Bonding Systems 1

Copyright © 2016 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bonding Systems,
Modes of Cure,
Oxygen-Inhibited
Layer
CHAPTER 5
1

Bonding Systems
 History of the development of bonding systems
 First generation: 1970s
 Second generation: Early 1980s
 Third generation: Late 1980s
 Fourth and fifth generation: Early 1990s
 Total etch
 Sixth generation: Late 1990s
 Self-etching systems
 Seventh generation: Early 2000s
 Eighth generation: Not on market
 Each generation has consisted of better materials or
simpler procedures
2

Bonding Systems
The first generation bonding agents are
those dentists used in the 1970s.
The dentist would etch the enamel with
acid and place a self-cured, unfilled
bonding resin on the enamel only.
3

Bonding Systems
 By the late 1970s and early 1980s,
both enamel and dentin bonding
agents (second generation) were
being used, and they were light-
cured.
 The dentin still was not etched.
 This only allowed bonding to the
smear layer of the dentin and
resulted in a weak bond.
4

Bonding Systems
In third generation bonding systems,
the dentin was etched but not for a long
enough period and then it was dried.
So, bonding resin did not penetrate the
dentin surface correctly.
5

Bonding Generations
6

Bonding Systems
 In the early 1990s, etching both
enamel and dentin with phosphoric
acid (called total etch) was an
accepted technique.
 Not only was the smear layer
removed, but the surface of the
dentin was etched and kept moist,
allowing for the penetration of the
hydrophilic resin primers into etched
dentin surfaces.
7

Total Etch Systems
 The bond strength to dentin increased to
about 20-30 MPa.
 The “wet” dentin bonding technique was
introduced in the United States by Jon Kanca.
 Primer and bonding resins were applied
separately
Two bottles (4th gen)
 Primer and bonding resins together
One bottle (5th gen)
8

Fourth and Fifth Generation
Bonding Systems
 Total-etch (AKA all-etch or etch-and-rinse) refers to
phosphoric acid etching of both enamel and dentin
with a separate step that includes rinsing off the
acid and lightly drying the tooth to leave the dentin
moist.
 Dentin is composed of approximately 70% mineral
and 30% collagen and water.
 When the mineral is removed from the surface of the
dentin by the acid etchant, collagen fibrils are
exposed and the remaining mineral is roughened on
its surface
 When the acid is rinsed, the dentin is left slightly
moist (glistening but no water puddles), so that the
collagen fibrils stay fluffed up.
9

Bonding Systems
 The total-etch technique became successful when hydrophilic (water-
loving) resin monomers (2 hydroxymethyl methacrylate, or HEMA) were
added to the primer and adhesive
 The hydrophilic monomer facilitated the penetration of the adhesive resin
into the moist dentinal tubules and peritubular dentin.
 When dentin bonding resins are applied to moist dentin, the solvents in
which the resins are dissolved allow the resins to penetrate through the
water and around the fluffed-up collagen fibrils, into the dentinal tubules
and etched dentin surface.
 Drying with are is done at this stage to remove the volatile solvents from
the resin and any remaining water.
 The resin is then light-cured
10

Hydrophilic monomer= primer
Hydrophobic adhesive= bond
11

Bonding Systems
 The layer that is formed by the intermixing of
dentin bonding resin with collagen fibrils and the
etched dentin surface is called the hybrid layer.
 Because of its combination (or hybrid) of dentin
components and resin
 The resin rich hybrid layer facilitates bonding of
the composite resin to the tooth through a
chemical resin-to-resin bond
12

Fourth Generation
 Two-bottle adhesive system
 Three basic steps
1. Acid etch (rinse)
2. Application of primer (dry)
3. Application of bonding resin (cured)
 Two-bottle total etch systems provide the strongest bonds
to dentin of all the bonding systems, assuming the technique
is followed carefully.
 If over-etching, under-etching, over-drying, under-drying of
the dentin occurs, the bond strength can be diminished.
13

Fourth Generation
two-bottle
14
Fourth Generation: 2 Bottles (3 steps)
Step 1: Etch, Rinse, and gently air dry. Leave dentin moist
Step 2: Apply primer (A) gently air dry
Step 3: Apply bonding resin, gently air dry, light cure
Strongest, most reliable bonds to enamel and dentin
Reliably etches enamel
Brands:
Scotchbond, Multi-Purpose,
ALL BOND
Bond-It
DenTASTIC All-purpose
Gluma Solid Bond
OptiBOND
ProBOND
Syntac

Bonding Systems
 The fifth generation is a one
bottle system where the primer
and bonding resins are combined.
 Etch is separate step
 Many bonding systems have a
chemical activator that can be
mixed
15

Fifth Generation
One Bottle
Fifth Generation: 1 Bottle (2 steps)
Step 1: Etch, rinse, gently air dry. Leave dentin moist
Step 2: Apply primer and bonding resin, gently air dry, light cure
Strong bonds to enamel and dentin
Reliably etches to enamel
Brands:
ONE-STEP PLUS
Adper
Bond-1
DenTASTIC
ExciTE
Gluma Comfort Bond
OptiBond Solo Plus
PQ1
Prime & Bond NT
16

Self-Etch Bonding Systems
Generation 6 and 7
 These systems have been developed to not require
the use of phosphoric acid etching and the rinsing
and partial drying steps.
 One- and two-bottle systems incorporate acidic
groups (typically carboxylic acid) in the bonding
agent that will etch eneamel and dentin and allow
penetration of the resin with out the need for rinsing
and drying.
 These are called self-etching bonding systems
17

Self- Etch Bonding Systems
6th and 7th gen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l
c0X5uWW8dg&feature=player_detail
page
 The primers use water as a solvent
to ionize the acidic monomer.
 Etching of the dentin with acidic
primers dissolves the smear layer
without deeply demineralizing the
dentin and opening the tubules.
 Etching is not as deep as with
total etch systems
 The acid component gradually
shifts in pH to neutral and is
incorporated in to the
polymerized resin, as are the
tooth mineral and smear layer
18

6th and 7th gen
 When the solvent has evaporated, the adhesive layer is thin and not very
strong.
 Applying two coats of adhesive resin can increase the bond strength
 While total-etch systems have the highest bond strengths, self-etch
systems have less postoperative sensitivity because they directly seal the
dentin without rinsing and drying steps.
 Because self-etch systems use acidic primers to demineralize dentin and
there is no rinsing, it is easier for the primer and adhesive resin to
penetrate the full depth of demineralization.
 With total-etch systems, the phosphoric acid may be left on too long
and the primer cannot penetrate the more deeply etched surfaces, or if
the etched surface is dried to much the collagen will collapse and
prevent primer and adhesive penetration.
 The unsealed dentin can contribute to post-operative sensitivity
19

6th and 7th gen
 To ensure a good bond to uncut enamel, some
manufacturers recommend “selective etching”
meaning that enamel only shoul dbe etched with
phosphoric acid before the application of the self-
etching bonding materials.
 If dentin is also etched with phosphoric acid, and then a
self-etching bonding system is used, a good seal with the
dentin may not occur.
 The phosphoric acid will etch dentin deeper than the
primer and bonding resin from the self-etch system can
penetrate.
20

6th Generation Bonding
System
 Two-bottle, self-etch bonding system
 Two different methods, depending on how they were manufactured
 Type 1 self-etch: an acidic water-soluble primer is applied first, and hen
covered with a light-cured adhesive resin that contains Nanosized filler
particles.
 Example of type 1: Clearfil liner Bond
 Type 2 self etch: a drop of acidic primer from one bottle is mixed with one drop
of adhesive resin from the othe rbottle, and applied to the prepared tooth
 Example of type 2: ALL-BOND SE
 So you either mix equal amounts, then apply, or apply in two layers then cure
21

6th Gen
Sixth Generation: 2 Bottles or Chambers (2 steps)
Step 1: etch and apply acidic monomer (primer), lightly air dry
Step 2: apply bonding resin, gently air dry, light cure
Strong bonds to dentin
Bonds to enamel are not strong, especially uncut enamel.
“selective etch” advisable
Brands:
AdheSE
Adper Primpt L-pop
ALL-BOND
Brush&Bond
22

7th Generation Bonding Systems
 One bottle, “all-in-one”
 In the early 2000s, the seventh generation systems were self-etching
materials, which were improved so that adhesive resin and acidic primer are
contained in one bottle, and does not require mixing.
 Many 7th gen one-bottle bonding systems require refrigeration to prevent
the bonding agent from degrading.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=s4U4dVbT0
wY
23

7th Gen
Seventh Generation: 1 Bottle (1 Step)
Step 1: Etch, prime, and bond (all in one bottle), gently air dry, light cure
Strong bonds to dentin
Only a few products reliably etch enamel
“Selective Etch” advisable
Brands:
AdheSE One
Adper Easy Bond
Clearfil S3 Bond Plus
Futurabond DS
G-Bond
iBond
OptiBond All-in-One
24

8th Generation Bonding Systems
 The eighth generation is most recent.
 It is anticipated to be a more universal bonding
system that is compatible with all light, self, and dual-
cured resins.
 Universal adhesives will bond not only to tooth but to
all dental restorative materials
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_deta
ilpage&v=8wh5knE398Q
25

Clinical Tip
 To achieve a better seal of the dentin, the
adhesives should be scrubbed on the dentin rather
than just passively placed on the surface.
26

Three Main Steps of
Bonding Systems
 All bonding systems have three main steps in
common.
 Etching with either phosphoric acid or an acid
primer
 Priming with hydrophilic monomers in a solvent
that penetrates etched surfaces
 Bonding with hydrophobic bonding resins to seal
etched surfaces and to chemically bond to
composite resin or resin luting cements
27

Modes of Cure
 Three modes of curing are used for resin bonding agents:
 Light-cure process
 Uses a light in the blue wave range to activate a chemical
(photosensitizer, camphorquinone) that reacts with an initiator (tertiary
amine) to set off the polymerization reaction.
 Self-cure process
 Chemical reaction occurs when two resins are mixed together, one of with
contains benzoyl peroxide as an initiator
 Dual-cure process
 Uses a combination of self-cure and light-cure ingredients.
 Dual cure resins can be activated by light or can cure chemically without
the application of the light
 The selection of a resin bonding agent and its mode of cure
is dependent on the type of restorative materials being used.
28

Oxygen-Inhibited Layer
 On the surface of the polymerized bonding resin is a very
thing coating of uncured resin.
 The resins used for composites and sealants will also form
this layer on their surfaces
 Polymerization is inhibited where the surface is exposed to
air (this layer is called the oxygen-inhibited layer)
 Once the composite is placed over the bonding resin, its
presence will exclude air, and that uncured layer on the
bonding resin will cure when the composite is cured.
 The uncured layer will actually help facilitate a chemical bond
between the bonding resin and the composite resin
29

Biocompatibility
 Components of the bonding systems can irritate the skin, mucosa, and
eyes.
 Acidic components can cause burns.
 Some dental personnel develop allergies to the materials, especially
HEMA.
 PPE should be used when handling these materials.
 Use of a rubber dam will minimize contact with the patient’s oral mucosa.
 Any area of contact with the skin should be washed with soap and water
 An eyewash station should be available to treat accidental exposure to
the eyes. Most of the undesirable effects are the result of contact with the
unpolymerized components.
 Once the materials are polymerized the risks of problematic reactions are
much lest
30

Bonding Systems 1

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Bonding Systems 1

Similar to Bonding Systems 1 (20)

More from HeatherSeghi

More from HeatherSeghi (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Bonding Systems 1