Political system

1. Name –Harshpreet
Kaur
Roll no-223422
Submitted to-
Prof. Sandeep kaur

3.  Introduction:-political system is persisting pattern of human
relationship through which the authoritative decision are made and
carried out for society. It involves not only formal as well as informal
structure.
 Meaning:-political science is compound of two words, ‘political and
system’ . The word “ political” specifically signifies the “legitimate use of
physical coercive power”. It means only political system has the rightful
power to punish ,to enforce ,to compel.
 Meaning of ‘system’ :- According to Almond and Powell,”A system implies
interdependent parts and boundary of some kind between it and it’s
environment “ In simple words ,system is a complete unit which consists
of interdependent parts. The word system implies three things:-

4. 1. Various parts :-these are often called sub-systems. Without it’s parts or sub
system there can be no system.
2. Interdependence of parts:-it means ,when there is a any change of any sort in
one part of the system ,it will affect the other parts of system also.
3. Existence of boundaries:-it means ,where from a system starts and where it
ends.
Definition of political system:-
1. According to David Easton, “political science is a set of interaction s as
abstract from the totality of social behaviour ,through authoritative values
are allocated for society”.
2. According to Robert. A.Dahel:- political system is any persistent pattern of
human relationship that involves to significant extent of power ,rule or
authority.

5.  Comprehensive :- it means that political system is not concerned only with
legal and constitutional structures like legislature courts and bureaucracy, but
also concerned with informal organization like political parties ,pressure
groups and means of communication. In short, all aspects that influence the
political structure include in political system.
 Interdependent:- it means if one component in a system change ,all other
component of system whole are affected.
 Legitimate physical coercion:- the authority to use the legitimate physical
coercion is the exclusive and distinctive feature of political system. It is the
quality which distinguishes it from other systems. No other system has the right
to use against any body legitimate physical coercion power. Without it political
system can not perform its essential functions.

6. Political community:-Political community come into existence when
the people living together come close to each other in bid to solve
their Political problem or public interest Political community
emerges.
Regime: regime means the constitutional order I.e constitution of
the country and it’s written or unwritten rules, regulations,
conventions etc.
Political Authority:-Political Authority means vone who holds a
power at any given time. It refers to the group of individual who run
the government and solve the problem of political community
accordance with the regime.

7.  Universality of political structure:- according to Almond, all
political system, whether primitive or modern, have political
structure. By means of political structure ,he ask such legitimate
pattern of interaction by means of which internal and external
order is maintained.
 Multifunctionality of Pol- structure:-it is an outstanding feature of
political structure . It means that political structure perform not
only the one type of function but many types of functions.
Executive. Legislature, Judiciary, and Bureaucracy are all
Multifunctional and each of them are perform different type of
functions .the courts are not only adjudicate but also Legislate.
Bureaucracy play a very vital role in the matters of Legislature.and
legislative bodies are perform bothe adjudication and
administration.

8. David Easton ‘s Input –Output analysis

9.  David Easton was the first person who, in his famous book ‘political system’(1935) developed a
systematic framework for the study of politics on the basis of system analysis approach.
David easton ‘s system analysis system also known as input output analysis or conversion
process.
 David Easton divide the function of political system into two forms:- Input and output
 What are the inputs? The term ‘ input’ refers to the demands and supports which the political
system receive from society.
1. Demand inputs:-the people make demands upon their political decision makers that
subservient their specific interest. Demand inputs are four types which are given below:-
 Demands for allocation of goods and services. This category Includes demands for wages ,fixed
hour for work, educational opportunities, provisions of roads and transportation.
 Demands for regulations of behaviour. This category includes demands for provision fir public
safety ,control over markets, rule pertaining to marriage and divorce, health and sanitation .
 Demands for participation in political system:-this category Includes demands for right to
vote, hold public office, petition to the government bodies and officials.

10.  Demand for communication and information.
 Support Inputs. Support inputs are those structure or process which
give the political system the capacity to cope with the demands upon it.
They are following four types:-
 Material support:- such as payment of taxes ,and provision of services
such as labour on public work or military service.
 Legal support:-such as obedience of law and regulations.
 Participatory support:- such as voting, political discussion, and other
forms of political activities.
 Deference support:- such as attention paid to governmental
communication and manifestation of deference or respect of public
authority ,symbols and ceremonials

11.  What are the output? An output of political system is its political
decision or policy. The output are the results of the conversion
process acting upon a great variety of demand and supports.
 Feedback loop Mechanism:-the Feedback means to take back to the
system in the shape of inputs, the impact and the result of the
outputs. Every output Feedback new inputs in the system. The
Feedback is thus a dynamic process through which information
about the performance of the system is communicated back to the
society in such a way as to affect the creation of new inputs. Thus
this process is called Feedback loop mechanism.

13.  .A Almond has formulated a seven fold clarification of functions
performed by political system. He divide them into four inputs and
three output functions.
 A. Input functions
 Political socialization and recruitment :-
 1) political socialization:- it means transformation of political
thoughts, belifs and attitude from one generation to other
generation called political socialization. Process of political
socialization throughout the man’s life from his childhood he didn’t
know about political affairs but when he grow up he know about
political affairs and participate in politics and socialize their
opinion and thoughts in peer grops,family or other form.

14.  Political recruitment:-we use the term Political recruitment to refer to functions by
which the role of political system are filled. Recruitment functions is full filled by
inducting members of society into the specialized roles of political system ,training
them in the appropriate skilled ,providing them with the political experience and
orientation.
 2)Interest articulation:-the process by which individuals and groups make demand
and claims subserve their specific interest on political decision maker is called
Interest articulation.
Institutional Interest Groups:- it includes legislature, political executive, bureaucracy,
armies, churches,and the like.
Non –Associational interest groups: these often perform the articulation function
intermittently and informally through individuals ,clique, family and religious heads,
etc.
Anomic interest groups :- this category is concerned with spontaneous
breakthroughs into the political system from society such as riots, demonstrations and
the like.

15.  Associational interest group:-it include specialized structures like trade
union, professional Associations ,association organised by religious
denomination, civic group and like.
 3)Interest Aggregation. The function of converting demands into general
policy alternatives called interest Aggregation. This function is basically
performed by political parties, bureaucracy, and political executive.
 4)political communication:- it simply means the gathering and transmitting
of information. The communication function is performed by different types
of structure, namely, interest group , social and other organizations,
governmental agencies and mass media ,I.e newspaper, radio, television,
cinema, etc..


16.  A)Rule making function:-there must be certain rules in the society to regulate
the relationship between the individuals. In a political system the rule making
function is performed by the legislature and it’s allied agencies.
 B)Rule application function:-Rule making is closely related to the Rule
application. It implies the enforcement of rules which have been made available
to the society in one form or other.In a political system Rule application is
performed by bureaucracy.
 C)Rule adjudication function:- Rule adjudication is what was traditionally
known as judicial function of government . It ensures the rules one enacted are
not violated. If violated then penalties must be specified and imposed.