Introduction to GIT physiology

1. HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY
-HIBA KAZI

2. WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY
AND WHY LEARNING
THAT IS IMPORTANT?

3. BUT before starting,
let’s brush the basics

4. WHAT is a CELL?
A cell is the basic building block of living
things

6. TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

7. CELLS MAKE A FRIEND CIRCLE in
their field of interest
and that’s called a
TISSUE

8. EPITHELIAL

9. CONNECTIVE

10. MUSCULAR

11. NERVOUS

12. PHYSIOLOGY
• It is the study of functions and mechanisms of living organisms.
• LIFE PROCESES
• Human physiology, a specific branch of physiology, studies how
our cells, muscles and organs work together and interact.

13. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

14. NUTRITION
• Nutrition is the sum of the processes by which an organism consumes and utilises food substances.
fuel

15. Digestive
system
Digestive
enzymes
Motility
absorptionDigestion

16. What are enzymes?
• Chemical digestion is a series of catabolic
(breaking down) reactions that hydrolyse
the food.
• Enzymes speed up these reactions

17. ALIMENTARY CANAL
sequence?
Mouth to anus
8- 10 m long

18. 3D model time!

19. So now you got the tube
let’s see what the wall is made up of!
Make it simple

20. ALIMENTARY CANAL
Mouth

21. ALIMENTARY CANAL
Mouth
TEETH _ function?
32 teeth are present in the buccal cavity
of an adult human being.

22. FIND OUT THE DENTITION OF
A 3 year old child
Find out about the wisdom
tooth.

23. Tooth

24. • Enamel
• dentin
• Pulp
• ROOT= embedded within its
socket
• Now, let’s go back and name

25. Dental caries!!

26. ALIMENTARY CANAL
salivary glands –
enzymes
parotid,
submandibular,
sublingual
secrete salivary amylase
3d model time again!

27. • Salivary glands
• are made up of two types of cells.
• Serous cells secrete a fluid containing digestive
enzyme called salivary amylase.
• Mucous cells produce mucus that lubricates food and helps swallowing.

28. ALIMENTARY CANAL
Tongue muscle ..which type?
structure
function

29. ALIMENTARY CANAL
SWALLOWING

31. So how does the food
not go into the wind
pipe ?

33. Okay so let’s check some animation!

34. • WHAT IS thaska? ……. Severe->Choking
• Deglutition voluntary or involuntary?
• What is a ‘heart burn’?

35. THE Lower gastroesophageal sphincter

36. Hey!
Can I swallow even if I am
hung up-side down?

37. ALIMENTARY CANAL
Eosophagus
25 cm long tube
peristalsis to push food
ahead
PERISTALSIS - animation
epithelium?
Notice no glands here

39. Can peristalsis occur in a reverse direction?
VOMITING
Na !!
Instead there are other muscle contractions that oppose the peristalsis
Peristalsis does NOT reverse ever

40. ALIMENTARY CANAL
stomach
churns the food and
absorbs some part
epithelium?
Muscle?

42. ALIMENTARY CANAL
stomach- GLANDS
mucous glands
peptic glands
parietal cells
who is protecting?
who is digesting?

43. The PYLORIC SPHINCTER
Releasing
chyme step by
step

44. MCQs _ test time!

45. What is the epithelial lining of the mouth?
1. Cuboidal epithelium
2. Columnar epithelium
3. Squamous epithelium
4. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

46. Which of these is not a function of Golgi
apparatus?
a) Packaging and processing
b) Secretion
c) Formation of lysosomes
d) Protein synthesis

47. Organelle responsible for protein synthesis is
located on what inside the cell?
a) Ribosomes
b) Nucleus
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Endoplasmic reticulum

48. What is the epithelial lining of the mouth?
1. Cuboidal epithelium
2. Columnar epithelium
3. Squamous epithelium
4. Stratified squamous epithelium