6. CO2 Footprint of a Google Search
■ Google Search incl. indexing effort
– 0.3 Wh / Search [5.1]
– 0.2g CO2e / Search [3] (-> 0,67 kg CO2e/kWh) [5.1]
– 0.1g CO2e / Search (0,322 kg CO2e/kWh)
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[5.1] https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/01/powering-google-search.htm
[5.2] https://greenspector.com/en/search-engines/
■ Comparison of different search engines & use cases [5.2]
– methodology: measure energy consumption + network
input/output → estimate emissions via OneByte Model
– use cases: app vs. browser, weather, definition, local
search / interactive map
7. Footprint Comparison
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[6] https://co2.myclimate.org/
[7] https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/167877/umfrage/co-emissionen-nach-laendern-je-einwohner/
[8] https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/399048/umfrage/entwicklung-der-co2-emissionen-von-neuwagen-deutschland/
Training
■ GPT-3: ~ 100 Flights MUC <-> Sydney
■ GPT-4: ~1000 Germans living 1 year
Usage
■ GPT-3: ~ 4 Google Searches
■ GPT-4: ~ 29 Google Searches
8. What’s missing in the analysis
■ Non-GPU emissions like networking, RAM and SSDs
■ Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of datacenter
■ The embodied carbon of a datacenter
■ Emissions from network transfer
■ Emissions from end-user equipment
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9. We need more transparency!
Green Software Development Manifesto: https://www.greenmanifesto.de/en/
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10. Helpful Transparency Tools
■ Infrastructure at Cloud-Provider-Level
– Emission Dashboards from AWS, Azure, Google
■ Cluster-Level Energy consumption
– Kepler: https://github.com/sustainable-computing-io/kepler
■ Estimate Emissions for ML Usecases
– ML CO2 Impact: https://mlco2.github.io/impact/
• based on GPU hardware, usage hours, infrastructure provider, location
■ Estimate CO2 Emissions for Network Transfer, Device Usage, Embodied Carbon
– CO2.js: https://developers.thegreenwebfoundation.org/co2js/overview/
■ Emission Factors
– Climatiq data explorer & api: https://www.climatiq.io/data
• emission factors for various sectors
– Carbon aware sdk: https://github.com/Green-Software-Foundation/carbon-aware-sdk
• grid intensity data & forecasts
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