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DNA's potential as a digital data storage medium
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- 2. 2 what DNA means ?
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- 5. What is DNA? c 5 thymine (T) DNA’s geometry is a double spiral, with base pairs held between two long strands. For the purpose of data storage we can think of DNA as a ladder, with the base pairs as rungs, and the strands as the legs of the ladder.
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- 7. What is DNA?
- 8. Computer Data Storage in Binary Codes ASCII code groups 7 bits into one “byte”. A 7-bit byte can represent 2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 2^7 = 128 different values. In ASCII, each byte represents one character, such as ‘7’, ‘a’, or ‘Z’. Unicode is a different binary coding scheme, which uses one or more 8- bit bytes for each character. An 8-bit byte has 2^8 = 256 values. Many computer applications require other binary codes. 8
- 10. Size of Computer Files versus the Information of a Computer Program The length of a computer program, or of a piece of data The length of a computer program, or of a piece of data such as a document, image or video, may run to megabytes or gigabytes (millions or billions of bytes) of information. such as a document, image or video, may run to megabytes or gigabytes (millions or billions of bytes) of information. !
- 11. Normally we specify the “amount of information” in bits; so 2^n choices requires n bits. That is 4^j = (2*2)^j = 2^(2*j) with 4 amino asides ! Therefore human DNA genome encodes 4^(3 billion) = 2^(6 billion) choices, or 6 billion bits of information.
- 12. 12 Long-term memory 1 2 3 5 Reference : The basics you can find anywhere 5 Steps To Successful Storytelling Published on April 5, 2014 Featured in: Marketing & Advertising a cell’s history can be determined by sequencing its DNA . In the simplest version of this system, with just two inputs, there are five possible states for the circuit: states corresponding to : 4 The researchers also designed and built circuits that record three inputs, in which 16 states are possible.
- 13. Comparing the Genetic Code to Computer Data Storage Computers store data in two-valued bits, grouped as bytes of 7 or more bits (for ASCII). One byte holds 2^7=128 unique values. DNA stores data in four- valued base pairs, which RNA then groups as codons of 3 pairs. One codon holds 4^3=2^6=64 unique values. footnote : A codon is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
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- 16. 16 16 Recording analog memories in human cells
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- 21. 21 Gene contro l
- 22. Cells as living calculators MIT engineers have transformed bacterial cells into living calculators that can compute logarithms, divide, and take square roots, using three or fewer genetic parts.
- 23. 23 Doing the math TO SUBTRACT OR DIVIDE, THE RESEARCHERS SWAPPED ONE OF THE ACTIVATOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WITH A REPRESSOR, WHICH TURNS OFF PRODUCTION OF GFP WHEN THE INPUT MOLECULE IS PRESENT. THE TEAM ALSO BUILT AN ANALOG SQUARE ROOT CIRCUIT THAT REQUIRES JUST TWO PARTS, WHILE A RECENTLY REPORTED DIGITAL SYNTHETIC CIRCUIT FOR PERFORMING SQUARE ROOTS HAD MORE THAN 100. Another of the team’s circuits can perform division by calculating the ratio of two different molecules. Cells often perform this kind of computation on their own, which is critical for monitoring the relative concentrations of molecules such as NAD and NADH, which are frequently converted from one to the other as they help other cellular reactions take place. Doing the math :
- 24. 24 How long will the data last in your hard-drive or USB stick?
- 25. A permanent solution Researchers believe the answer may lie in the data storage system that exists in every living cell: DNA . So compact and complex are its strands that just 1 gram of DNA is theoretically capable of containing all the data of internet giants such as Google and Facebook, with room to spare. In data storage terms, that gram would be capable of holding 455 exabytes , where one exabyte is equivalent to a billion gigabytes.
- 26. water and oxygen are the enemy of DNA survival. DNA in a test tube and exposed to air will last little more than two to three years. Store in a cool , dry place 26
- 27. 27 Memory of a living being
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- 30. Scientists p series of s This approach allows scientists to create biological “state machines” — devices that exist in different states depending on the identities and orders of inputs they receive. The researchers also created software that helps users design circuits that implement state machines with different behaviors, which can then be tested in cells.
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