this presentation is important for the students of university level will benefit them in their studies.

1. POLICY PLANNING
IN THE LIGHT OF EXISTING STUDIES
AND STRATEGIES
Gopal Das Menghwar
Research Associate
City and Regional Planning,
MUET Jamshoro.
13crp07@student.muet.edu.pk

2. POLICY
 Policy is a definite framework of general plans or of fundamental
principles selected from several alternatives in the light of existing and
anticipated conditions, to guide and influence present and future
decision of courses of actions.
Features of Policy:
There are three important features
1. A policy is more than a statement of general goals and objectives;
2. It is integrated principle and coordinated systems of regulations or
management to achieve certain defined goals/objectives.
3. Policy establishes principles, by which decisions are made, thus, instead
of being a collection of decisions, policy is a process determining means
to reach defined goals.

3.  A policy must provide framework of definite
strategies before it can be formed, a number of
alternative plans are and the consequences of
each are anticipated, when agreement is reached
on which courses of action to follow a policy is
established. Although agencies involved may
disagree on some details, they must agree on the
policy’s general outlines.
 Process for policy which should involve,
A. Analysis of findings
B. Definitions of issues
C. Statement of a course of action

4. Analysis of findings: Should alert nation and
decision makers to their past and present problems
and possible future trends.
An accurate and comprehensive analysis should
project their future efforts, as an aid in setting
priorities.
Definitions of issues: Generally describes initial
forces that create national problems. It diagnosis
problems, their causes, and their importance and this
diagnosis should also define potential problems.
Statement of a course of action: this should
indicate the inter selected sequential paths and
process to the followed in solving national, regional,
and local problems.

5. Development term aspect/planning term
 National policy for urban growth and new towns.
Historical background: Western Countries/ Europe need
because of world war-II
 CAUSES
1- Rapid Urbanization 2- Large Scale
Reconstructions

6.  Developed countries need a policy for urban
growth to resolve the main problems, like
congestion in central city; a developing country
in which population and economic hubs are
still in rural areas, needs to focus on regional
development.
 A regional policy for urban growth should
show a clear strategy for directing the growth.
 “William Allonso” wrote; a national
urbanization policy should include
development objectives for giving the
phenomenon of growth.
 Chaotic urban growth has also hindered,
ability to govern and manage cities.

7.  In other statement Daniel described the circumstances of the local
government as a continuous fiscal crisis.
 World war II need for national policy for urban growth.
Two major problems
 The lag between growing and depressed areas.
 The effort to deal with the problems of the metropolis and
decentralization.
These two problems are dynamic and have direct and indirect effect on
social issues i.e.;
 Accelerating urbanization
 Growing population
 Changing transportation
 Changing environment
 Increasing middle class
 Changing attitudes of young people
 Increasing government intervention

8. Accelerating urbanization
Manifested by the drastic change in the ratio of
urban to rural population
 By congestion in the center, and
 By increasing the slum areas
 All these factors indicate good housing and
public facilities and services
 Possible solution/ policy intervention
 New urban settlement should be built which
may direct migration
 Various form of settlements may be introduced
in depopulated rural regions to halt emigration.

9. Growing population
 World population is increasing – so the sub-
continent , like; Indo-Pak, China Bangladesh
Why???
 Advancement in medical science
 Life expectancy ratio
Pakistan – 66.44 (M/F)
Highest ratio Japan – 83.10
Lowest ratio child (South Africa) –
49.44
 Death rate is decreased and life expectancy is
increased
 Specially infants

10.  There are two different opinions
 Example 1 – countries like; Israel, Canada and Australia
and Muslim world mostly believed that increased growth
means increased strength in terms of human resources.
These countries also accepted policies that encourage
population growth.
 Example 2 – countries like; Netherlands believed that
discouraging population growth will improve the life
standard and its quality of living, poverty alleviation and
have accepted the policies of no-growth.
 Overall trend of the world is no-growth
 However, implementation of no-growth policy has faced
great religion and cultural obstacles.

11. Changing transportation
 New transportation modes influenced
urban patterns, these allow cities to
spread.
 In recent years, transportation play
important role in boosting the economy
of the country (region). Transportation
facilities diminished travel time
between various locations/settlements
and has increased the pressure on urban
centres.

12. Changing environment
 (Industrial waste)
 Industrial revolution after WW-II
 Transportation growth increased the population (air pollution)
 Cities are spreading because of transportation availabilities
and in a result, cities swallow agricultural land, forests etc.
 Increase of solid waste
 Water pollution
 No purification system
Increasing middle class
 Middle class income groups increasing, due to economic
change and urbanization.
 Pressure on services is also increases.
 Middle class income group is more influential in the society.

13. CHANGING ATTITUDE OF YOUNG PEOPLE
 Opinion of young people always have the great
importance in the society.
 Their behavior is dynamic, required leisure facilities and
entertainment. Therefore required more attention and
consideration.
 Also young people have more importance in planning
decision making.
 Women participation is also increased recently, because
of worldwide women liberation, which increased their
role in the society.
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
 Government intervention in citizen’s life
 Modern democratic society face dilemma between
behaving the need to maintain personal power and
pressure on technology.

14. CONCLUDING
REMARKS
 Planning is not only a course of action to
please individuals it is also a mean to end that
benefits society.
 Requires coordination and management of
growth, which can support democracy.
 After WW-II, countries like Holland and great
Britain recognized the need of national policy.
The US recently realized the seriousness of its
growth problems and its citizens are now more
willing to accept coordinated solutions.
 This realization and willingness are the step
towards formulating the national policy,
although each state have to develop its own
policy before federal government can develop
a coordination one.

15. COMPONETNS of national
policy for urban growth
1. CO-ORDINATED USE OF RESOURCES
A. LAND
 It is a major resource and scarce as well.
 Efforts should be made to manage agricultural land and
preserve forests should be developed.
 Soil survey should be carried out which can help to know
about the availability of land (agriculture) and its quality
and then may be formulate national policy for reserving
agricultural land.
 Land suitability analysis can help to preserve the
precious land (forests) and lead to its proper use with
support to different uses, e-g. Recreational, industrial,
residential, etc.
 Misuse of land can create problems and wastage of
forests or fine agricultural lands.

16. PLANNING TERMS: LAND USE POLICY
Elements:
1- Patterns of land ownership
2- Land use control
3- Land resources
 Many planners have called for the national
public land banks, it is still a policy that makes
implementation powerful.
 Major concern of the national policy for urban
growth is where such growth should
occurs/exists. Since, growth has direct impact
on spatial distribution, a policy must be set for
solving optimal sites for activities for new
settlements, or for expanding existing cities.

17. SIMILARLY, THIS POLICY MUST RESPOND TO A RELATED ISSUE:
 What is optimal pattern of urban distribution. Both these spatial issues cities
selection and patterns of settlements are direct products of forecasting
future changes and demand in the three threat areas.
1) Population 2) Resource and 3) Space.
 While dealing with alternative spatial patterns one must consider size,
function and distances between modes, land availability and resulting
quality of society.
B. WATER
 Water use should be regulated to maintain its quality.
 Rapid population growth and expansion of industries threaten the water
resources of many countries.
 Crucial issue in urban areas, e-g. Karachi, Hyderabad, etc.
 A policy for water regulation is specially needed in regions, where the
water availability is limited.

18. C. FINANCIAL RESOURCES
 Public investment, if associated with national
policy could be strong and influential tool in
directing national development. A policy
regulating public financial resources is need for
two priorities.
 Development for regions such as economically
depressed and depopulated rural areas or
congested urban centers.
 Projects dealing with problems such as poverty,
housing strategies/slums traffic congestion and
environmental decline.

19. 2. POPULATION:
Policy for population as a component of national
policy should involve issues,
Such as;
 Population (growth or no-growth)
 Patterns of population distribution
 Literacy
 Training of professionals
 Skilled people and distribution within a country


20.  Net growth (births-deaths), immigration and migration are
the sources of population growth. A strategy for family
planning. Whether to encourage or discourage growth,
carefully considered because of its cultural, religious and
psychological complexities.
 A policy of population re-distribution describes how to
regulate depression of a country’s population growth to
ease social problems and congestion. In formulating
population re-distribution policy, factors like; population,
transportation networks, migration, job opportunities and
source allocations must be considered. Economic
incentives are also a major mean of implementing this type
of policy.

21.  Literacy and level of skilled population
will directly affect its distribution.
Policies for population growth and re-
distribution should be combined with a
policy and scheme for training
professionals and skilled people to meet
national needs, and for avoiding excess
and shortage of professional to any given
geographic area.

22. 3. Desired Patterns Of Urban Settlements
There can be two directions;
 The existing urban pattern can be contained and strengthened by directing
resources towards its urban area.
 New diversified patterns can be established away or close to existing urban
areas in the form of new towns, regional growth centres or satellite towns.
In either case new urban settlements should relate to the following three
basic points.
(i) Where to locate the new urban settlements and how each one relates
geographically to others.
(ii) How large settlements population should be, since size is also related to other
settlements in geographic area.
(iii) What should be the local and regional economic, social and management
functions of new urban settlement.

23. 4. IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICY
Any national policy for growth dealing with
future patterns of urban settlements that should tackle
the issue of urban growth comprehensively to offer
adequate solutions, planners should understand each
country and its problems, and citizens should be
convinced of the need for the national policy, so that
they’ll co-operate since policy is not an end in itself
government implementation must be based on
following factors.
 Legislation
 Implementation agents
 Strategy for implementation
 Financial resources

24.  Legislation
can definitely commit a country to the implementation of
a policy. The legislation process is slow, thus it is difficult to
change laws that have been enacted and they may not change as
circumstances do. Most countries require legislation not only to
implement a policy, but also to orient public opinions, as have
happened in European countries.
 Implementation agents
A public or semi-public implementing agent should have
responsibility for executing policy in three ways, i-e planning,
development and maintenance. A centre of experience in
comprehensive policy execution, an agent will inform its
government for the forth coming trends and will continuously
execute policy, thus securing continuity of execution free from
external political pressure.

25.  STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTATION
policy may be meaningless, if it is not associated with
realization of strategy: “we just not seek policy, but policy
allied to vigorous strategy for obtaining results from it.”
Government programs have always a direct and indirect impact
on existing and future urban growth. In most cases such
programs are actual urban strategy in their implementation
whether or not national policy for urban growth.
Strategy is a set of different means to reach the same end
(policy). Thus strategy for urban growth should be flexible
enough to cope with national changes, while remaining
consistent with its policy and may be interpreted as a
framework that may change the emphasis of issues, as
circumstances change and maintain equilibrium among the
components of a policy.

26.  FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Since, implementation of a policy costs
are in vast amount, government must finance
it. As, the national committee on urban growth
policy stated “the development of new
committees by rarely private mechanism will
occur in these rare circumstances where the
dynamics of growth in particular areas will
afford the timely and reasonable return on
private investment in most situations the
committee finds the new trends of public
finance and justify increased investment of the
private sector.”

27. Three financial resources may be used after a project has been initiated:
 Resource allocation to various government offices for the implementation of their
various programs, like transportation networks, housing and employment.
 Taxation policy for private investment, which may encourage or discourage
various types of development in different regions. It may directly affect land uses.
 A policy for incentives or dis-incentives for development, which may support the
determination of development distribution incentives and dis-incentives may
include;
 Grants
 Loans
 Subsidies
 Revenue sharing
 Free land
 Land improvement
 Support for infrastructure of public utilities.

28. THANKS