This ppt represents the results of measuring the range and performance of the Electric vehicles as an alternative solution for fossil fuels based on previous work. It also presents the same measured parameters for the photovoltaic cells. A comparison between the two models has been done. It demonstrates a dynamic model of an electric vehicle and photovoltaic cell using the SIMULINK in MATLAB program.

1. IMPROVING ELECTRIC VEHICLE PERFORMANCE
USING PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

2. CONTENTS
2

3. INTRODUCTION
3
Nowadays the Electric vehicles is an alternative solution for fossil fuels powered vehicles as
fossil fuels are at the edge extinction due to over consumption of them.
Photovoltaic cells make energy through solar radiation which can be a better input for
electric vehicles.
This seminar presents a comparative demonstrates of a dynamic model of an electric vehicle
and photovoltaic cell using the SIMULINK in MATLAB program.
This also presents a experimental work performed through a single seated vehicle equipped
with an electric and photovoltaic cell also separately and combined together.

4. 4
LITERATURE SURVEY
PUBLISHED DATE
o Authors
o Title
o Brief Details
27/02/2018
Masafumi Yamaguchi
explained in his
research paper
“Importance of
Developing
Photovoltaic-Powered
Vehicles”, This paper
presents that the III-
V/Si 3-junction solar
cell modules with an
efficiency of more than
37% have the potential
of longer driving
distance of 30 km/day
average and more than
50 km/day on a clear
day by vehicles
powered by 20%
efficiency Si solar cell
modules.
21/05/2021
Saleh Cheikh-Mohamad
and Youssef Krim
explained in their
research paper “PV-
Powered Electric Vehicle
Charging Stations”, This
article presents the
preliminary
requirements and
feasibility conditions for
a photovoltaic (PV)-
powered electric vehicle
(EV) aiming at increasing
PV benefit.
11/05/2016
Essam M. Allam, Sameh
M. Metwalley, Noha
Muhammad explained in
their research paper
“Improving Electric
Vehicle Performance
Using Photovoltaic
Cells” ,This paper
presents the results of
measuring the range and
performance of the
Electric vehicles as an
alternative solution for
fossil fuels based on
previous work.
January 2013
A. Bharathi Sankar, R.
Seyezhai explained in
their research paper
“Simulation and
Implementation of
Solar Powered Electric
Vehicle”, This paper
focuses on the design,
simulation and
implementation of the
various components,
namely: solar panel,
charge controller,
battery, DC-DC boost
converter, DC-AC
power converter
(inverter circuit) and
BLDC motor for the
vehicle application.
17/02/2021
Abdul Rauf Bhatti and
Zainal Salam explained in
their research paper
“Photovoltaic (PV)
Charging of Electric
Vehicle (EV)”, The
control schemes will be
used to control the PV
System according to the
ambient conditions.
Further it will be
properly useful for
charging and testing of
Electric Vehicle.

5. 5

6. 6
˃ A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light
directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical
phenomenon.
˃ Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the source is
sunlight or an artificial light.
˃ Solar PV systems use cells to convert sunlight into electricity. The PV cell consists of one
or two layers of a semi conducting material, usually silicon. When light shines on the cell it
creates an electric field across the layers causing electricity to flow.

7. SOLAR PANELS

8. 1 Monocrystalline
Solar Panels 2 Thin-Film
Solar Panels 3 Polycrystalline
Solar Panels
TYPES OF SOLAR PANELS

9. 9
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
An Electric Vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for
propulsion. It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from multiple sources,
or it can be powered autonomously by a battery.
In comparison with Petrol and Diesel, CNG kits do help in bringing down harmful
emissions but EVs promise zero emissions because these are powered by battery packs. As
such, EVs have a major advantage over any other vehicles that is currently in production
form.
Electric motive power started in 1827, when Hungarian priest Ányos Jedlik built the first
crude but viable electric motor, provided with stator, rotor and commutator; the next year,
he used it to power a tiny car.
In 1835, professor Sibrandus Stratingh of the University of Groningen, Netherlands, built
a small-scale electric car, and between 1832 and 1839 , Robert
Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-
rechargeable primary cells.

10. Main Components of EV
10

11. 11
TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

12. SOLAR
VEHICLE
 Solar vehicle are electric cars that use
photovoltaic cells to convert energy from
sunlight into electricity. These cars can store
some solar energy in batteries to allow them to
run smoothly at night or in the absence of direct
sunlight.
 The first model solar vehicle invented was a
tiny 15-inch vehicle created by General Motors
employee, William G. Cobb. , he named it
Sunmobile, he displayed it in 1955 at the
Chicago, Powerama convention. It was made of
12 selenium photovoltaic cells and a small
electric motor.
12

13. COMPONENTS
PARTS OF SOLAR CAR ARE :
 SOLAR PANEL
 POWER TRACKER
 BATTERY
 CONTROLLER
 MOTOR
13

14. Photovoltaic cell efficiency is increasing annually as new ideas with new
technology keeps improving every year and production of photovoltaic panels is
now more than ever before. Now it is the fastest growing alternative energy
source of all renewable energy sources. So, considering improvement in solar
energy technology, growth, efficiency and effectiveness should implement this
technology as environment friendly and also sustainable source of energy.

15. The reasons for studying and developing an Electric Solar Vehicle can
be summarized as follows:
1) The great increasing in CO2 emissions produced from transport.
2) Oil price is increasingly growing day by day. Besides, it is subjected to large and un-
predictive oscillations.
3) The increasing of both fuel consumption and population are regarded as a main worldwide
demand for personal mobility.
4) Climate change: Conventional vehicles produce very large amount of CO2. As result,
increasing of temperature, pollution and climate change is greatly as expected.
5) Solar cars, powered only by sun, don’t represent a practical alternative to conventional cars. It
has: limited power and performance, limited range, discontinuous energy source. Finally,
Electric Solar Vehicles (ESV) combines advantages of both electric vehicle and photovoltaic
cells. It can achieve the lowest possible fuel consumption for its movement by PV modules as
an electricity source, and it also can reduce pollution.

16. 16
MAIN REASON
The principal reason of Photovoltaic (PV) system is
producing electric energy directly from solar
radiation. It is becoming widespread as their
advantages become apparent and as costs fall.
Figure (1) shows that the installation of
Photovoltaic panels is a remarkable increasing till
2015, and their cost is in a continuous decreasing.
 So, the necessity shows the need of a tool or
system that can evaluate overall performance of a
solar vehicle in different performance conditions.
Therefore, a dynamic model of solar car can be
developed to validate the characteristics of
different components of car along with the
capability of evaluating its overall performance in a
user friendly simulation environment of
SIMULINK. Typically, the number of the cars used
in the field of study is electrical vehicles, solar
energy and photovoltaic cells.
Figure: 1. PV Cost and Installation

17. 17
MODEL OF A COMPLETE
VEHICLE
Figure 2 shows the parametric modeling
flowchart of the Simulink(Algorithm). The
steps of the algorithm contain three main
steps which are:
 Preprocessor.
 Solution.
 Postprocessor.
The preprocessor step includes input data of
PV cell which are volt V, Irradiance Ga: 1
W/m2 , open circuit temperature Toc: 25 +
273, cell resistance in parallel Rp: 360.002,
cell resistance in series Rs: 0.18 and number
of cells (series and parallel) n: 1.36.
However, solution step include the
commands from the Simulink library to
solve the problem of the paper. Finally, the
postprocessor step includes the collecting
data from the solution step to be
represented as shown in Figures (5-12) for
the case of PV only.
Figure: 2. Flowchart of the Algorithm for Photovoltaic Cell

18. 18
Combining the
Components
The I-V and P-V characteristics of the
panel are observed by changing the load.
Figure 3 shows a complete PV system for vehicle
model. The output of the panel and the motor are
connected to the battery via the controller as
shown in the figure. The output of the battery is
then sent to the workspace to be presented as
described in the postprocessor step. The used PV
cell runs under different ambient operating
conditions as changing temperature and
irradiance.
Figure: 3. Complete PV vehicle model.

19. Experimental Setup
19
A four wheel prototype for the car used in the experiments is shown in Figure
4. It shows an electric prototype car with a full steering, suspension and brake
system.
Figure: 4. Final shape of prototype.

20. Results and Discussions
20
The results collected from the Simulink program and experiments have been presented in the figures.
Figure: 5
Figure 5 shows the state of charge (SOC) against time in a summer day. It indicates that at time 8:30
AM the PV started with a charge of 64% and finished the test at 4:30 PM with a charge of 80%.

21. Figure 6 represents the volt against time for the same period between 8:30 AM and 4:30 PM in the
same summer day and time.
21
Figure: 6

22. Figure 7, Figure 8 show the SOC against time and volt against time respectively but in a winter day
test. It indicates that the charge for the battery in the summer day was quicker than the winter day.
22
Figure: 7

23. 23
Figure: 8

24. Figure 9, Figure 10 indicate day but without sun light.
24
Figure: 9

25. 25
Figure: 10

26. Figure 11(a) shows the current against voltage for a different irradiance for the poly-crystalline PV cell used in the
test. The tests are for a series of irradiance between 200 w/m2 to 1200 w/m2 with a step of 200 w/m2 . It shows
that at 1200 w/m2 the current is 6.3Amp so, the irradiance for the PV used is chosen as 1200 w/m2 .
26
Figure: 11(a)

27. Figure 11(b) shows the power against voltage for the same variable irradiance between 200 - 1200 w/m2 . It also
confirms that for an irradiance of 1200 w/m2 , it gives the best power and current for the poly-crystalline PV used
in the tests.
27
Figure: 11(b)

28. Figure 12(a) shows the relationship between the current and the volt for a range of temperatures between 10˚C to
70˚C. However Figure 12(b) indicates the relationship between the power and volt for the same range of
temperatures between 10˚C to 70˚C for the poly-crystalline PV cell used in the tests.
28
Figure: 12(a) Figure: 12(b)

29. Figure 13 indicates the drive cycle of both internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric vehicle
(EV). It shows that the deviation between the two types of vehicles is very small.
29
Figure: 13

30. So, a highlighting on a small part of the drive cycle is shown in Figure 14. It indicates that the braking
performance of the EV is better than the ICE. However, the acceleration performance of ICE is better than EV to
confirm that the motor power is less efficient than the engine power.
30
Figure: 14

31. Figure 15 shows battery power consumption rate of electric vehicle during the drive cycle.
31
Figure: 15

32. So another highlighting on a small part of the drive cycle is shown in Figure 16. It indicates that the
maximum power equals + 1500 watt. The positive sign means that the battery discharges.
32
Figure: 16

33. Figure 17 indicates that the drive cycle of both ICE and PV. It shows that the deviation between the
two types of vehicles is small.
33
Figure: 17

34. So another highlighting on a small part of the drive cycle is shown in Figure 18. It indicates that the
braking performance of the PV is better than ICE. However, the acceleration for both of PV and ICE is
equal to confirm that PV power has been developed.
34
Figure: 18

35. Figure 19 shows battery power consumption rate of photovoltaic vehicle during the drive cycle.
35
Figure: 19

36. So a highlighting again on a small part of the drive cycle is shown in Figure 20. It indicates that the
maximum power equals −6500 watt. The negative sign indicates a direction not a value to confirm
that the battery is charged by sun.
36
Figure: 20
The difference between the PV and EV values of maximum power is the real saved battery power
during charging.
PPV− PEV = 6500 W − 1500 W = 5000 W (5 KW).

37. 37
Experimental Results
The prototype model of the car was tested during a summer mid-day for the electric vehicle only and for EV with
PV of poly-crystalline type. It indicated that the electric vehicle run for 400 meters in range and this occurs in 2
hours exactly. However, the range of movement for the electric vehicle with PV cell was 480 meters that occurs in
2 hours and 30 minutes as shown clearly in Table 1.
This is to confirm that the EV using with PV cell added extra working time about 25% of the EV working time and
also added extra 20% of the EV stroke.
Electric model Photovoltaic model
Range 400 m. 480 m.
Battery Discharging time 2 hrs.
2 hrs. and 30 minutes.
Table: 1. Results of experimental work.

38. 38
CONCLUSIONS

39. 39
REFERENCES

40. Thank You!
ANY QUESTIONS ?