Heavy metal ions removal from wastewater using sodium alginate, Removal of gold, silver, copper, palladium, lead, mercury, uranium, cadmium, copper and antimony calcium alginate hydrogels biodegradable adsorbents

1. Heavy metal ions removal from
wastewater using sodium alginate
Presented by
HIFSA

2. Heavy Metal ions removal
from
Wastewater using
Sodium Alginate Hydrogel

3. CONTENTS
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
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Heavy meal ions and bioaccumulation
Sodium alginate
Sodium alginate hydrogel
Sodium alginate adsorbent
Removal Au
Removal of Ag
Removal of Pd
Removal of Pb
Removal of Cd
Removal of Cr
Removal of Hg
Removal of Sb
Removal of U

4. aSPECTS
STUDIED
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What are heavy metal ions?
Toxicity caused by heavy metal ions
What are sodium alginate, SA hydrogel, SA adsorbent?
Removal of heavy metal ions using various SA adsorbents
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5. Heavy metal ions
and
Bioaccumulation

6. Heavy metals
The metals with atomic number greater than 20
excluding alkali metals, alkaline earth metals,
lanthanides and actinides are categorized as heavy
metal ions.

7. Heavy metal
ions
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Precious metals
Au
Ag
Pd
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Toxic metals
Pb
Cd
Cr
Hg
Sb
U

8. Heavy metal
ions
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Heavy metal ions are introduced into the environment
through two ways:
Waterbodies
Soil
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Heavy metal ions are released into the environment through
various industries:
Metallurgical industries
Textiles mills
Paper industries
Fertilizer and pesticides

9. Bioaccumulation
Heavy metal ions cannot be degraded by microbes or
enzymes therefore they accumulate inside bodies of living
organisms i.e., bacteria, plants and humans if came in
contact. The phenomenon is called bioaccumulation.

10. Heavy Metal
ions are
Toxic.
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Excess of zinc causes impaired immune function
Excess of copper causes necrosis
Excess of chromium causes lung disorders
Excess of antimony causes ulcers
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11. Sodium alginate

12. Sodium alginate is
derived from cell
walls of species of
brown algae and
bacteria
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Algal species:
Laminaria digitata
Laminaria japonica
Macrocystis pyrifera
Lessoniaceae
Laminara saccharina
Laminara
hyperborean
Ascophyllum
nodosum
Bacterial species:
Azotobacter sp.
Pseudomonas sp.

13. Physical forms
of Sodium
Alginate


Powder form
Gel beads

14. Structure of
Sodium
Alginate
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15. Properties of
Sodium
Alginate
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High adsorption and porosity
Swelling
Less residual content
Biodegradable
Regeneratable
High polar group content (-COOH/-OH)

16. SODIUM ALGINATE HYDROGEL

17. SA Hydrogel
formation
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Alginate is extracted from cell walls of fungal or bacterial
species under alkaline conditions and precipitated using
CaCl2.
Alginate is converted into sodium alginate by reaction with
sodium carbonate solution.
SA undergoes cross-linking with divalent ions e.g., Ca+2 ,
Cu2+, Ba2+, Sr2+and Mg2+ and is converted into a hydrogel.

18. Figure: Schematic diagram of sodium alginate removal
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19. Why do we
use sodium
alginate
adsorbent?
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Other natural adsorbents include:
Activated carbon
Natural zeolite
Coal ash
Clay mineral
Cationic exchange resin

20. Why do we use
sodium alginate
adsorbent?
SODIUM ALGINATE ADSORBENTS
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Biodegradable
Biocompatible
Reusable
Regeneratable
OTHER ADSORBENTS
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Strong adsorption capacities & low cost
Secondary pollution
Difficult separation
Less reusability

21. Sodium alginate adsorbents

22. Adsorbent
An adsorbent is a solid substance that adsorbs
metals, ions or solutes in liquid or gaseous form.
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23. Removal of Au

24. Adsorbent Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Sargassum fluitans 0.63
Ca-alginate beads 290
Fucus vesiculosus 68.94
Sargassusm sp. 32.94
Turbinaria conoides 34.5
Sulfuric acid cross-linked alginate powder 1110.85
L-cysteine impregnated alginate capsules 298.2
Aliquat-336-impregnated alginate capsule 68.94
Thiourea modified alginate powder 1260.54
Thiourea modified porous alginate beads 388.01
Imprinted porous alginate microspheres 184.82
Table: SA adsorbents for Au removal

25. Removal of Ag

26. Adsorbent Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Cholera vulgaris 56.7
Ca-alginate beads 52
Amino-carbamate moiety grafted calcium alginate beads 210
Table: SA adsorbents for Ag removal
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27. Removal of Pd

28. Adsorbent Adsorption capacity (mg/
g)
Alginate microcapsules enclosing Cyanex 302 102.16
Alga biomass-polyethyleneimine composite discs 121.16
Polyethylenimine impregnated alginate-based beads 11.71
Epichlorohydrin/thiourea modified alginate microspheres 28.73
Iron-imprinted porous alginate beads 72.41
Table: SA adsorbents for Pd removal

29. Removal of Pb

30. Adsorbent Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Sodium alginate cross-linked with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropa-1-propanesulfonic acid 2042
Thio-semi-carbazide modified sodium alginate 950
Thio-semi-carbazide modified sodium alginate 489
Alginate-chitosan hybrid 468.5
Sulfhydryl modified sodium alginate film 416.1
Sodium alginate-polyacrylic acid-attapulgite hydrogel 391.7
Zirconium cross-linked sodium alginate 333.33
Sodium alginate-graphene oxide aerogel 267.4
Poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) grafted onto sodium alginate 231.88
Fe (III) modified zeolite-alginate composite 127
Graphene oxide-alginate hydrogel membrane 118.6
Calcium alginate-clinoptilolite composite 117
Sodium alginate-meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid aerogel 116.4
Calcium alginate-humic acid-clinoptinolite composite 111
Iron oxide-bentonite-activated carbon-sodium alginate composite beads 74.2
Calcium alginate and tetrathylenepentamine-functionalized MIL-101 composite beads 19.6
Table: SA adsorbents for Pb removal

31. Removal of Cd

32. Adsorbent Adsorption capacity (mg/
g)
Sodium alginate, sodium acrylate, medical stone composite 415.92
Humic acid-immobilized sodium alginate/hydroxyl ethyl cellulose blend 148.9
Glutaraldehyde cross-linked PEI encapsulated in alginate 148.38
poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) grafted onto sodium alginate 235.62
Iron oxide/bentonite/activated carbon/sodium alginate composite beads 41.3
Thiosemicarbazide modified sodium alginate 215
Calcium alginate beads 251.8
Calcium alginate beads with ball-milled biochar 227.1
3D graphene oxide/sodium alginate composite 100.8
Sodium alginate cross-linked with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropa-1-propane-sulfonic acid 843
Alginate-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymer 91.2
Table: SA adsorbents for Cd removal

33. Removal of Cr

34. Adsorbent Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate composite membrane 227.1
Sericin-alginate particles 100.8
Chitosan/alginate nanocomposite 843
Table: SA adsorbents for Cr removal
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35. Removal of Hg

36. Adsorbent Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Calcium alginate-clinoptilolite composite 74
Calcium alginate-Humic acid-clinoptilolite composite 53
Thiourea modified porous alginate beads 28.08
Polyamide functionalized sodium alginate microspheres 382.96
Table: SA adsorbents for Hg removal

37. Removal of Sb

38. Adsorbent Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Imprinted polyamide functionalized sodium alginate 195.7
Hydroxyethyl cellulose/sodium alginate blend films 35.57
Table: SA adsorbents for Sb removal
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39. Removal of U

40. Adsorbent Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Hydroxyethyl cellulose/sodium alginate blend films 357.1
Graphene oxide encapsulated polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate
hydrogel
403.78
Table: SA adsorbents for U removal

41. Conclusion
 Sodium alginate hydrogel is a biodegradable,
biocompatible, reusable and regeneratable adsorbent
used for removal of heavy metal ions before they come
into reach of living organisms.
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42. References
Sourbh Thakur, Bhawna Sharma, Ankit Verma, Jyoti Chaudhary, Sigitas Tamulevicius, Vijay Kumar Thakur. (2018)
. Recent progress in sodium alginate based sustainable hydrogels for environmental applications, Journal of
Cleaner Production. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.259
Raha Ahmad Raus, Wan Mohd Fazli Wan Nawawi and Ricca Rahman Nasaruddin, Alginate and alginate
composites for biomedical applications, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ajps.2020. 10.001
Luqman, A. and Sher, A. (2019). Polymer Hydrogels for Wastewater Treatment, Environmental Chemistry and
Recent Pollution Control Approaches. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89000
Eman noori, A. (2020). Removal of Heavy Metals from Water and Wastewater Using Moringa oleifera, trace
metals in the environment – New Approaches and Recent Advances. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/
intechopen.89769

43. National Research Council (US) Committee on Copper in Drinking Water. Copper in Drinking water.
Washington (DC): National Academics Press (US); 2000. 5, Health Effects of Excess Copper.
National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on Selenium. Selenium in Nutrition: Revised Edition.
Washington (DC): National Academics Press (US); 1983. 2, Chemistry.

44. Thank you...