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Artificial intelligence in autonomous vehicle
- 1. Artificial intelligence in autonomous vehicle How is artificial intelligence going to change road transports? Samuel Titone - Gwenael Cabannes 1
- 2. HISTORICAL CONTEXT : Levels of autonomous driving 2
- 3. HISTORICAL CONTEXT : key dates 3
- 4. 1,371,687 Worldwide car, truck and bus registrations only in 2017 4
- 5. CURRENTLY : two approaches 5 Vision approach Lidar approach - use laser to measure distance
- 6. 6
- 7. 7 NOWADAYS : Comma.AI Compatible with some models of Volkswagen, Nissan, Toyota, Kia, Jeep, Hyundai, Honda...
- 9. FUTURE 9
- 13. Samuel Titone - Gwenael Cabannes 13 Artificial intelligence is not only changing road transports but your entire life 👀
Editor's Notes
- Introduction : SAMUEL Nowadays, vehicules are everywhere, we use them for many things, to travel, to go to work, to move stuff around, and to keep our economy going. You may not know it, but all mainstream car manufacturers and Big tech companies are currently working on autonomous driving. Annonce de la problématique : So the question is, how is artificial intelligence going to change road transports? Annonce du plan : First of all, the historical context, we will tell you about the history of autonomous vehicles. Then, we will show you the current state of advanced research and the latest technologies in autonomous vehicles. Finally, we will present you the future we are heading towards.
- Historical context Level of autonomous driving : Gwenael First of all, it is important to define what an autonomous vehicles, SAE society of automotive engineering has defined 5 levels of autonomous driving. 0. The level zero is the car of your grandma, you have no assistance to drive from the car. 1. The level one is our current average car. The vehicle can assist with some functions, but the driver still handles accelerating, braking, and monitoring of the surrounding environment. This level includes cruise control. 2. In level 2, the driver must stay alert even when the vehicle assumes some basic driving tasks. The car can automatically steer, accelerate and brake in limited conditions. 3. At level 3 of driving autonomy, the car can manage its own acceleration, braking and steering. The driver must, however, remain very attentive to the surroundings and be prepared to react if the car behaves abnormally. 4. At level 4, the passenger must be ready to resume driving when the system,can no longer assume reliable autonomous driving. The vehicle can take on any driving task under almost any condition without any driver attention. c’est pas je crois a vraiment vérifier 5. And finally, the level 5, is when no human driver is required. Everyone can be a passenger.The vehicle is in charge of all the driving and can operate in all environments without needing human intervention. The self-driving system of the vehicle is fully autonomous.
- Historical : Samuel Now, we will present to you a short history of the progress of research on autonomous vehicles. Research began in earnest in the early 1970s, but the first major breakthrough in 1977 was the Tsukuba Robotics Lab in Japan, operating an automatic automobile on a dedicated circuit. The trajectory was followed by recognition of the marks on the ground and the speed of 30 km / h was reached. In 1984 Mercedes-Benz tested an automatic van equipped with cameras. The vehicle reaches 100 km / h on a road network without traffic. This was the first commercialised car with a level one of driving automation. In 1987 the Hughes Aircraft (HRL) research laboratory completed the ALV vehicle by making it all-terrain and capable of operating at 3 km / h in a complex environment (vegetation, rocks, ravines). In 1995 a vehicle made the Munich-Copenhagen trip and returned (1,600 km) with a speed of 175 km / h. In 2010 Google's vehicle name Waymo was finally unveiled, and the company announced that they have already driven over 225,000 km! On the road, but also in town, completely illegally! In 2012, modified Toyota Priuses, known as Google Cars, were permitted in Nevada for use on all state roads, provided a driver is present in the vehicle. The American state is followed the same year by Florida and California. In 2014, on October 10, Model S gets a new feature: Autopilot, which provides more information on the road using three series of short and long range sensors in addition to the GPS.
- The autonomous vehicle market in figures : Gwenael According to The United States Department of Energy, the worldwide car, truck and bus registrations was approximately 1,4 million in 2017. As you can see, the vehicule market is big and implies a lot of money. Nearly $ 80 billion was invested in the development of different autonomous vehicle technologies between 2014 and 2017. This figure is likely to double over the period of 2018 to 2022 to reach $ 160 billion.
- Historical : Samuel (part 1) & Gwenael (part 2) ------------------------------------ Samuel------------------------------------ Currently no company has yet cracked true level 5 autonomy. The manufacturer Waymo owned by Google has succeeded in designing a level 4 autonomous vehicle. But the system only works in a limited area of the city of Phoenix in Arizona. Globally, Tesla offers the most efficient and advanced autonomous driving system, even if it’s only a level 2. Today companies have to face the following question : What’s the right approach to reach fully autonomous driving. There are two main approaches, that are each thinking they are the only one that have a chance at succeeding. Namely, vision and lidar. Vision is the choice made by companies like Tesla and Comma.AI. Whereas lidar is basically used by all other companies like General Motors/Mercedes Benz/Ford Approach Waymo uses HD Maps, which is a method that first scans and documents a route in great detail, which is then used to assist the self-driving car. Waymo then uses a combination of LIDAR, radar and cameras to drive the car. ------------------------------------ Gwenael------------------------------------ 2min 30 On another side, Tesla uses eight exterior cameras and radars. With these equipment the software builds a 3D interpretation of the environment of the car and has to determine the best decision to make on the fly. Elon Musk has said “LIDAR is a fool's errand and believes it's not necessary for driverless cars.” His idea is any human who drives well does so without lidar, only with eyes, so why use Lidar ? While Waymo is currently only usable on a small number of cars, Tesla has more than a million vehicles on the road, all using its software. Because Waymo cars are geo fenced, Waymo has collected only data on 20 million miles. On the other end Tesla has collected data of more than 2 billion miles. In the AI domain, the bigger the data set, the better the AI. Today, Tesla cars are not that much wide spread. The main reason is that the lowest price is approximately (40 thousand) 40 000$. Tesla has plan to reveal a model at 25 000$ (25 thousand) in 2025.
- SAFETY : Gwenael The biggest impact of everyday driving will undoubtedly be the improved safety on roads filled with autonomous vehicles. By removing the human element of driving, you also remove the emotions, actions and delay in reactions that are the cause of the majority of accidents on roads today It’s clear to see that self-driving cars will be much safer than cars today. One consulting firm estimating that that widespread use of current autonomous vehicles could “eliminate 90% of all auto accidents in the United States, prevent up to 190 billion of dollars in damages and health-costs annually and save thousands of lives.”
- Comma.AI : Samuel We have just seen that autonomous vehicles are safer than conventional vehicles. However, we have seen that Teslas are not yet accessible to all budgets and that Waymo only works in Arizona. This is where CommaAI comes in. This manufacturer offers a solution to make a car autonomous. It is a case with a screen, a cooling system, a camera to film the road and two more to monitor the driver. This solution is currently compatible with almost 90 car models. Its great strength is therefore its wide vehicle compatibility which is expanding day by day, but also its very affordable price. Indeed, the module only costs $ 1000. However, this does not make the car completely autonomous. It assists the driver in his driving. This is a level of driving autonomy that is less than the systems in vehicles originally designed to be autonomous, such as the Tesla models. Comma.ai is therefore a company that tries to make autonomous cars accessible to a wider audience.
- Legal approvals : Gwenael Today there is a lack of regulation in relation to ethics and legal limitations placed on autonomous driving systems in terms of functionality. These constraints around autonomous vehicles hamper the deployment of new innovations. One of the main limitations, being that in Europe the force that the system can apply on the wheel is greatly limited. Where a country like the United States is much less restrictive. However, it is highly possible that only if the systems prove their safety and reliability will this will lead governments to create laws that will frame, ethically and functionality, autonomous vehicles.
- Gwenael Very soon, with 5g, autonomous cars will be able to communicate with each other. This will allow vehicles to detect dangers and alert the nearest drivers in real time and therefore greatly limit the risk of accidents. The autonomous vehicle will also be able to communicate with more infrastructures, like Teslas already do with houses and garage doors. Of course by 2030, it is very likely that all cars will be level 4 or even 5. It is very likely that if we manage to develop level 5 cars, we will have fully autonomous taxis and buses. This already exists but they are not very widespread and serve only a few cities. The company PSA is even currently developing the integration of a hologram in cars, visible with an augmented reality headset. The vehicle of the future will become more and more comfortable and therefore turn into a place of life and consumption where you could play video games, watch tv, sleep and also work like in your office.
- Gwenael However, connected and autonomous vehicles raise real and complex issues. The growing complexity of the ecosystem of automotive equipment, infrastructure and developed applications, risks increasing the risks of vulnerability and remote hacking of connected cars, which not only jeopardize the physical security of users but also expose sensitive data stored in the vehicle, it therefore requires developers to design quality code to minimize the dangers. However planes already use an auto pilot and soon AI and planes are still extremely safe.
- Samuel Another one of the biggest impacts will be the unemployment of millions of workers who drive for a living. In the US alone it is estimated that the first few generations of driverless vehicles could result in the loss of 2.6 million jobs like taxi and bus drivers. However when cars were invented, all coachmen lost their jobs only to be replaced by taxi and bus drivers, so maybe history will repeat itself, and new jobs will be created around driverless vehicles.
- Samuel One of the biggest questions surrounding self-driving cars is that of the ethical dilemma. Should we always save the pedestrian ? Or always save the driver first ? Should we save the younger, or the older? Many questions remain to be answered. An MIT study named: The Moral Machine experiment, reveals that even when we ask drivers, most of the moral principles that guide the driver’s decisions, vary by country. For example, in a scenario where pedestrians and passengers die in a crash, people in relatively prosperous countries with strong institutions are less likely to spare a pedestrian who enters a road wrongly.
- Gwenael To conclude, we have seen that autonomous cars are increasingly present in the world but that there are still great advances to be made in the field of autonomous driving. We have also seen that there are many limitations and obstacles to the development and democratization of such systems. Finally, the world will evolve as road transports evolve. The level of autonomy will become higher and higher, our lives and the economy around vehicles will be transformed. However, autonomous vehicles and AI lead us to ask many questions about ethics. As a future player in the digital world, and its transformation, how do we want to shape the world, and what impact, do we want it to have on our lives? Thank you