Fundametals of literture

Jamaal Qabdulqhaadir Reedo
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Feerayso-wág Rakiiboba
Moojuúl Culmeena
Feerayso-wag rakiibooba (Fundamentals of literature) ELAmzzi moojuul , bacrá mafdagak
xissiimak xayyooweh yan.kulli mafdagah addat gunxa amô-tabitte gacteh tan.
Naharsi mafdagá, feerayso-wag kinnaaneey, abtootaa kee aba num tascasse.
Nammeyhaytô mafdagá, aliilissô feerayso-wagih kinnaaneey, caalootaa kee abtoota tascasse.
Sidochaytô mafdagá qadáar-wag kinnaaneey, caalootaay, cogdaadii kee, ken qaynoota tascasse.
Fereeyhaytô mafdaagá, celsiisenta-wag kinnaanee kee, qunsurittê cogdaadi makeelissa.
Konooyhaytô mafdagá, uxxi celsiisentitteh kinnaanee kee, ken caaloota tascasse.
Lecceyhaytô mafdagá, ransâ kinnaaneey, giffo-le caalootaa kee, qunsurittê qaynoota addâ-
fakootissa.
Malciinahaytô mafdagá, feerayso-wag cogdoodih kinnaanee kee, usun elle abnisiman gurraari
addâ-fakootissa.
Ellecabô mafdagay, bacarhaytô kinnih iyya, feereyso-wagak assokki kinnaaneey, faxxiimiyyaa
kee, abtootih assakka tascasse.
Samara Ximoli/2006
Barissô madmoomi
A moojuulul xayyowte barissok gaba kalan waqdi,barteenit:-
 Feerayso-wag kinnaaneey,caddok/cagguduuy,mablak/abtoota baxxaqisele
 Orbiseenaa kee, usuk aalleh meqe duddo aaxigele
 Aliilissô kinnaanee kee, teetik giffo-le caaloota makeelisele
 Qadár wag kinnaanee kee, tet caaloota warissu aaxigele
 Cogdaadi kinnaenee kee, usun qadár addat lon walfik/weelo warissu aaxigele.

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 Qadarat bicu duuda qangor doorittu aaxigele
 Celsiisentittê kinnaaneey, ugut kee dadal makeelissu aaxigele.
 Celsiisentitteh qunsuritte roorisak, kinnaane keenik baxxaqisele.
 Ux celsiisentittê caaloota makeelisele.
 Ransâ kinnaanee kee caaloota baxxaqisele.
 Ransah qunsuritte addâ-fakootisele.
 Ransâ qaynoota addâ-fakootisak, ken kinnaane baxxaqisele.
 Feerayso-wag cogdaadih kinnaane warissu aaxigele.
 Cogdah abnisimiyya baxxqisele.
 Feerayso-wag assokkih kinnaane baxxaqisele.
 Feerayso-wag assokkih faxxiimiyyaa kee assokka aba marih kinnaane, warissu aaxigele.
 Feerayso-wag assokih qaynoota addâ-fakootisak,kulli tiih adda keenik baxxaqisele.

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Addatino Cuttuks Gali
Moojuúl culmeena
Addatinoh awqeena
1 haytô
Mafdaga :- feerayso-wag kinnaaneey,abtootaa kee orbiseena
1.1. Feerayso-wag kinnaane
1.2. Feerayso-wagak mabla cadoo
kee mano sababa
1.3. Feerayso-wag abtoota
1.4. orbiseenaa kee kaak faxximta
duddo
2 haytô
mafdaga:- Aliilissô feerayso-waga
2.1. Aliilissô kinnaane
2.2. Aliilissô giffo-le caaloota
2.3. Aliilissô giffo-le abtoota
2.4. Aliilissô qaynoota
3 haytô
mafdaga:- Qadár-waga
3.1. Qadar-wag kinnaanee
3.2. Qadar-wag caaloota
3.3. Atkakgid-takko
3.4. Qangór dooro (meexo)
3.5. Cogda kee tet qaynoota
4 haytô
Mafdaga:- Celsiisenta
4.1. Celsiisentî kinnaane
4.2. Celsiisenti aydaaduu kee dadala
4.3. Celsiisentitteh funsuritte
4.4. Celsiisentitteh Cogdaadi
5 haytô
Mafdaga:- Ux celsiisenta

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5.1. Ux celsiisentih kinnaane
5.2. Ux celsiisentih caaloota
6 haytô
Mafdaga:- Ransá
6.1. Ransâ kinnaane
6.2. Ransâ caaloota
6.3. Ransâ funsuritte
6.4. Ransâ Qaynoota
6.5. Ransâ rekisso
7 haytô
Mafdagá :- Feerayso-wág cogda
7.1. Feerayso-wag cogdah kinnaane
7.2. Cogdah abnisimenta
8 haytô
Mafdaga:- Feerayso-wag assokka
8.1. Feerayso-wag kinnaaneh assokka
8.2. Feerayso-wag assokkih faxximiyya
8.3. Feerayso-wag assokkih abtootaa kee,
assokka abé

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1. Feerayso-wag kinnaaneey,abtootaa kee orbiseyna
Culmeena
Barteenit ta mafdagal fiiruk barittu waytam feerayso-wag ,kinnaanee kee tet cawô –tuksa,
ciggiilak kaadu tet mablaa kee is akah faxximta sababa. Kalah kaadu orbiseenaa kee,kaak
faxximta duddo barite lon.
Barissô Madmoomi
Barteenit ta barittok gaba kalta waqdi:-
 Feerayso-wag kinnaane kinnim aaxigele,
baxaabaxsa kak lem cedele
 Feerayso-wagak caddok/caddi aaxigle
 Feerayso-wag ayyuntah xiqam aaxigele
 Orbiseenaa kee,kaak faxximta duddo aaxigele
1.1. Feerayso-wag kinnaanet yabnaamak duma,kaa wagsiisak uguttu dudda esserittê gacsa
gorrisnay ixxicay!
 Takkayik feerayso-wag koh maca yakke?
 Feerayso-wag kulli mari inkim kak iyyam kinnii?
 Feerayso-wag akah faxxiimam maca kot celta?
 Feerayso-wag baritto ayyuntah maca xiqtaah?
 Orbiseena kak yaanam mannaah yan numuuy?Mannah tan duddo kaak faxximtaah?
Tahak dagal xayyowte esserittel gacisseenih teneenik nabam meqe axce, gabbate wayteenih
teneenik gabbata!

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 Feerayso-wag kak yaanam macaay?
o Feerayso-wag kak yaanam,rakiibô maqnak kak gexeenik,kutbeh ennittam inkih
wagittaama.
Data kalam qado warkatih bagul cabba haa raatay,maqná elli haa inkih feerayso-waga.
o Qax meqeemiy dudda kak lee kee,qax umaamay boola kak le,sittak baxsoonuh,feerayso-
wag unkuttubbutem inkih hinnay,mexxat kak leemit yeyseedeen.
o Feerayso-wag nummalii kee, celsissolik inkih xissiima. Tekkem kee, akke-wayta way,
takku xiqak teneemik inkih xissiima. Afaay, feerayso-wag edde feeraysan sillaaca.
o Feeraysoo kee missok af baxsale.Feeraysoh af haxxa le. Missoh af haxxoysiyya mali.
o Feerayso-wag kutbeh tanim kee, anee-waytaamah yan.Kutbeh anee-waytam, aliilisso
feerayso-wag deqsitta.
o Feerayso-wag yimixxige waktii kee, arac wagsiisak yaniih, kulli waktii kee faxe arac
wagitak kaadu yanih.
1. Unkuttubutem inkih feerayso-waga iyyaanamak ugteeni,sidiica qaynatih kutbe tan :-
a. Qaadiik yan yaaba
b. Kutbeh daffee yaaba
c. Missô kutbeeba (addal baxam-baxsa le way) wagah orobta.
2. Wonna hinnay, feerayso-wag akak iyyaanam faxximtam qax meqeemiy mexxat leh iyyâ
kal, kalam warkatal fiirissi heem inkih hinna.
Feerayso-wag, sahdayti, elle yan ardih qax-maqaane wagsiisak, hinnay, saqaay, dubaalaay, sittâ
fan gacissi haan waqdi inkih tan ginó wagsiisak yaktubeh yaniimi.
oysá,feerayso-wag kak yaanam mexxat le kutbe .Mexxat le kutbe takke way,kulli mari cedu
duude weeks, feerayso-wag deqsittu ma dudda.
Cl. Charlis darwiin kee Albert Aayinshtaayín kitooba, dagoo mari yafhamuduuda.
Sittá fan gacissi haan waqdi, feerayso-wag kak yaanam qax-meqe qangor kee maxcoocat
sahdayti, sinam ruffu edde intaah, hinnay kaadu edde rookitta abtootay, kutbeh gacteh iyya.
Kutbeh dibuk hinnay, aliilissoh kaadu tanu xiqtah.

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Toh kutbeh anek, aliilissoh anek take may,elle mangom qadaaraay,ranseesaa kee
celsiisentitte(axxeerek/uxxoote takke may)
Wohuk kalah, wohul xayi kutbeeba takku xiqtah immay,wonni mango waqdi bici dagná le. Akah
lem, woo xaynaá tamcassalu xiqtak/waytam ma tamixxiga. Edde faxeenim hununuh amixxige –
wayta waqdi le.Tohih sabbatah, wohul xayi kutbeeba axcuk feerayso- wagat loowaanam bica
mali.
Feerayso-wagak naharsi caalat qax-maqaaney, sinam isil giittah iyya leemi. Qimbiseenik wadiril,
gaba akak kale kalah, soolisoonu xiqe waan kutbeeba, kaxxa feerayso-wag deqsittam
Feerayso-wag xefelih sahdá isaamok tayyaaqeeh, hadalta yaaba (imaginative and creative works)
Ta moojuulih addal, feerayso-wagak lafa leemi axcuk daffesnam.Ranseey, qadar kee aliilisso.
A sidocuk kull itiya le mafdagal able lino.
1.2. Feerayso-wag caddok/caddii kee akah faxxiimama
Feerayso-wag hununuh taha axcuk,sahalil akah yashricoonu duude waanamak tiyak
teyná, sahdaytuu kee, inkih tan gino tasgalle taama tekkek sarra. Tohih sabbatah,usuk
caddoy edde yaadeeni mali. Tohuu,sahdayti yableh yanim kee,yasseeleqeh yanim
takku,hinnay kaadu takku xiqak teneemiy, akke wayteh iyyat yaabam kee,
yaktubem,edde yaadeen xikka mali.
Too xikka kah aalle waytamak sabab macaa? Inne nee tekkek, sahdayti,kaat garayteeh
yubleemit yaabbem fayxi le. Able waa way,yoobbem sinaamat tabsaamih fayxi le. Toh
ginok leh yan fayxiy, edde yan ayyuntak xagarak teena kaa abtah iyya (Man is a social
animal ) kullumti edde yan badak iroh,akah yanu duude waannah,sahdayti,edde yan
ayyuntak iroh gacam ma bicta.
Gace kaa tekkek, toh cabboote numuy is cede waah iyyak tan teeti.
Sahdayti yableeh, yabbem ixxu lem hinnaay, ginoy edde yaaba kaadu ixxu lem hinna.
Tohih sabbatah feerayso-wag (aliilissoh yanu, kutbe yanu caddok/caydu lem hinna.

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Feerayso-wag akah faxxiimaamah tu gactekiiy,a ciggila xoqoysi kaak yaaxigeenim le
o Feerayso-wag sidiicaamih taagah baritan.
Wohim:-
- Misinkicâ ruftoh taagah kaa baritan
- Qusba xaagu geyoonuh kaa baritan
- Aaxaguk suge weenimih ixxiga, edde geyoonuh kaa baritan.
o Feerayso-wag kiriyaati, yan mara dibuk hinnay, rabe marâ luk edde, sinam walalisa.
o Feerayso-wagak xoqoysi, elle yanin rasul takkeh tan madduruuy,ayyuntiinoo kee siyaasâ
gicloolat,anbad-le gabah-assagolla yoolloonu duudaanama.
Feerayso-wag abtoota, kaak mariiy tu kah iyyê nah, marii tu kak iyyaama. Awwál daboona,
tunkuttubem Yallih duddo ascasse wayteeh, gino hadle Rabbi faylise waytek, feerayso-wag
loowot gacak ma suginna. Qusba daboonal tunkuttubem kaadu, ayyuntak siyaasaay, maddur kee
ayyuntiinok tu axce waytek, feerayso-wag loowo mali
Feerayso-wag edde yaabe wayya ham malî may, abtoota kaak sidiica migdal mango. wohim:-
1. Sahda ruffa haanama
2. Sahda barisaanaah,aydakaakanisaanama
3. Aydaaduk/qaada sanadah haanama.
Naharsittoh daffeyte ximmol feerayso wagak maqaaney yassokooteeni, sinam ruffa haak,
aysassaaluk walalisaah, yayfiriceemi. kay fayyak/ramma elle tamcussulem too abtok allinnaanih
gide.
Namm haytoh daffeyte ximmol feerayso-wagak maqaaney yassokooteeni, sinam kak baritto
duddaah, elle aydakaakaniman dudda addatino (content) leemi. Toh umaanek/maqaanel,
kacanuk/naqabul, qakuu kee kulsal, makok/bag-qidil, wallek/rookal, maysok/gactil, ww… kay
fayyak/ramma elle tamcussulem tamahak allinnaan maqar kee, boolah gide.
Sidoc haytoh daffeyte ximmoh tu gactek, hora, horak baritak gexxaamih sabbatah, naharsi horah
aydaaduu kee, qaada ciggilta hora, aliilih geek, kutbeh gee, takkem faxximta .

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 Aliilissohim habbalsimak gexxaamih sabbatah, naharsi mari abba heem,keenit
garayyâ tem,woo gibdaabinitte elle ifdiggi heen migditte, kutbeh sugtam tayse.
Qusbá hora, dibuk isik naharat ten horahim hinnay, abuuy, akaakayyu yen abak –raag kutbeh
geytaamak taysem matana. Tohim horak horal tabisak gexaanam feerayso-wagak 3 haytô
abtoy
giffitah iyya.
1.4. Orbisê kinnaanee kee, kaak faxximta duddo
Orbisé kak yaanam ma numuuy?
Orbisé kak yaanam faxeemiliiy yaktabay,uktubbu heem qaxa eymeqqiheeh, ayyuntah xayyoysa
numu. Toh:isih edde gareeh,yublem takku, geeri marak yoobbem takku,sinam kak barittu dudda
xoqoysi lem,hinnay kaadu seehada ayfiricek/rookise takkem, elle faxximtâ nal massossu heeh,
ayyuntah xayyoysa numu.
Orbisiino, mango mari tu edde akkale waamat,tu yakkale num faxxa. Is,mango addah
cubbusiyyaa kee kusaaqisiyya faxxa taama.
Orbisé tonnah yan num yakkuh kaak faxximta duddo macak tanih taniih?
Num orbisé deqsituh, anu Jeemis Holmanak liyo axcuk Zeryihun Asfaw, elle warsê nal a ciggilta
tabnam lem meqe
1. Ankacsu lem meqe
2. Edde aktubinnaan afih duddo lem meqe.
3. Taqbeh axce-waam meqe
4. Yaaxigeemih fayxi lem meqe
5. Gexsit lem meqe
6. Kassit lem meqe
7. Kiryaati fayxi lem meqe
8. Mango kataysoosuy qakkaloysa lem meqe
9. Xagar kee misinkicâ maqar lem meqe
10. Waktii kee aracak, meqe cediyya, lem meqe.
Sittâ fan gacissi haan waqdi, nummah obise kak yaanam:-
 Giffo-le kassitik/habbale-wayti le numu

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 Le misinkicat mirracsima, meysite-waa numu
 Kaxxa akkacsu leeh,kaxxam yakriye numu

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Elle-barittoh esseritte
1 haytô
Mafdagal tescessime addatinoona nagay ceddeenik/waytam elle nasmitem a ciggilta
esserittel gacissan gacsa.
1. Feerayso-wag maca kinnim nagay iffos.
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2. Awayi wakti oggolimteh tan feerayso-wag kinnaane daffes.
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3. Feerayso-wag caddik/caddo anke guftaamaay?
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4. Feerayso-wag abtootak giffitaamat yab!
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5. Orbisé kak yaanam mannah yan numuuy? Gersi marak elle baxsimam macaay?
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6. Orbisek faxximta duddo, addâ-fakoot luk waris!
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2 haytô
Mafdagá
2. Aliilissô feerayso-waga
1 haytô
maqdagal, feerayso-wag kinnaaneey, kay caddik/caddooy, usuk ayyuntah xiqam kee,
kaa orbisé kinni num kee, kaak faxximta duddot yabneh nen. Kalah kaadu feerayso-waga
raddittey, aliilissooy, qadaaraay, celsiisentittee kee ranseesal, tamixxiget yabneh nen.
Ta maqdagal kaadu feerayso-wag raddittek tiyak teynah tan aliilissot yaabenno.
Aliilisso Qafarafat kak innam ingliiz afat Oral literature kak iyyaanaah, Amcraafat seneqhaal
(MŒ-c@) kak iyyaanama.
A barissoh madmoomi
Barteenit, ta barittok elle tamurruqê kel:-
 Aliilissô feerayso-wag kinnim aaxigele
 Aliilissok giffo-le caloota aaxigele
 Aliilissok giffo–le abtoota addâ-fakootisele
 Aliilissô feerayso-wagih qaynoota siitak baxisak baxxaqisele.

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Aliilissô kinnaaneey,tet caalootaa kee,teeik giffo-le abtoota addâ-
fakootisnak naharal,xagar laqsiyyah,a ciggilta esseritte gacissam gabbat!
 Aliilisso kak yaanam macaay?
 Aliilissok giffo-le caalootak maca taaxigeeh?
 Aliilisso ayyuntah xiqtaamat yabtu duddaa?
 Aliilissô qaynoota tascassu maay dudda?
2.1. Aliilissô kinnaane
Qafarafat kutbeh gace-wayteeh, daffee wayteemiy, sahda aliilih taaxigeeh, abtak, aliilisso iyyan.
Feerayso-wag wagsiisak, aliilisso kak innam, Ingliizafat oral literature kak iyyaanama.
Amcaraafat seneqhaal (MŒ-c@) kak iyyan senetsuhufu (MŒ-éBúð)
Aliilissô feerayso-wag faxe afat takkay, kutbeh ane wayta yaabissooy, hayyoonissoo kee
afeytissoy, tekkok teena wagsiisak takkeh iyya. Is, arraba dibuk hinnay, gabaay, ibaay hinnay
kaadu karambooy, geeri kanniyittek faxan tiya edde asgalluk takkeemi.
Ta dagal nescessem aliilissô feerayso-wagak kinnaane kinni waqdi, tet elle yaaxigen caaloota
konoy takke. wohim:-
2.1.1. Aliilih tafrussoy,sinaamat kutbe maleh tabsaanah iyya
2.1.2. Uxxoysiyyay le wakti baxaa kee,aracal ayxeere kal yaysabbeenih iyya.
2.1.3. Inkinnal raage waytiy,wakaak wak.afataay innal sugtah iyya.
2.1.4. Rigdek/gabah atkay,angagoyyat axaweh tanih iyya
2.1.5. Munaasabatay edde takke leemî kal,annaak faxinnaan waqdi takkeh, abaanam hinna.

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Aliilissô feerayso-wág, caalootay tet elle yaaxigeeni kalah, abtootay tet yaaxigeeni le. wohim:-
Ayfutuciyyaay, arqo bahsiisiyyaay, barisiyya, lowsiisiyyaa kee soolisiyya
2.3. Aliilissô feerayso-wagih qaynoota
Aliilissô feeraysso-wagih qaynoota rikeliiy inna le. Qaadalaay inna le. Tohih sabbatah elle
mango ke leeh, elle dagô ke le.
Usun sahdayti yanim taniimi axcuk nascossu dudnah.
2.3.1. Legend Ingliiz afat kak yaanam afak warsan agiirah aydaaduy, tu
takkeh gidek giffi haak yascasseeni.
2.3.2. Myth Ingliiz afat kak yaanam insii kee jinnik warsan hayyayoonay, diinii kee ginot
axaw haak, warsaanah iyya.
2.3.3. Tale Ingliiz afat kak yaanam mangih sinam isaamok hadlek, hinnay kaadu tekkem baxat
osisak warsan hayyayyoona.
2.3.4. Aliilisso qadaara (Oral poetry) Qadar kak yaanam, gaaximeeh,ginniime
yaabay,afeytak teynal xongolsimah iyya.
2.3.5. Misilitte Misilitte yaabaak dagoo qangooruy xuucuh yanih iyya Missili yaabak dooren
qangooruy,mango yab sitta fan gacissi heenih edde yascasseenih iyya.
Qafaraf kaxxam elle yassokooteenimik naharsitto misilittê manga.
Ceelallo
 Kinol weenim, kirkiirol ma geyan
 Sakayii kee dirab elle udurrutaamal gacta
 Le num ramma haysitem, gersi mari fayya kaah mahaa,ww…
A qasirik gaba kale kalah a ciggilta esserittek gacsa siinik faxa.
 Saymara bursutek/faylise elle yakken misilittek 10 daffes!

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 Urru wagsiisak tan misilitte 10 daffes! Kulli missilak rakiibô maqna baxxaqis!
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2 haytô
Mafdagal baritten baritto wagsiisak, a ciggilta esserittel gacisa!
1. Aliilissok kinnaane kak yaanam kinnim waris!
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2. Aliilisô caaloota addâ-fakootisaay, baxxaqis!
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3. Aliilissok giffita abtoota baxxaqis!
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4. Aliilissô gaynoota ma gide takkeeh? Baxxaqis!
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5. Hayyayyoonaani makina qaynatah tan.Addâ-fakootis!
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3haytô
Mafdaga
3. Qadar-Waga
Culmeena
2haytô
mafdagal aliilissô feerayso-wag kinnim nagay ceddeenim akkale. A mafdagal kaadu qadar
kinnaaneey, kay caalootaay,kay atkak gid-takkoo kee afeyta, kay addat leh tan doori, sittâ luk
ablenno.
Barissô madmoomi
A mafdagak elle tamurruqê kel, bariteenit:-
 Qadár-wag caaloota kinnim baxxaqisele
 Qadar addat atkâ-gid-takko kinnim qaddossu aaxigele.
 Qadaarah faxxiima qangoorih meexo elle takkê na tascassu aaxigele.
 Yabti cogdah kinnaane kinnim ascassele.
 Qadar addat mangih edde xoqoysiman, cogdak/gurri qaynoota, tascassu aaxigele.
 Qadár-wag kinnaaneey, caalootaay, mangih tadudduure cogdak/gurrat yabnaamak
naharal , a ciggilta esseritte gacissan gacsa siinik waginnu wayna
 Qadar-wag kak yaanam macaay?
 Kulliimih takke qadar-wag baxxaqso tanim kot maay celta?
 Qadar-wag caaloota kak yaanam macaa kee macaay?
 Atká (agra) kak yaanam macaay? Gid-takkoo kaadu macaay?
 Yabti-cogdá, hinnay kaadu yabti gurra, kak yaanam macaay?
 Qadár addat cogdaa kee gurra, ma fayda leeh?

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3.1. Qadár –wag kinnaane
Qadar-wag yaanam Ingliiz afat poetry, fransaawih afat poesie, Qarabafat shiqri,
Amcaraafat sene gitim (MŒ ÐÕH) deqsita.
Qadar yaanam Qafarafat maqnisenek:-
Qadar kak yaanam xiso leeh, keefaf leeh, ginniimeeh, gaaxime yaaba.
Qadar, yab elle kurruuma namma aracak, Qad-rortâ kalih exxa.
Qadar, Qafar abba hayta digirway, afeytaay, gabat-ilooy, rigdee kee karambo
inkih aallek, tu kak aalle takkeh iyyah addat inkih yan.
Qafar doklak-digirway addal mango lanitteh tani, irok affara koorah addal
daffeyta. Wohim:-
1. Gada
1.1. Kassoowu
1.2. Saxxaqa
1.3. Saxxaca
1.4. Kaxxa gada
1.5. Koorâ gada
1.6. Xaa qidoyta
1.7. Abiinoyta
1.8. Dicilta
1.9. Askara
1.10. Ee Habullo
2. Saaré
2.1. Mareytâ saare
2.2. Alaaqâ “
2.3. Gaali “
2.4. Fooximâ “
2.5. Laahi “

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2.6. Koxxâ “
2.7. Qeeli qulô “
2.8. Haykani “ (nabi saaré)
2.9. Wadár “
2.10. Hebeeka “
3. Hoorlé
3.1. Horra (goda)
3.2. Teebaru
3.3. Laalé
3.4. Keekeé
3.5. Walaabo
3.6. Faloyta
3.7. Agbi horra
4. Waané
4.1. Kalluwanlê sabo
4.2. Ginnili adala
4.3. Orowwaca
4.4. Ransé
4.5. Urri waane
4.6. Hayyayyoona
4.7. Ixigaaxiga
Qadar,ahak naharal kah innê nah, xiso leeh, keefaf leeh, ginniimeeh, gaaxime yaabâ kal,
qad-rortah yan yaabay faxinnaan innal, edde yaabaana hinna.
Ta dagal affara koorah (afeenah) addal daffeyteh tan soddom kee affaraamak,sidoc fereey
akke waytek, raqqatam inkih qadár rakiibol (shiqril) xissimta.
* Dúma qadar mango mari elle yaaxigê nal, Qafar sidiicaamolek, kilbatti mayyal aban
gaday, ellecabô wara inkitto akak kinnih iyyak sugte.
Woo qadaarak affara ceelallo ahim teeti:-

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1. Yi nangaluk salaamâ xica
Yi caacay ku ämo korê xica
Raasa ku ärac mali iyyê xica
2. Nel boola mango qaxak radde
Xefelih ku bis le marak radde
Can kee saqow ya marak radde
Xiineey, acme yakke marak radde
3. Yaqam Reedô baxi faylá le
Yallak kah obte walaaya le
Bariteh qilmi ziyaada le
Elle kaa yakcinen xinto le
4. Yoo xagurah guqul maacinna
5. Maktáb afat sulum maxcinna
6. Gumced baxih reeda maarrinna
Too qadar Qafar baaxok kilbatal mangom faxeemi kal , gersi exxaaxik kaadu elle aban daqor
yanih.
Ceelalloh
Tagorril Candayti kaamilik gabbaaqan qadar ahim kaana.
An Tagorri sidiicaamak cabe
Nasro rukta lee le canak cabe
Luuba saaku rubta ximok cabe
Casooba wayte datek cabe
Gersi doklak/digirway qadár rakiibol xissimta, a qadaarih innah inki, inki
qangarak/warat ma cabtay, kak uguttute qangarak/qaraamok tamukkuqeeh, maroh
tanim celta.

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Ceelalloola
1. Saxxaqa
Aminay gexo elle kassoysan alsá tan
Aminay caneh dareeman kedoyti yan
Aminay gile elle qambaalan agbi yan.
2. Saxxaca
Cabte barrat maraaba xalaaya
Baacatal bayte kaatumih inti
Toogoqeh cabte ransi jinaaza
3. Kassoowu
Yabsumaw gexo sinni, maagideh gexso
Ni maagidih gexso, yabsumaw gexo sin/
Yabsumaw kedo sinni, lab baxih fiiqi
Ni lab baxih fiiqi,yabsumaw kedo sin/
Yabsumaw xale sinni, barrah andooda
Ni barrah andaada, yabsumaw xale sin/
Wonni qadnih irawo kol maay yakkeeh
Wo kol maay yakkeeh, wonni qadnih iraa
4. Agbi gada
Caggô baqla axaxxa boolo kol radday
Boolo hinna sidiica boolo kol radday
Caggo lik bagi dubya, deegá hanniyta
Yabba caggo leh immay edde waam mayyu.
5. Laalé

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Yaqanak Qali Qaraba
Kay laa Samooti garaba
Ceyaw qidaamah ma raba
Yaabiino Cammadi gaysa
Yot makeenim biqdi gaysa
Yoo äbeenim inti le raysa
6. Walaabo
Misil baxaw, Daradar idrisih Camadow
Cakki linoh, Camad yamaatâ yaana
Gumgum afak, yab waqat ma ruubaana.
7. Keekeé
Lulay hoyye nan naarreh naloole
Faatua may Cusen maqanaxay
Kaqitey salaf waginnuh
Usuuley dataf waginnuh
8. Kalluwan lê sabo
Yaabow garani inkih ma ceerisaana
Garanik teena ceerisaana yaabow
Garanik teena reebisaana yaabow
Ahulul tabtam ayse raaete yaabow
9. Ginnili adala
Meqê liitaw alak wadir ixxicey!
Wadiri isiyak yab oysemmeh cabe
Baxa fugteh, barra farriime cabe
Laa kee kalok salaam exceh cabe
Anu yabne yab kalot meekoh yaniih

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Gexe yab yoh ma gaca boolaata way
10. Horra
Nanu abuk absuma
Urrufee kee cana
Xagar kee sartana
Abuu kee absuma
ww…
Ahak naharal akah innê nah, Qafarafih qadár-wagak tiiy isaafeytal yakkeeh, tiiy qangooruk isih
kak xissiimah gide le. Inkih Qangooruk inkigid ma yakkan.
Kaadu ahak naharal kah tescessimê nah, Qafarak qad-rortah anee-waah, qadaarah yan yab,
xefelih doklak-digirway, gabat-ilo aallek; ibi rigdé aallek, hinnay kaadu kanniyah silac aalle
takket axawah yan.
Yabti cogdaadi (figurative speech)
Yab namma cogdak tiya teynal yakke.
Toh:-
1) Qad-rorti cogola
2) Qadár-wag cogda.
A namma cogdak faxe tiyalaay yakke,hununuh bagul hayya haak aban yab kee, addah af le
yaabay, tattabah gidak abaanah iyyah yan. Too addâ farmo le yaabay, hununuh bagul hee waana,
Qafarafat seeka-beynaan deqsita. Toh Ingliiz afat
(simile,metaphor,irony,paradox,hyperbole,personification and cliché) deqsitta qurrak /cogdaadiy,
yab qad-rortak yanu, hinnay kaadu qadaarah yanu, elle yakkeh iyya. Ta dagal tescessimeh tan
laca gurrak/cogday, yab elle yakkek, kulli tiyah ceelallo xayyoysenno.
1. Tu tul ascassuk yaaban wak:
Cl. Tet baxi lubak innal xongola (Simile)

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Tet baxi lubaakâ kal elle xayyoowaanam hinna(metaphor) metafoor.
2. Tu teetik saduh taniimil ascassuk yaaban waqdi (irony)
Cl. Udurruteh yemeete awkak,kaxxam tisissikeh yeenik.
- Yoysomme numuk, kok tiysiisem ma tana yeenik.
3. Akkale-waynaana (paradox)
- Ma yakkalaanâ kal , mallaasay marrar yakkeh
- Ullâ raba qambaalaanâ kal,ullat-inâ raba ma qambaalan.
4. Hanná/giffoyso (Hyperbole)
Cl. - Reebuh Ayyali kot haam mali
- A carra koqso, nee kee qaalamah radda.
5. Sahdaytisso (personification)
Cl. - “ Yi makoyti kot anee wannay, yoo targaaqu duudak mananto,”
texcê yan caxá faasak.
- “ Mâ kalamâ may, Makkal yoo aguqa” yexcê yan wakri.
6. Itró (cliché)
Nabam gacangacsan qangarak/qangooru
- Baxam-baxsah naniih, egla fanna; wadir raqneh naniih, bisô-maxco fanna
yaanam, Gawwaani gaaboynak itrok ten.F.L.L.1977I ,.L.L.1969.
A dagal galab kak xagne yab, elle rada laca gurrak/cogda,dibuk qad-rorta hinnay, qadaarah edde
takkeh.

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Elle – barittoh Esseritte
1. Qadar inkih inki afeytal kah akke weeh, inki manga le qangooruk kah xissiime weem
macaay?
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2. Qadarak giffita caalootat yab!
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3. Qadar abá qangor akah meexxam macaay?
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4. Yabti cogdak/gurrak taaxigeemit yab! Kulli tiyak inkinkí ceelallo daffes!
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5. Qafarak qadár rakiiboobal xissimta doklak/digirwah 34 elle daffeya affara koorah
migaq daffes!
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6. Woo 34 doklak/digrawak meqe 10 muggaaqisak ceelalloola akak daffes!
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4haytô
Mafdaga
Celsiisenta (Novel/@r>Æ )
Culmeena
3haytô
mafdagal qadar-wag kinnaaneey, kaak giffita caalootaay, yabti cogdah kinnaanee kee, tet
qaynootat, yabneh nen.
A mafdagal kaadu celsiisenti kinniimit yaabenno.
A Barissô madmoomi
A barisso gaba elle kaltâ kel, bariteenit:-
Celsiisenta kak yaanam kinnim aaxigele
Celsiisenti taama elle uguttê naa kee, tet dadal elle yekkenna aaxigele.
Celsiisentitte akak xissimta qunsuritte tascassu aaxigele.
Celsiisentitte tiyak teyna warissu aaxigele.
Woo qunsuritte sittat elle boodanna kee, elle bictanna warissu aaxigele.
Celsiisenti addal yasgoorowen mari kinni mara cedele.
Boód kinnaanee kee caaloota, kinnim aaxigele, ww….
Celsiisenta kee, kaat axawah tan caagiidat yabnaamak naharat, namma essér baxa, elle gacissan
inna, siinik wagitnu wayna.
1. Celsiisenta kak yaanam macaay?
2. Kay ugut kee dadalak maca taaxigeeh?
Taway itteenim, inkih yan gacsa akke wayta way, tu tu kaak kinnih immay, celsiisenta kak
yaanam, addâ-fakoot luk warise lino. Káy dadal elle yekkê nat kaadu walalenno.

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Celsiisenta kak yaanam feerayso-wagak Ingliiz afat “ Novel” kak iyyan exxá. Amcaraafat Libbe
wallad (@r>Æ) kak iyyan. Faransaawit “ roman” deqsita.
Ingliiz afih ragid teetikk waginnek, duma suge wayteemiy qusba kak iyyaanama. Amcaraafih
ragid kak waginnek, kalbi kacana yaanama. Celsiisenti tanim hinna, sahda kalbi fayxih
hadaltaama yaanama.
Celsiisenta kak yaanam tuk tekkem baxat ossisak, yaktubeenim akkiiy, inkinnah akke wayta
way, takku xiqak tenem tekkem, celsissi heenih, yaktubeenim akki takke.Celsiisenti kutbek
fiiruk edde tekkem sahdaytuk gudeh aydaadih wakti (Middle age).
Toh:- F.L.L,.16haytô
boolih karmak xabba haanamaay, ilaa 17haytô
boolih karmat kaffa yaanam,
yan waktih adda. Wohuk wadiriliiy, ossimak yemeetê kal, salacak ma salcinna; eddeey, edde
18haytô
boolih karmak wadir kaxxam dadale.
Too dadal cato tekkemiiy, a ciggilta koonaama:-
1. Qaadiik yan shaqbih aydaaduh dahni yaceenimi.
2. Qusba mablah gexsititte. Wohim:-
a) Darwiin (evolutionary theory)
b) S.Forooyid (psychological theory)
3. Kitooba tayyaaqe matbaqatite,hadalsimteemi
4 . Feeerayse-wayti salac.Sinaamak mangomari yaktubeh yakrayu duudeemi
5. Numtin-amô maddurih dadala.
Celsiisenti,kak xissiima miilitte
Celsiisenta, celsiisenta haysissam usuk kak xissiima miilitte. Usuk miilittê-lanitte gubat
le way,irok sidiica miilak xissiima.
Wohim:-
A. Aydaadu
Cesiistentah aban kutbe, numma kutbeh, innah aydaadu lem faxximta.
Toh yaanam akak qimbissâ ke leeh, edde taadê ke lem faxximta yaanama

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B. Silsilata
Silsilat akak innam;celsiisentak qimbooy,ellecob yakke aydaadih, fantaaxawittey silsilat
innah, sittat axawah tani lem faxximta yaanama.
C. Abá (characters/)
Celsiisenti abtok/aydaadu lem,xeet kee coox hinnay,sinaama.
Too mari fanat numma waqdih innah,naqabuk kacani gacu duudah, wil kee qeebi gactu
duddah
Ken elle yaysexeexegen inni namma gital yakke. Woo maral on weelol aysexeexegih,
hinnay kaadu lon taamak/abtootal aysexeexegi yakken.
Num datah, qasah,hinnay, kaadu xeerih, uxxih yaanam, num weelol yascassen waqdi.
Wohuk kalah gaafo le, gonna le, golbá le iyyan waqdi ,weelol kaa yescesseenim deqsitta.
Toh hinnay, num le taama yascassen waqdi yan. Buqraabé,qari-xisé, najjaara, shufeeri,
barseena, barteena ww….
Kalah kaadu num le caalatal yascassen waqdi yan. Garqa, cabuli, duquru, maqddigi,
dirabli w.w….
Ransaabá, celsiisenti kutbeh addal, tonnal tascassimeeh, muggaqsimta.
Too caaloota keenik, celsiisentak qimbooy, ellecabô fan, ma korta.
Korta tet tekkek, akah korteh sabab,sinam edde cayyak raabitta sabab yakkem faxximta.
Ahak naharal akah necessê nah, celsiisenti, akke wayteemiy, takku xiqqiimak teneemik
aban kutbe. Celsiisentak elle yuktubeenim edde tekke waktii kee, elle tekkeh iyyen, araca
baxxaqsimaama.
Ransaaba, celsiisenti addat digirtu wayta dooritte massoysan waqdi, sidiicaamah cubbi
abaanam faxximta.

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1. Raaga
Ransak qambooy ellecabô fan, ransaabé, koram kore waak, inki inkinnal gexsitam
faxximtaamih tiya.
2. Raaqa
Ransa abét, raaqak tiyak teeniy kaat yambullee faxximtâ yan. Macah, Yallak sarra
kibuk taniih, rikek teenâ raq aalle waytam anee waytek sarra.
3. Curriyyata
Ransaabé, le doori kaah muggaqsimek wadiril, fanat raddoo kee, annal tu ä bak
curriyyat lem faxximta.
Aracal suge mari,annah tanim woo baaxol,woo uddur makkinna iyyeh giddiyek
faxeemi kal, nummah tekkem celsiisak xayyoysaanamih sabbatah, wokkel matre wee
mari, amah celsiisî kal, tekkem hinna iyyu ma xiqa.
1. Celsiisentitte kutbe kaxxam edde dadaltem F.L.L. 18haytô
boolih karmak wadiri iyyaanah,
woo dabaanat dadlissu tet xiqsisse caaloota maca kinnim escssey!
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2. Celsiisen tak meqe, celsiisenta axcuk, elle faylisoonu xiqaanam macaa ke macak tanih taniih?
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3. A celsiisenti, qimbooy,ellecabo meqe silsilatat axawah yanih yan iyyaanam,maca
yaanamaay?
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4. Celsiisenti addat doori digiru waa mara elle yascasseeniih,muggaaqisan sidiica gurrat yab!
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5. Ken qaynootat kaadu yab!
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5haytô
mafdaga
Uxxi (ux) celsiisenta
Culmeena
Fereeyhaytô mafdagal celsiisenti, kinnaaneey, ugut kee dadalat yabneh nen. A mafdagal
kaadu ux celsiisentih kinnaanek/rakiibô caaloota wagitenno.
Barissô Madma
A barisso gaba elle kaltâ kel,barteenit.
 Ux celsiisentih kinnaane warissu aaxigele.
 Ux yaaloo kee xer yaalo sitta elle celtá kee,kee baxsa elle lê ke tascassu aaxigele.
 Ux celsiisentih caaloota addâ-fakootissu aaxigele.
Ux celsiisentih kinnaane
Ux celsiisentih kinnaane nammâ nal warisan. Toh
Usuk qangor mangak/dagnal yamixxige iyya marah; maley, le caalaatal yamixxige iyya marah
yanin.
Ux celsiisenti qangooruk koona booluuy , ilaa tabnalfi fan yakku xiqah . Usuk yakku xiqam too
nammaamih fanih loowoh gide. Malcina bool yekkek macale.Sidiicalfi yekkek macale. Kaxxam
yemqggeek tabnalfih qangarak biso yakkem ma faxximta. Tohuk biso yekkek xer celsiisenta
deqsita.
Ux celsiisenta elle yaaxigeenim, usuk leh yan walfii kee weelô kal, qangor dagnak/magga hinna
iyya mari, sidiica weelo kaak warisan. Ux celsiisenti lem meqe kak iyyan sidiica weelo, a
ciggiltam teeti:-
a. Tiinô madmá
Ux celsiisenti, inki madmay garit tu sinni lem faxximta. Madmoomi kaak temeggeek,ux
celsiisenta deqsitu ma xiqa.Orbisé, kaa akak xisah yan ximmooma sittat axayuk inki
orbeenah orbisam faxximta. Tiinoh tan madma ux celsiisentak giffo-le inkihaytô weelo.

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b. Sissikaané
Ux celsiisenti, hirrig axcuk asam mali. Sissikuk gaba kalam faxximta. Kay kiriyaati hirrig
haytu dudda haxaxaa kee, keefaf kaat haanam mali.
Usuk edde yaabam ifu lem meqê may, kaxxa addâ-fakoot kay hadafak iro kaa abaah,
yayyaaqe. Toh kaak nammeyhaytô caalatay, kaa elle yaaxigeeni.
c. Qidaadisso
Qidaadisso ux celsiisentak sidoc/haytô caalata. Toh, kullim kaak qidaddoysak abaana
yaanama. Aba mara kaa daggoysoonah. Woo mari abam kaadu ma yaymaggan. Inki
madmaksah, nammah sidiica madma kaah ma haan.
1. Ux celsiisenta, tiinô madmaay,sissikaanee kee qidaadisso intit abaluk addâ-fakootis!
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2. Ux cesiisenta qangooruk leh gidel yaaxigeenim bictaa? Bictek ma gide yaallem
faxximta?
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3. Ux celsiisentak qidaddoyso bayissam kinnim esces!
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4. Ux celsiisenti elle yamixxige caalootat yab!
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5. Ux cesliisenta elle yaaxigen namma giti:-
a. Qangor mangak/dagná
b. Leh yan walfii kee weelo
Woo namma gitak gubi tii yaysê yaanak, wonna akah kinnim addâ-fakootis!.
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6haytô
Mafdaga
Ransá
Culmeena
Kanooyhaytô mafdagal ux celsiisentaa kee, kay kinnaanek/caalootat yabneh nen. A mafdagal
kaadu Ransâ kinnaanee kee, tet caalootat yaabelino.

42
Barissô madmoomi
A baritto gaba elle kaltâ kel,barteenit:-
Ransâ kinnaane warissu aaxigele
Ransá mango kas kak geyaanam kinnim tascassu aaxigele.
Ransá akak xisimtam kinnim addâ-fakootisele.
Ransâ qaynoota tascassu aaxigele.
Ransâ rekissoh kinnaane baxxaqissu aaxigele
Ransá kak yaanam macaay? Is makina qaynatah tan?
6.1. Ransâ Kinnaane
Ransâ kinnaane wagsiisak mango mari,mango nal yescessem tan.
Ransá, feerayso-wagak exxak teyná iyyaanamak xabba haanam, tet kinnaaneey,
caalootak/qaynootaay, is taceeh tan ayfaafayak, mariiy tû ya.
Ransá, Ingliiz afat drama deqsitta,Qarab afat ruwaayat deqsitta. Amacraafat towneet
(w¬úŒý|) deqsitta.
Ransá mango waqdi, digir kee furkatah xayyowtaama. Is kaxxi kaxxi, numma akke
waytaamal muggaqsimta. Kee woh ruwaayatâ kal, tanim hinna, yaanam, mango waqdi
tantabbime maxcá.
Ransá, mangih celsisso takke way, is mango cikmat kee ascossa akak geyaanama.
Ayyunti isaddal taniimik, mangom elle barita gexsiti, ransa.
6.2. Ransak giffo-le caloota
Ransá , sahdak mango caaloota tascassem kinnuk, feerayso-wagak exxak teena kinnim
giddy sinni numma.

43
Ransá, mango cikmatih gaaboyná kah iyyaanam, mariiy tuh ixxiga akak le mari,
elle yangoorowe gudgud tekkek sarra.
Woo mari:-
1. Orbisé, tet yuktubeh daffeyse numu.
Too num tet edde yaktube af kaxxam yaaxigeeh, mango kitooba yikriye num yakkem
faxximta.
2. Daarektor( taama gexsé). Ta saqal, woo tunkuttube ransá, gudgudul elle bictannah
abaamih ixxigá le num, yakkem faxximta.
3. Abá(actors). Toh ransa digra maray gudgudul yawqe. Too mari keenih yeceen doori
nagay digiru duuda mara yakkeenim faxximta.
4. Make-up designers (Abá, qaxa yaymaaqe mara). Too mari keenik qambalsimta taama
nagay abu yaaxige mara yakkeenim faxximta.
5. Stage designers(Gudgud qaxa yaymaaqe mara). Too mari gudgud elle faxxiimâ nal
massoysu duuda mara yakkem faxximta.
Ransá,wohuk kalah tet elle taamisan rekisso le. Kulli qaynat akak gersi qaynatak baxsa-
le rekisso le.
Tiraajidi is celta rekisso kak le. Komedi kaadu isi celta taamâ rekisso akak le. Buwattaay(
Furkacatlé) kaadu tonna.
6.3. Ransak giffo-le qaynoota
1. Tiraajidi- Rookissa ransá
2. Komedi – Tayfirice ransá
3. Buwalta - Taysussuule ransa.
1. Ransá kak yaanam macaay?
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44
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2. Ransak giffo-le caaloota daffes!
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3. Ransá, mango cikmatitteh gaaboyná iyyaanamak, maqná macaay?
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4. Ransâ qaynoota ma gide takkeeh? Addâ-fakootis!
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5. Furkacatlek (Buwalta) taaxige ransâ baxa teellek uktub!
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46
7haytô
Mafdagá
Feerayso-Wagnán cogdá
Culmeena
6haytô
mafdagal ransâ kinnaaneey, tet, caalootaa kee qaynootat yabneh nen. A mafdagal
kaadu feerayso-wagnán cogdaadih kinnaanee kee, ken abnissoh gurrat yaabenno.
A barittoh madmoomi
A baritto gaba elle kaltâ kel barteenit:-
Feerayso-wagnán cogdaadi kinnim cedele.
Cogdá wagsiisak tontocowweh tan mablooli aaxigele.
Cogdá elle abnisimtâ na, addâ fakootissu aaxigele.
Cogdá kak yaanam macaay?
Tet abnisso elle takkem mannaay?
Cogdâ kinnaane
Cogdá, feerayso-wág aydaadul akkeey nabam xer wakti fan teneeh , taniimi . Tohuk gexak
mariiy rikel, waktiliiy innah kak iyyeenimî kal, inki mablá elle haysiteenim hinna. Takkay
immay, marii rikel kak iyyem uyxaxxuurru hayneh siita fan gacisnek, cogdá kak yaanam num
elle yaabaah, elle yaktubeh yan gurra. Orbisak , numuuy isi gurrak yaktubem raq way ma taalla.
Iyyaanam faxaanam inkim takke way, numuuy isi qangoorut iyyam raq ma taalla. Too numuuy
isi gurral iyyam, tascassem cogdâ baxsay, numuuy isi qaynat kak leh iyya. Toysá, cogdá kak
yaanam num tu elle iyyaah, aba gurray, mariiy isi migda kak le.

47
Ceelallo
Meqem mariino le numuy, num asgayye waah, sinaamah meqem faxat, namma numuk yaaba
innek, woo nammayak,numuuy gurral iyyam raq ma taalla.
“ Hebeli , caalat moqoy, kulli num lih meqe gexsit leh iyya” kaak iyye naharsitti.
“ Hebeli maqaaneh, kulli aracal geytima qaynat hinna. Kulli mari meqe kaak loowita,” iyye
nammeyhayti.
Tonnal , namma num dibuk hinnay, tabná numuk yaaba innaamah, woo tabanak numuuy, is
gurral axxaccele.
Toysá, num yaabek/yuktubek isi cogda lem deqsita.
Kutbeh takkuh, yaabah takku, sinaamak numuuy isi cogda akah lem, a ciggilta sidiicam, baxsa
keenik teellek sarra:-
a) Qangór meexo
b) Maxcô massoosu
c) Yabti yaakumik/ciggiili
Toh yaanam, qangooruk numuuy isih faxa qangara dooritaah,meexa. Maxcô maafa numuuy innal
keenik xisa. Yabti yaakumik/ciggiili,numuuy isinnal keenik le yaanama.
Xer maxcoocat xoqoysima orbiseenaa kee, ux maxcoocat xoqoysima orbiseena inki cogda mali.
Abeena, maxcok naharat haa num kee, salafat haa num inki cogda mali.
Cl. Uma migaq keenih abtem Qali
Qali uma migaq keenih abe
w.w……..
Ah macaay? Sinaamak mariiy innal akah yaktubem
Sinaamak mariiy innal akah yaktubem ah macaay?
Ransá, ayyunti addal taniimik mangom elle baritaanama

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Ayyunti addal taniimik mangom elle baritaanam, ransá
Iyyaay? Awka maagurin kok intem?
Awka maagurin kok intem iyyaay?
w.w…..
1. Cogda kak yaanam macaay?
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2. Cogdak qaynootat yaabey!
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3. Sinaamak foci baxsa akah lennah , orbiseenitte kutbe baxsa lek, ah macaay?
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4. Gadabak mariiy isaafeytal kah abam maca kot celta?
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50
8haytô
Mafdaga
Feerayso-wagnán assokka
Culmeena
7haytô
mafdagal feerayso-wagnán cogdah kinnaanee kee, tet qaynootat yabneh nen. A mafdagal
kaadu, feerayso-wagnán assokkih kinnaane kee, tet qaynootat yaabenno.
Barissô madmoomi
A barisso gaba elle kaltâ kel, barteenit:-
Feerayso-wagnán assokkih kinnaane kinnim aaxigele.
Feerayso-wagnán assokki akah faxxiima sabab cedele
Feerayso-wagnán assokkih abtootaa kee, abá kinni mara aaxigele.
Feerayso-wagnán assokkih qaynoota addâ-fakootisele.
Inki feerayso-wagnán assokkih kutbe doorru heenih makeelissonu aaxige lon.
 Feerayso-wagnán assokka kak yaanam macaay?
 Usuk akah faxxiimam macaay?
8.1. Feerayso-wagnan assokkih kinnaane
Feerayso-wagnán assokkih kinnaane wagsiisak, mango mari, mangom iyye. Woo marak
tangalem maggooh, angale waytam kaadu maggoh,feerayso-wagnán assokka wagsiisak
iyyeenimik.
Feerayso-wagnán assokka wagsiisak iyyeenimik keenik tangoorowem a ciggilta maxcá.
Assokki, tunkuttubeh taniimik adda tabak, raqtem celtam yascasseenim kee, makot tanim
gittoysaanama.
Raqtem yascasseenim kee, makot tanim gittoysaanam, ixxigá maleh takke makeelo
hinna. Ixxigá esserta.

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Feerayso-wagnán assokki, num qaybisoonuh abaanam hinna. Kaa/tet xaafoonuh abaanam
kaadu hinna. Kaak/teetik raqtê ke, kaah/teetih ascassuk, dumak aysaasuk akah
yaysiise/taysiisê innah abaanâ gideh yakke assokka usuk.
8.2. Feerayso-wagnan assokki akah faxxiimaama
Feerayso-wagnán assokki akah faxxiimam sidiicaama. Wohim:-
a) Yaktube numuh
Num yuktubeemik qakuu kee kulsa yaaxigeemik, kaah taysem matana. Macah ,
wohuk wadiril aba kutbeeba kaak aysuk taysem, raq aalle waytaamih sabbatah.
b) Yakriye marah
Adda kak tabak rikê-raq kee, ceele-way-naanau, akak yifittishen kitab kee, afittishe
ween kitab, iffoysiyyah inki xaqamu mali. Yakriye marah naharsitti yayse, orbise
num dibuk hinnay, gersi marih mabla edde taniimih sabbatah.
8.3. Inkih yan feerayso-wagih dadalah
Assokki dibuk yuktube num kee, yakriye marah dibuk hinnay inkih yan feerayso-wagah
kaxxam xiqa. Macah ,mango marih mabla edde tengeleemih sabbatah.

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8.4. Feerayso-wagnán assokkih abtoota
Feerayso-wagnán abtoota, amol-yardi hinnay, adda le taamoomiy, ixxigat abaanah iyya.
Woo assokka aba num ixxigah, yuktubeh yan numuk yayse num akkiiy, kay gide yaaxige
num yakkem faxximta.
Assokka abê, baaxok kulli migdal( siyaasaay, madduruuy, ayyuntiinol inkih) tekkeeh,
akkiyyat tanim inkih ceda num yakkem faxximta. Tohim nagay ceda num yakkuh,
mangom yikriye num yakkem faxximta.
Ahak naharal kah innê nah, assokka kah abaanam, num qaybisoonuu kee xaafoonu
hinnay, abah yan taama aysaasuk yaysiise gide kinniimih sabbatah, usuk xisnê kalah,
digloh abaanam hinna.
Feeralyso-wagnán assokki, koo-naqabuuy,canê gacsaa kee, kuuxe-waynaanuk iroh
takkeemi. Tonnah tanim edde tengelikiiy, xisneh (constructive) yakke assokka ma
deqsitay, digloh (destructive) yakkeh assokka deqsite le.

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1. Feerayso-wagnan assokka kak yaanam macaay?
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2. Feerayso –wagnán assokkih xoqoysi macaay?
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3. Assokka abé mannah tan duddo lem faxximtaah?
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4. Assokki makina qayanatah yan?
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5. Assokki feerayso-wág dadalah xiqaamat yaabey?
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