2. Appendiceal Cancer
• 1% of appendectomies contain cancer
– 2/3 carcinoid (50% all GI carcinoids are appendiceal)
• Tan-yellow mass, surrounding desmoplastic reaction
• < 2 cm no further treatment
• > 2 cm R hemicolectomy
– Remainder: mucinous cystadenocarcinoma,
adenocarcinoma, adenocarcinoid
– Adenocarcinoma associated with metastatic disease
50% of time (likely 2nd appendiceal rupture, tumor
spread)
13. Introduction
• The Pseudomyxoma Peritonei is a rare
disease characterized by diffusion of a
gelatinous ascites whether associated or
not to mucinous implants in the peritoneal
cavity.
• It’s secondary to the rupture in the
peritoneal cavity of some mucinoid tumors
whose the origin is frequently appendiceal.
14. Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
• Extremely rare; 300 cases/yr in U.S.
• Diffuse, intraperitoneal collection of gelatinous
fluid with mucinous tumor implants on peritoneal
surfaces and omentum
• Strictly, etiology is 2nd grade I mucinous
cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix
• Ovarian, pancreatic cancer similar picture
15. Epidemiology
• 2-3 times commoner in males than females
• Median ages at diagnoses 51-61 years old
• Present in 2 0ut of 10,000 laparotomy
16. PMP : Classification
• DPAM (Disseminated Peritoneal AdenoMucineses)
-- Abundant extracellular mucin
-- Little cytological atypia
• PMCA (Peritoneal Mucinous Carcinomatoses)
-- Carcinomatous cytologic features
• PMCA-I (Peritoneal Mucinous Carcimatoses-
Intemediate or discordant features)
-- Focal area of mucinous carcinoma
Ronnett, BM, et al., cancer,2001-92:85
17. Pathophysiology
• Mucocele rupture dissemination of mucin-
producing tumor cells throughout peritoneal
cavity
• Characteristic and predictable pattern of tumor
progression:
1) Gravity dependent collection of tumor
(pelvis, retrohepatic space, paracolic gutters, Treitz)
2) Resorption of peritoneal fluid accumulation of
tumor cells to distinct sites:
Sugarbaker, PA. Histopathology 2001; 39, 525-528.
18. Deposit Sites 2nd Fluid Resorption
1) Between liver, R hemidiaphragm
-2nd lymphatics within undersurface of
hemidiaphragm
2) Greater, lesser omentum
-lymphatics draw fluid, attracting tumor
cells to their surface omental caking
Sugarbaker, PA. Histopathology 2001; 39, 525-528
19. PMP : Clinical picture
• Symptoms
* Abdominal or pelvic pain , bloating , distension
* Digestive disorders
* Weight changes
* Infertility
• Presentation
* Suspected appendicitis (27%)
* Increasing abdominal distension (23%)
* A new onset hernia (14%)
• Diagnosed in women while evaluated for ovarian mass
20. Clinical picture
Circumstances of discovery:
• Alteration of the general state
• Abdominal distension
• Abdominal pains
• Constipation and vomiting: 6 cases.
• Eventration
Clinical exam:
• Perception of one or several abdominal masses
• Abdominal dullness
• Bulging of the Douglas' pouch
43. Workup
• CT-guided aspiration of pelvic fluid
• Analysis: mucinous adenocarcinoma
• Taken to OR for exploratory laparoscopy
44. Treatment
• Traditional Surgical Treatment
– Consists of
• Cytoreductive surgery
• Removal of all mucinous ascites
• ± Additional modalities
– Long-term survival could not be achieved
by surgery alone
45. Surgery
– Aggressive cytoreductive surgery
• Parietal peritonectomy
– Greater omentectomy
– Splenectomy
– Stripping of the left diaphragm and the
right diaphragm
47. Surgery
– Concentration of disease in ileo-cecal region
• Ileo-cecum resection or a right hemicolectomy
• Ileum might be anastomosed or brought out as a
ileostomy
– Greater omentectomy
• Ligation of the gastric branches in the (right) gastric
arcade
• Contribute blood supply to stomach and left gastric
artery not be able to sustain adequate gastric blood flow.
• Results in gastric paresis and postoperative ileus
Therefore, gastrostomy and a high jejunostomy for
gastric emptying and nutrition.
48. Chemotherapy
• Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
(HIPEC)
– Direct delivery into the peritoneal cavity
– Permits high concentrations of drugs directly
toward the tumor deposits
– Without important systemic side effects
– Hyperthermia enhance the penetration of
cytostatic drugs and synergism with various
cytostatic drugs
– Effective only in minimal residual macroscopic
disease because of the limited penetration depth
50. – Carriers of chemotherapeutic agents
• Isotonic salt solutions and dextrose solutions
– Rapid absorption
– Inability to maintain a prolonged high
intraperitoneal fluid volume
–Most commonly used
• Hypotonic solutions
– Cisplatin accumulates in tumor cells &
enhances its cytotoxicity
– High incidence of unexplained postoperative
peritoneal bleeding with oxaloplatin
51. – Duration for perfusion
• 410C x 90 min
• 430C x 30–40 min
• 420C x 60 min
– Complications
• 30-45%
• Chemotherapy toxicity to kidneys, bone
marrow, liver,
lungs- 2-5%
• Organ damage secondary to hyperthermia
• Surgical complications – 25-30%
– Small bowel fistula
• Moratlity - 0-5%
52.
53. Other treatment modality
– Laparoscopic approach
• • allows thorough exploration of the
abdomen
• • irrigation and aspiration of the thick
mucinous material, and the instillation of
mucolytic agents, 5% dextrose solution.
54. – Should be performed intra-operatively before
anastomoses,
to maximize uniform drug distribution and tumor exposure
Los G et al. Cancer Res 1992;52:1252-8
– In h/o prior surgery, adhesiolysis should be performed to
prevent nonuniform drug distribution
• All microscopic tumor residue is not eliminated
• Lead to recurrent disease
– Mitomycin as an intraperitoneal drug, either as single drug
or in combination
van Ruth S et al. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2003;12:771-80.
55. HIPC
– Two techniques
• Open
– Small bowel floats in drug solution
• Closed
– No loss of heat or drug
– Entire peritoneum is exposed
– Allow administration of drug under
pressure
56. Sugarbaker Protocol
• Radical debulking of tumor load:
– appendix, peritoneum, omentum;
– additional viscera as indicated
– Curative therapy = all nodules > 2.5 mm
• Intraoperative heated mitomycin (44c)
• Post-operative 5-FU
• Reports of 80% 10 yr survival
60. – Mucinous tumor on parietal peritoneum
• Resection by high-power electrocautery with a
balltipped handpiece on high voltage pure cut
61. PMP : Treatment – Perioperative loco
regional chemotherapy (PLC)
HIPEC --- Hyper
thermic intra-operative
chemo therapy
EPIC --- Early post-
operative intra peritoneal
chemotherapy
Commonly used
agents
* Mitomycin
* Cisplatin, 5-FU
62. Further
• Other reports have 5-year survival of 50-
75%
• CEA, CA 19-9 of some use in surveillance
• Laparoscopic treatment reported by select
institutions (Cleveland Clinic)
63. Summary
• The Pseudomyxoma Peritonei is a dangerous
complication of the mucinous tumors dominated by the
appendiceal origin.
• the medical imaging is fundamental in the diagnosis and
the surveillance of this rare pathology. US permits a
better characterization of the ascites whereas the CT
visualizes the calcifications and the scalloping effect.
• A good knowledge of its particularities
physiopathological and radiological by the physician
radiologist is important to put in guard the surgeon.
64. Summary
• incidence is 2 per million per year with an unexplained
female dominance
• Redistribution phenomenon predicts location It is thought
to be peritoneal disseminated disease from a primary
appendiceal mucinous epithelial neoplasm unless (very
rarely) proven otherwise with a normal appendix and a
primary tumor elsewhere
• It is suspected in case of intraperitoneal mucus with
cellular content, found during laparotomy or at physical
examination (abdominal girth)
• combination of (aggressive) surgical debulking with
peritonectomy and hyperthermic intraperitoneal
chemotherapy seems to improve the outcome.
65. Summary
• • Patients with high-grade disease (peritoneal
mucinous carcinomatosis), disease extent with
more than 5 involved abdominal regions, and/or
small bowel involvement should receive
palliative treatment because they do not benefit
from aggressive treatment approaches
66. PMP : Summary
• Cytoreductive surgery with/without intra-
peritoneal chemotherapy may be the best
treatment strategy for PMP
• Surgery should be done to remain no or
minimal residual tumour