air.
➢ A four stroke single cylinder conventional engine can be run on compressed
air with a few modifications.
➢ This is because in compressed air engine air is used as fuel and exhaust is
also in the form of air.
➢ Today fossil fuels are widely used as a source of energy in various different
fields like internal & external combustion engines, as heat source in
manufacturing industries, etc.
➢ So, in this world of energy crisis, it is inevitable to develop alternative
technologies to use renewable energy sources, so that fossil fuels can be
conserved It is an engine which uses compressed air to run the engine.
OBJECTIVE

7. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
➢ To convert a conventional two stroke spark ignition engine into a zero
pollution compressed air operated engine as a practical sustainable
alternative energy technology solution.
➢ The effectiveness of the technique was analyzed them through P-V diagrams
of respective cycles.
➢ The thermal efficiency of the proposed cycle (54.6%) was found to be less
than that of ideal Otto cycle (66.11%) under similar operating conditions by
comparing the thermal efficiencies.
➢ This was primarily attributed to the indirect use of energy (energy is used to
compress air which in turn is used to run the engine) and the losses
associated with the energy conversion processes.

8. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
➢ This was primarily attributed to the indirect use of energy (energy is used to
compress air which in turn is used to run the engine) and the losses associated
with the energy conversion processes .
➢ Compressed air has a very low energy density compared to gasoline or
electric batteries this means that a large onboard storage tank is necessary to
achieve a similar energy output as compared to that of an average sized
gasoline tank or an electric battery.
➢ However, the small size of an air-powered vehicle limits the space available
for onboard storage.
➢ This can be addressed by using high-pressure carbon fiber tanks storing air up
to 300 bar.

9. METHODOLOGY
➢ Numerous innovations have been integrated in the engine design.
➢ As an example, there is a patented system of articulated controls that allow
the piston to pause at top dead center.
➢ We used Solenoid valve for transmit compressed air to the cylinder for 4
stroke rotation.
➢ In ON condition Solenoid valve air inlet and outlet due to this cylinder
expanded. Normally in OFF condition due to cylinder squeeze.
➢ We weld 2 crankshaft and connects pneumatic cylinder with them and fix
them with on body frame with the help of bearing. We weld one sprocket on
the right side of crankshaft to transfer its rotation to gear box.
➢ Now we connect 4 solenoid coil with pneumatic cylinder for provide 4 stroke(
every coil provide 90degree rotation when current pass through them).

10. MACHINE ELEMENTS
➢ AIR TANK
➢ CONTROL VALVE
➢ PISTON CYLINDER
➢ CONNECTING ROD
➢ CRANK SHAFT
➢ FLYWHEEL

11. AIR TANK
➢ Tank must be designed to safety standards
appropriate for pressure vessel such as
ISO 11439.
➢ The storage tank may be made of metal or
composite material.
➢ The fiber materials are considerably lighter
than metals but generally more expensive.
➢ To select the material of the cylinder for
thick cylinder d/t ratio should be greater
than 15/1

12. CRANK SHAFT
➢ We arrange one crank shaft with two
wheeler scooter.

13. BALL BEARING
➢ We fix two ball bearings on both side
of crankshaft as shown in fig.

14. SOLENOID VALVE
➢ Normally in OFF condition valve air inlet
hole are B & E and outlet hole are D & C,
due to this cylinder squeeze.

15. COMPRESSED AIR
➢ In ON condition valve air inlet holes are
B & D and outlet hole are E & A,
due to this cylinder expended.

16. 1 CRANK PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
➢ We weld 1 crankshaft and connects
pneumatic cylinder with them and
fix them with on body frame with the
help of bearing. We weld one sprocket
on the right side of crankshaft to transfer
its rotation to gear box.

17. CONNECTED 1 SOLENOID
➢ Now we connect 1 solenoid coil with pneumatic cylinder for provide single
stroke (every coil provide 90 degree rotation when current pass through
them).

18. POWER TRANSMISSION
➢ The most important part of the project is power transmission system.
➢ We are using 4 solenoid coil and these coil are act as 4 stock transmission,
we are using simple technique to transmit the same power.
➢ We take one circular wooden piece and divide that circle in to 4 parts.
Air
compressor
Solenoid Pistons
Crank shaft Wheels

19. PISTON & CYLINDER
• A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas
compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms.
• It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas
tight by piston rings.

20. CALCULATION FOR THE PROCESS
➢ Working Pressure: 5 Bar = 50 N/cm2 (Assumed)
➢ Bore Dia: 25 mm (Assumed) = 2.5 cm
➢ Speed of Engine: 180 rpm (Assumed) = 3 rps
➢ Length of Stroke : Power (P) = Pressure (p) x Volume x Speed of Engine
➢ 100 x 100 = 50 x 3.14/4 x 2.52 x Ls x 3Ls = 135.8 mm
s

21. CONECTING ROD
➢ Connecting rod is a part of the engine which is used to transmit the push and
pull from the piston pin to the crank pin.
➢ The connecting rods of internal combustion engine are mostly manufactured
by drop forging.
➢ For connecting rod of low speed horizontal engines, the material may be
sometimes steel castings.
➢ The usual shape of connecting rod is:
[1] Rectangular
[2] Circular
[3] Tubular
[4] I section
[5] H section

22. CONECTING ROD
➢ The stresses in the connecting rod are setup by a combination of forces. The
various forces acting on the connecting rod are:
➢ [1] Friction of the piston rings and of the piston.
➢ [2] Inertia of the connecting rod.
➢ [3] The combined effect of gas pressure on the piston and the inertia of the
reciprocating parts.
➢ [4] The friction of the two end bearings i.e. of the piston pin bearing and
crank pin bearing.

23. CRANK SHAFT
➢ It is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating motion into rotary
motion or vice versa.
➢ Crank shaft can be divided into two types:
[1] Crank shaft with a side crank
[2] Crank shaft with a center crank
➢ For the proper shaft should conditions functioning fulfill the crank following
➢ Enough rigidity to keep the distortion a minimum.
➢ A minimum weight, especially in aero engines.
➢ Stiffness to minimize. And resist, the stresses due to vibrations of the shaft.
➢ Stand to torsional

24. 2 D DESIGN OF THE PROJECT

25. 2 D DESIGN OF THE PROJECT

26. RESULT & DISCUSSION
➢ The output torque declines with an increase in the rotation speed, and
ascends with increasing the supply pressure.
➢ The maximum torque can be obtained at the lowest rotation speed and the
highest supply pressure. When the supply pressure is 2 MPa, the output
torque is 56.55 Nm.
➢ The output torque is mainly determined by the cylinder pressure. In a
working cycle, the cylinder pressure increases with supply pressure
increasing, so the higher supply pressure, the higher output torque.
➢ And the cylinder pressure mainly is effected by the mass of intake air. It is
obvious that the mass of intake air descends sharply with an increase in the
engine speed.

27. RESULT & DISCUSSION
➢ At the beginning, the output power ascends sharply with the increasing
rotation speed and reaches to maximum value.
➢ After this peak, the output power drops sharply. When the supply pressure is
2 Mpa , 1.5 Mpa and 1 Mpa , the maximum output power is 1.92 kW, 1.37
kW and 0.85 kW, respectively, and the corresponding speed is 420 rpm, 380
rpm and 340 rpm, respectively.
➢ That is because the output power is determined by the output torque and
engine speed.
➢ When the engine speed is smaller than the certain speed, the output power
mainly is effected by the rotation speed.
➢ When the engine is larger than the certain speed, the output power chiefly is
influenced by the output torque.

28. ADVANTAGES
➢The price of fueling air powered vehicles will be significantly
cheaper than current fuel.
➢Compressed air vehicles are unconstrained by degradation problem associated
with current battery system.
➢ The advantage are well publicized since the developers need to make their
machine attractive to investors.
➢ Compressed air vehicles are comparable in many ways to the electric vehicles,
but use as compressed air to store the energy instead of batteries.
➢ This study presents the applications of piston type compressed air engine on a
small size motor vehicle.

29. DISADVANTAGES
➢It has relatively less speed.
➢Refusing takes 3-4 hours.
➢Compressor requires external source to run.

30. APPLICATIONS
➢ The Applications of Piston Type Compressed Air Engines on Motor Vehicles.
➢ This study presents the applications of piston type compressed air engine on
a small size motor vehicle.
➢ The success of this application demonstrates the concept of green energy
vehicle with zero emission using compressed air energy.
➢ Two wheeler vehicle.
➢ Four wheeler vehicle.

31. FUTURE SCOPE
➢ Hybrid Air technology blends the environmental benefits of compressed air
with the superior performance of a petrol engine all without the use of
electricity.
➢ The PSA Group developed Hybrid Air in the hopes of launching a full-hybrid
drivetrain of petrol and compressed air.
➢ This would lead to a substantial reduction in fuel consumption, helping
motorists save money as they travel from destination to destination.
➢ Then, the compressed air created from braking would be stored in an air
storage tank on the vehicle and used to help power the vehicle.
➢ These costs may even lead some public transportation providers to increase
passenger fees as well.

32. REFRENCES
➢ Creutzig, F., A. Papson, L. Schipper and D.M. Kammen, 2009. Economic and
environmental evaluation of compressed-air cars. Environ. Res. Lett.,
10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/044011
➢ Crouse, W.H. and D.L. Anglin,
➢ 2004. Automotive Mechanics. 10th Edn., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
➢ Delano, T.M., 1984. Compressed air power engine. US Patent 4478304.
http://www.google.com/patents/US4478304.
➢ Heywood, J.B., 1988. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. 1st Edn.,
McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
➢ Mcbride, T.O. and B.R. Bollinger,
➢ 2012. Increased power in compressed gas energy storage and recovery. US
Patent 8104274. http://www.google.com/patents/US8104274.

33. THANKYOU FOR BEING WITH US