Sedimentary rocks

Physical Properties Of Rocks
Group : 5
HM Qaseem Achakzai
Muhammad Yousaf
Asadullah
Habibullah
Hajira Shah
Iftikhar Khan
Hasnat Ahmed
Saif ud din
Instructor: Engr. Arian Khan
Subject: Engineering Geology
Civil Engineering
Semester II
Dated: 23rd April 2019

Sedimentary Rocks
Occurrence:
• The sedimentary rock covers 73% of the Earth's current land surface.
• The total contribution of sedimentary rocks is estimated to be only 8% of
the total volume of the crust.
• Sedimentary rocks have an average thickness of about 1800 m on the
continents.
• This thickness is quite variable, however, with some areas, like the
Canadian Shield having no cover of sedimentary rocks, and other areas,
like the Louisiana and Texas Gulf coasts, having more than 20,000 m of
sedimentary rock cover.
• Still, about 66% of all continental areas have a cover of sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks can be subdivided into four groups based on the
processes responsible for their formation: clastic sedimentary rocks,
biochemical (biogenic) sedimentary rocks, chemical sedimentary rocks

Shale
Chemical Composition:
 composed of flakes of clay minerals and tiny
fragments of other minerals
especially quartz and calcite.
Minerals Composition
Clay minerals 48%
Quartz and chert 26%
Felspars 11%
Carbonates 6%
Ferrous oxides 5%
Others 4%
Occurrence:
• most common rock form on Earth i.e. about 70
percent of the rock found in the Earth's crust.
• Shale forms in very deep ocean water,
lagoons, lakes and swamps where the water is
still enough to allow the extremely fine clay
and silt particles to settle to the floor.

Sandstone
Silica 91% - 93%
Alumina 1.3% - 1.45%
Iron oxide 1.4% - 1.55%
Soda and
potash
1.0 % - 1.2%
Lime 0.7% - 0.9%
Magnesia 0.22% - 0.25%
• Most sandstones are composed of quartz,
mudroks, feldspar and carbonate minerals.
• Cementing Materials include silica, calcium
carbonate, calcite, clays and iron oxides.
Occurrence:
• It is the second most common sedimentary rock
after shale, constituting about 10 to 20 percent of
the sedimentary rocks in the Earth's crust.
• Large deposits found in the United States, South
Africa, Czech republic, England, India, Australia,
Israel, Mongolia, Russia, Scotland and Germany.

Limestone
• Calcite dolomite and impurities like skeletal
fragments of marine organisms such
as coral, foraminifera, mollusks and sand grains,
silt, mud, etc.
Occurrence:
• About 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones.
• Most limestones form in shallow, calm, warm
marine waters between 30 degrees north latitude
and 30 degrees south latitude.
• Limestone is forming in the Caribbean Sea, Indian
Ocean, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, around
Pacific Ocean islands, and within the Indonesian
archipelago.
Lime(CaO) 38-42%
Silica (SiO2) 20-25%
Alumina (Al2O3) 2-4%
Other Oxides as Na,
Mg
1.5 to 2.5%

Breccia
• Mineral contents includes Calcite, Clay, Feldspar,
Phosphates, Quartz, Silica.
• Compound contents include Aluminum Oxide, Ca,
NaCl, CaO, Iron(III) Oxide, Potassium Oxide, Sodium
Oxide, Silicon Dioxide, and Titanium Dioxide.
Occurrence:
• Breccia makes up 1 to 2 percent of total sedimentary
rocks around the world.
• It is found in California, Egypt, new Zealand.
Note:
It is formed by lithification
of clastic materials with
angular clasts over 2 mm.

Dolomite
• It is composed of calcium magnesium carbonate,
ideally Ca Mg(CO3)2.
• Common Impurities include Fe, Mn, Co, Pb and
Zn.
Occurrence:
• Dolomite makes up approximately 2 percent of
the Earth’s crust.
• It is found in Italy, Germany, Spain, Austria,
Switzerland, brazil and USA.
Calcium 21.73 %
Magnesium 13.18 %
Carbon 13.03 %
Oxygen 52.06 %

Conglomerate
• The mineral composition contains quartz and feldspar.
• It may also contain quartzite, sandstone, limestone,
granite, basalt, and gneiss as clasts (small fragments).
• It consists of sand, silt, clay as filling and cementing
materials.
Occurrence:
• It is less than 1% of the sedimentary rocks
through out the world.
• It is found Australia, Scotland, Pakistan, India and
Barcelona.
• In 2012, NASA captured photographs of
conglomerate rock and sandstone on the Martian
surface.
Note:
It is formed by lithification
of clastic materials with
rounded clasts over 2 mm.

Greywacke
Chemical Composition: -
• It is sedimentary rock composed of feldspar, chlorite,
calcite and quartz.
Occurrence:
• It is found in Scotland, Ireland, England, south Africa,
New Zealand.
• Greywacke in the Earth's crust is a very widespread type
of sandstone and shares 20–25% of all sandstone

Agate
• Agate is a rock consisting primarily
of cryptocrystalline silica, chiefly chalcedony,
alternating with microgranular quartz.
• It is characterized by its fineness of grain and
variety of color.
Occurrence:
• The greatest diversity of agate types, colour and
distribution is found in Australia, Brazil,
Germany, Mexico and the USA.
• several areas in the UK where agates are to be
found: Derbyshire, Mendip Hills, Cumbria and
Northumbria although the pride of British agates
is in the Midland Valley, Scotland.

Travertine
• Travertine is a dense, banded sedimentary rock
(limestone) composed of calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
• It is formed by rapid chemical precipitation of calcium
carbonate (Calcite or Aragonite) from supersaturated
solutions.
Occurrence:
• It is found in Italy (Tivoli and Guidonia
Monticello), U.S (Yellowstone National Park),
Turkey (Pamuk kale), Croatia (Plitvice Lakes
National Park), Iceland, Indonesia, Mexico and
China.

Flint
Note:
Flint is reserved for such
material that forms in
chalk or marl. Flint
is simply a type of chert.
• Flint is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline
form of the mineral quartz, categorized as a
variety of chert.
Occurrence:
• It occurs in layers and irregular nodules in the
chalk and some other limestones.
• It is widely distributed around the world and
was a primary material for stone age tools and
weapons.
• It is also used to create sparks.

Chert
• Chert is a sedimentary rock composed of
microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz,
the mineral form of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
Occurrence:
• It occurs as nodules, concretionary masses,
and as layered deposits.
Note:
chert refers to
cryptocrystalline or
polycrystalline quartz that
usually forms as nodules in
limestone.

Coal
• Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts
of other elements;
chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen
Occurrence:
• Coal is formed if dead plant matter decays
into peat and over millions of years the heat and
pressure of deep burial converts the peat into
coal.
• Countries where huge reservoirs are found
include Russia, China, Australia, India, Pakistan,
Brazil.
Carbon 75-90%
Hydrogen 4.5-5.5%
Nitrogen 1-1.5%
Sulfer 1-2%
Oxygen 5-20%
Ash 2-10%
Moisture 1-10%

Marlstone
• Marl or marlstone is a calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud
or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and
silt.
• The dominant carbonate mineral in most marls is calcite,
but other carbonate minerals such as aragonite, dolomite,
and siderite may be present.
Occurrence: -
• It is found in Italy, Austria, Czech and Pakistan.
• In Pakistan marl or marlstone is heavily found in the Khewra salt
mine.

Jaspillite
• Jaspillite, or jasper taconite, is a chemical rock formed
similar to chert, but is generally quite iron rich.
• Jaspillite is typically a banded mixture
• of hematite and quartz.
Occurrence:
• common in the banded iron formation rocks of
Proterozoic and Archaean age
• in the Canadian shield.
• Jaspillite is also formed as exhalative chemical
sediments in certain lead-zinc ore deposits, and as
• a hydrothermal alteration facies around submarine
volcanism.

Sylvinite
• Sylvinite is a sedimentary rock made of a mechanical
mixture of the minerals sylvite (KCl, or potassium
chloride) and halite (NaCl,or sodium chloride).
Occurrence:
• It is the most important source for the production of
potash in North America, Russia and the UK.
• Other deposits of sylvinite are in Canada, Belarus,
Brazil, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Slovakia and
Spain.

Taconite
• Taconite is a variety of iron formation, an iron-bearing
(over 15% iron) sedimentary rock, in which the iron
minerals are interlayered with quartz, chert, or
carbonate.
• The iron content of taconite, commonly present as
finely dispersed magnetite, is generally 25% to 30%.
Occurrence:
• The Mesabi Iron Range region of the American state
of Minnesota is a major production area.
• Taconite is found in large quantities in the Upper
Peninsula of Michigan, northeastern Minnesota, and
Canada.

Mudstone
• It is sedimentary rock composed of pyrite, quartz, feldspar,
micas and illite.
Occurrence: -
• It is found in Bangladesh, India, china, Russia, Kenya,
Tanzania, Austria, France, Germany.
• Mudstone and shale accounts for some 65% of all
sedimentary rocks.

Coquina
• Coquina is mainly composed of Calcium calcite, often
including some.
• Many impurities like clay are present in it.
Occurrence:
Coquina occurs in worldwide countries like;
Austrailia
Brazil
Florida
Mexico
North Carolina
And in many other countries.

Halite
• The major chemical contents in HALITE are
Sodium Na Chloride Cl.
• Some other elements like K, Ca , Mg, S, O ,
are present but in small proportion.
Occurrence:
• HALITE is occurs in vast beds of sedimentary
evaporate minerals.
• Salt beds may be hundred meter thick and
underlie broad areas Like United States ,
Canada , Appalachian basin of western New
York and under much of Michigan Basins.
• The Khewara slat mine is a massive deposit of
HALITE near Islamabad Pakistan.

Gypsum
• It is a white or nearly white, odorless, crystalline solid.
• Gypsum belongs to a group of minerals called the
sulfates, and is the most common of the approximately
150 sulfate minerals (CaSO4 . 2H2O).
Occurrence:
• Gypsum rocks are found in the cities
of Araripina and Grajaúin Brazil;
in Pakistan, Jamaica, Iran (world's second largest
producer), Thailand, Spain (the main producer
in Europe), Germany, Italy, England, Ireland, Canada,
the United States and Mexico.

Siltstone
• The dominant component of siltstone is quartz, significantly
associated with the tiny grains of feldspar and mica flakes, and
up to 33% clay.
• Some siltstones also contain minor amounts of carbonate.
Occurrence: -
• It is found in Mongolia, Russia, China, Netherland, Norway,
Poland, Sweden, Nigeria and South Africa.

Arkose
• Quartz is usually the dominant mineral, with feldspar
(chiefly microcline) constituting at least 25%.
• Cement (silica or calcite) is commonly rare, and matrix
material (usually less than 15%) includes clay minerals
(esp. kaolinite), mica, and iron oxide; fine-grained rock
fragments are often present.
Occurrence:
• It forms up to 15% of all sandstones.
• This rock is often found above unconformities in
the immediate vicinity of granite terrains.
• Its large deposits are in central Australia, USA
and Solovakia.

Chalk
• Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary rock. It is made
up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with minor amounts of silt
and clay.
• Percentage of Ca present - 40%
• Percentage of C present in - 12%
• Percentage of O present in - 48%
Occurrence: -
• It is found in Germany, France, England, Denmark,
Kazakhstan, Russia, USA. Percentage is not available.

Rock Salt
• Halite more commonly known as
Rock salt is a mineral formed from
sodium chloride.
• It's chemical formula is NaCl and this
also includes other variations of salt
such as common salt and table salt.
Occurrence:

Sedimentary rocks

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