3D printing, also known as Additive manufacturing (AM), refers to various processes used to synthesize a three-dimensional object from a digital file.

1. 3-D
PRINTING
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2. MOTIVATION
Third Industrial
Revolution!!!!
Futurologists such as Jeremy Rifkin believe that 3D printing signals
the beginning of a Third Industrial Revolution.
 3D printing moves us away from the Henry Ford era mass production line, and will bring
us to a new reality of customizable, one-off production.
 Need a part for your washing machine?
o As it is now, you’d order from your repairman who gets it from a distributor, who got
it shipped from China, where they are mass-produced.
o In the future, the beginning of which is already here now, you will simply 3D print the
part right in your home.
Jeremy Rifkin
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3. OUTLINE
 What Is 3-D Printing?
 General Principles
 Processes and Technologies
 VAT Photo Polymerisation
 Applications
 Future Scope & Conclusion
 References
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4. WHAT IS 3-D PRINTING?
 3D printing, also known as Additive manufacturing (AM), refers to various
processes used to synthesize a three-dimensional object from a digital
file.
 In 3D printing, successive layers of material are formed under computer
control to create an object.
 The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes.
 In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive
layers of material until the entire object is created.
 These objects can be of almost any shape or geometry.
A MakerBot 3D printer
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5. General Principles
(or How does 3D printing work?)
1. Modelling
2. Printing
3. Finishing
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6. 1. Modelling:-
o It all starts with making a virtual design of the object you want to create.
o This virtual design is made :
 with a computer aided design (CAD) package,
 via a 3D scanner
 or by a plain digital camera and photogrammetry software
Examples of Virtual Design
File:
CAD model used for 3D printing
Autodesk
model used
for 3D
printing
General Principles (contd.) 6

7. 2. Printing:-
o Before printing a 3D model from an Virtual Design file, it must first be examined
for errors.
o This step is called "repair", as the original model needs to be fixed.
o Once completed, the Virtual Design file needs to be processed by a piece of
software called a "slicer," which converts the model into a series of thin layers and
produces a G-code file containing instructions to instruct the 3D printer during
the 3D printing process.
3. Finishing:-
Though the printer-produced resolution is sufficient for many applications, printing
a slightly oversized version of the desired object in standard resolution and then
removing material with a higher-resolution subtractive process can achieve greater
precision.
3D printed ceramic pot
Flower model made with a 3D
printer
General Principles (contd.) 7

8. Processes and Technologies 8
 Not all 3D printers use the same technology. There are several ways to print and all those
available are additive, differing mainly in the way layers are build to create the final object.
 Since 2010, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) group “ASTM F42 –
Additive Manufacturing”, developed a set of standards that classify the Additive Manufacturing
processes into 7 categories according to Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing
Technologies. These seven processes are:
1. Vat Photo Polymerisation
2. Material Jetting
3. Binder Jetting
4. Material Extrusion
5. Powder Bed Fusion
6. Sheet Lamination
7. Directed Energy Deposition
The most common method used is “VAT Photo Polymerisation”

9. VAT Photo Polymerisation 9
 Vat polymerisation uses a vat of
liquid photopolymer resin, out of
which the model is constructed layer
by layer.
 An ultraviolet (UV) light is used to
cure or harden the resin where
required, whilst a platform moves the
object being made downwards after
each new layer is cured.
 The most commonly used
technology in this process is
Stereolithography (SLA).

10. Applications 10
1. Medical industry:-
 The outlook for medical use of 3D printing is evolving at
an extremely rapid pace as specialists are beginning to
utilize 3D printing in more advanced ways.
 Patients around the world are experiencing improved
quality of care through 3D printed implants and
prosthetics never before seen.
 Various fields:
i. Bio-Organ printing
ii. Skull and jaw implants
iii. Dental implants
CAD model of
skull
Bio printing machine Bio-printed model
of Kidney
Installed 3D printed skull
implant

11. Applications (contd.) 11
 3D printing as an advanced
technology can compensate the
individual’s disability or deficiency
by manufacturing complex
composite 3D objects using 3D
scanned data.
 It can help people regain mobility,
improve their employment and
social opportunities and possibly
help self-reliance and alleviate self-
confidence issues.
Scanned and designed CAD model (left),
Integration due to 3D printed part (right)

12. Applications (contd.) 12
2. Food:-
3D printing of chocolate
 A company called Choc Edge is
currently marketing "the world's first
commercial 3D chocolate printer", the
Choc Creator. It uses a nozzle to
dispense molten chocolate into any
pattern and shape.
 MIT’s Cornucopia
program is also working
on specialized 3D
printers for the food
industry and so far has
designed four
prototypes.
 Researches in university of Cornell
have demonstrated new materials
suitable for baking, broiling and
frying for use with food 3D
printers.
3D printing of food, before being
fried (left), after frying (right)
 One of the problem with
food printing is the
nature of the texture of a
food. Example: foods that
are not strong enough to
be filed are not
appropriate for 3D
printing for now.

13. Applications (contd.) 13
3. Industrial printing:-
i. Rapid prototyping:
• Manufacturers have long used 3D printers in
their design process to create prototypes for
traditional manufacturing and research purposes.
• Using 3D printers for these purposes is called
rapid prototyping.
ii. Rapid Manufacturing:
• Rapid manufacturing is a new method of
manufacturing where companies are using 3D
printers for short run custom manufacturing.
• In this way of manufacturing the printed objects
are not prototypes but the actual end user
product.
The Audi RSQ was made with rapid
prototyping industrial KUKA robots
3D Printed
Shell
Amplifier
Prototype

14. Applications (contd.) 14
A good example of a rapid prototyping machine is the Z310 3D printer from Z-Corporation

15. Future & Conclusion 15
 The worldwide 3D printing industry is expected to
grow from $3.07B in revenue in 2013 to $12.8B by
2018, and exceed $21B in worldwide revenue by
2020.
 As it evolves, 3D printing technology is destined to
transform almost every major industry and change
the way we live, work, and play in the future.
 Technological development IN 3D Printing will
change the nature of commerce, because end users
will be able to do much of their own manufacturing
rather than engaging in trade to buy products from
other people and corporations.
 But, since nearly anything can be printed by 3D
Printers and this is a troubling prospect if criminals
use 3D Printers to create illegal products.
Facial Replicas at 3D Systems.
Animators have begun using the
technology to create faces with
multiple expressions.

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