2. Moderators:
Professors:
Prof. Dr. G. Sivasankar, M.S., M.Ch.,
Prof. Dr. A. Senthilvel, M.S., M.Ch.,
Asst Professors:
Dr. J. Sivabalan, M.S., M.Ch.,
Dr. R. Bhargavi, M.S., M.Ch.,
Dr. S. Raju, M.S., M.Ch.,
Dr. K. Muthurathinam, M.S., M.Ch.,
Dr. D. Tamilselvan, M.S., M.Ch.,
Dr. K. Senthilkumar, M.S., M.Ch.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 2
3. PELVIC FRACTURES
Fractures of the pelvis account for less than
5% of all skeletal injuries, but it is important
because it associated with:-
1. Soft tissue injuries and blood loss.
2. Shock.
3. Sepsis.
4. ARDS.
Because of those mortality rate exceeds
10%.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 3
10. Posterior urethral injuries.
Posterior urethra injured in 1.6-9.9% of
pelvic fracture.
Complete: 73%
Partial: 27%
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 10
11. CLASSIFICATION
Radiological classification:
Colapinto and McCallum classified posterior urethral injuries into
three categories based on radiological findings from retrograde
urethrography:
Type 1: the membranous urethra is stretched but not severed.
Type 2: the membranous urethra is ruptured above the urogenital
diaphragm, the contrast material extravasates into the pelvic
extraperitoneal space above the urogenital diaphragm.
Type 3: the membranous urethra is ruptured and the injury
extends into the bulbous urethra due to a tear in the urogenital
diaphragm. Contrast material leaks above and below the
urogenital diaphragm
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 11
12. Extended anatomical classification
Goldman et al. [3] proposed a classification of urethral injuries based on the anatomical
description of traumatic urethral injuries:
(I)
Posterior urethra is stretched but still intact (Colapinto-McCallum type 1).
(II)
Partial or complete pure posterior urethral injury with tear of the membranous urethra while
the urogenital diaphragm is intact.
Contrast medium extravasates only above the urogenital diaphragm (Colapinto-McCallum
type 2).
(III)
Partial or complete anterior and posterior urethral injury with disruption of the urogenital
diaphragm;
contrast agent leaks above and below the urogenital diaphragm (Colapinto-McCallum type
3).
(IV)
Bladder neck injury extending into the urethra. The extravasation of contrast medium is
around the bladder neck.
(V)
Bladder base injury with periurethral extravasation similar to posterior urethral injury.
(VI)
Partial or complete isolated anterior urethral injury.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 12
13. American association of surgery of trauma (AAST) classification:
1.Contusion: blood at urethral meatus and retrograde urethrography is
normal.
2.Stretch injury: elongation of the urethra with no extravasation on
urethrography.
3.Partial disruption: extravasation of urethrography contrast medium at
the injury site, with visualization in the bladder.
4.Complete disruption: extravasation of urethrography contrast medium at
the injury site with no visualization in the bladder; <2 cm of urethra
separation.
5.Complete disruption; complete transection with >2 cm of urethral
separation or extension into the prostate or vagina.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 13
14. Anatomical and functional classification:
Al Rifaei et al. developed a new combined anatomical and functional
classification of posterior urethral injuries secondary to pelvic fractures:
Type 1: Prostatic injury; 1a: proximal avulsion of the prostate. 1b: partial
or complete transprostatic rupture.
Type 2: Stretching of the membranous urethra (Colapinto-McCallum type
1).
Type 3: Incomplete or complete supradiaphragmatic rupture of the
prostatomembranous urethra (Colapinto-McCallum type 2).
Type 4: Incomplete or complete infradiaphragmatic rupture of the
prostatomembranous urethra (Colapinto-McCallum type 3).
Type 5: Variable combined urethral injuries affecting more than one level,
injury to the proximal sphincteric mechanism (bladder neck) combined
with prostatic and/or membranous urethral injury.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 14
15. Causes.
Shearing force.
Direct laceration by pelvic bone
fragment.
Distraction,caused by pelvic fracture b/w
pubic symphysis & pubic rami.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 15
16. Symptoms and Signs
Blood at the urethral meatus. Do not, do
not, do not try to pass the catheter if it’s
present!!!
Inability to urinate
Palpapable bladder
Pelvic hematoma
Superiorly dispalced prostate
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 16
23. Treatment
Suprapubic cystostomy (Initial treatment)
If incomplete laceration – spontaneous healing
in 2-3 weeks
Complete laceration – reconstruction after 3
months
Primary repair – not recommended. Surgery is
difficult because of hematomas.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 23
24. PRIMARY REPAIR
Primary realignment techniques include:
simple passage of a catheter across the defect
catheter realignment using flexible/rigid endoscopes and biplanar
fluoroscopy
use of interlocking sounds (‘railroading’) or magnetic catheters to
place the catheter
catheter traction or perineal traction sutures to pull the prostate
back to its normal location
pelvic haematoma evacuation and dissection of the prostatic
apex (without suture anastomosis) over a catheter.
Open realignment techniques that include suture anastomosis
between the prostatic apex and the membranous urethra should
be considered a form of immediate open urethroplasty.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 24
25. DELAYED REPAIR
Webster
Turner warwick
Waterhouse
Perineal approach
Progressive perineal
PAPA / Transpubic
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 25
27. Anterior Urethral Injuries
Causes.
Stradle injuries→Laceration or Contusion
Self instrumentation or iatrogenic may
cause partial disruption.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 27
28. Symptoms & Signs
History of fall
Local pain in perineum
History of instrumentation
Massive perineal hematoma
Butterfly sign(hematoma)
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 28
30. Treatment
Contusion:.if no extravasation urethra intact,after
urethrography pt:allowed to void if ok no additional
treatment.
If bleeding present urethral catheter can be done.
Laceration:.S/P cystostomy→14-21 days
Urethral catheter avoided because it converts
incomplete tear to complete one.
Pts: who develops complete occlusion of urethra
should have S/P for 3-6 months before definite repairs.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH,
Chennai 30