Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Antifungal agents
1. Antifungal Agents
Prepared by
Mr. Girish Kashid
Asst. Prof.
Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical
Education & Research
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
2. Fungal infections are caused by microscopic organisms
that can invade the epithelial tissue.
Fungal Infections
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
3. The fungal kingdom includes yeasts, molds, rusts and
mushrooms.
yeasts
molds
rusts mushrooms
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4. Fungi, like animals, are hetrotrophic, that is, they obtain
nutrients from the environment, not from endogenous
sources (like plants with photosynthesis).
Most fungi are beneficial and are involved in
biodegradation,
However, a few can cause opportunistic infections if
they are introduced into the skin through wounds, or into the
lungs and nasal passages if inhaled.
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5. Diseases caused by fungi include superficial
infections of the skin by dermatophytes in the
Microsporum, Trichophyton or Epidermophyton genera.
These dermophytic infections are named for the
site of infection rather than the causative organism.
Microsporum Trichophyton or Epidermophyton
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
6. Dermatophytes are fungi that require keratin
for growth.
These fungi can cause superficial infections of
the skin, hair, and nails.
Dermatophytes?
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9. Systemic infections are caused by the inhalation of spores
and cause fungal pneumonia. This pneumonia cannot be
transmitted from human to human.
Many of the organisms that cause systemic fungal
infections are confined to specific geographic locations due to
favorable climates for their proliferation.
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10. Organisms that cause opportunistic infections will not
gain a foothold in healthy individuals, but in the
immunocompromised they can cause serious, sometimes life-
threatening infections.
Patients especially susceptible to these infections include
individuals with leukemia and other blood diseases, cancer,
HIV and other immunodeficiencies, and diabetes.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
16. 1. Antibiotics
A. Polyenes : Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Hamycin, Natamycin
They contain a system of conjugated double bonds in
macrocyclic lactone rings.
The clinically useful polyenes fall into two groupings on the
basis of the size of the macrolide ring.
1. 26-mensbered-ring polyenes, such as natamycin
2. 38-membered macrocycles, such as amphotericin B and
nystatin.
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17. Also common to the polyenes are
(a) A series of hydroxyl groups on the acid-derived portion of the ring.
(b) A glycosidically linked deoxyaminohexose called mycosamine.
Number of double bonds:
1. Natamycin: pentaene
2. Nystatin : hexaene
3. Amphotericin B : heptaene
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
18. The polyenes have no activity against bacteria,
rickettsia, or viruses, but they are highly potent, broad-
spectrum antifungal agents.
Amphotericin B used topically against athlete’s foot and
systemically against life-threatening fungal diseases interacts
with the lipids and sterols of fungal cell membranes to build
‘tunnels’ through the membrane. Once in place, the contents of
the cell are drained away and the cell is killed.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
19. The compound is a natural product derived from a
microorganism (Streptomyces nodosus). Recently, it has been
established that each molecule of amphotericin forms a
hydrogen bonding interaction with a molecule of ergosterol in
order to create the ion pore channel.
Streptomyces nodosus
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22. Nystatin: It was first isolated in 1951 from a strain of the
actinomycete Streptomyces noursei by Hazen and Brown.
The aglycone portion of nystatin is called Nistatinolide. It
consists of a 38-membered macrolide lactone ring containing
single tetraene and diene moieties separated by two methylene
groups.
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23. The aglycone also contains eight hydroxyl groups, one
carboxyl group, and the lactone ester functionality.
The entire compound is constructed by linking the
aglycone to mycosamine.
It is used only as a topical agent.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
24. Natamycin:
It is a polyene antibiotic obtained from cultures of
Streptomyces natalensis.
Streptomyces natalensis
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25. The natamycin structure consists of a 26-membered
lactone ring containing a tetraene chromophore, an ß-
unsaturated lactone carbonyl group, three hydroxyl groups, a
carboxyl group, a trans epoxide and a glycosidically joined
mycosamine.
Mechanism of action:
It cause both potassium ion leakage and cell lysis at
the same concentration.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
26. B. Heterocyclic benzofuran:
Griseofulvin:
It is first reported in 1939 by Oxford et al. It is obtained from
the fungus Penicillium griseofulvin.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
27. Mechanism of action:
Griseofulvin is a mitotic spindle poison. In vitro, it
rapidly arrests cell division in metaphase. It causes a
rapid reversible dissolution of the mitotic spindle
apparatus.
Thereby by binding with the tubulin dimer that is
required it microtubule assembly.
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28. 2. Antimetabolite Flucytosine(5-FC)
Flucytosine:
5-Fluorocytosine is an orally active antifungal agent with
a very narrow spectrum of activity.
It is indicated only for the treatment of serious systemic
infections caused by susceptible strains of Candida and
Cryptococcus.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
30. 3 Azoles
A. Imidazoles (topical):Clotrimazole, Econazole, Miconazole, Oxiconazole
(systemic): Ketoconazole
Mechanism of action:
At high in vitro concentrations (micromolar), the
azoles are fungicidal.
At low in vitro concentrations (nanomolar), They are
fungistatic.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
31. The fungicidal effect is clearly associated with
damage to the cell membrane, with the loss of essential
cellular components such as potassium ions and amino
acids.
The fungistatic effect of the azoles at low
concentration has been associated with inhibition of
membrane-bound enzymes.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
33. Clotrimazole
It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug
that is used topically for the tretment of
tinea infections and candidiasis.
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34. Types of tinea include
ringworm, athlete's
foot and jock itch.
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35. Econazole
Econazole is used as a 1%
cream for the topical treatment of
local tinea infections and
cutaneous candidiasis
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36. Miconazole
The free base is available in an
injectable form, solubilized with
polyethylene glycol and castor oil,
and intended for the treatment of
serious systemic fungal infections.
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37. Oxiconazole
It is used in cream and
lotion dosage forms in 1%
concentration for the treatment of
tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and
tinea capitis.
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38. Ketoconazole
It is a broad-spectrum imidazole azole antifungal
agent that is administered orally for treatment of systemic
fungal infections.
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39. B. Triazoles: (systemic) Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole
Fluconazole It is suitable for both oral and
intravenous administration as the free
base.
Intravenous solutions of fluconazole
contain 2 mg of the free base in 1 mL of
isotonic sodium chloride or 5% dextrose
vehicle.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
40. Itraconazole
It is a unique member of the azole class that contains two
triazole moieties in its structure, a weakly basic.
Itraconazole is an orally active, broad-spectrum antifungal
agent that has become an important alternative to ketoconazole, An
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
41. Voriconazole
It is used to treat invasive fungal
infections that are generally seen in
patients who are
immunocompromised.
These include invasive
candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis,
and emerging fungal infections.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
42. 4 Allylamine Terbinafine
Terbinafine Interfere with an early step
in ergosterol biosynthesis
namely, the epoxidation of
squalene catalyzed by
squalene epoxidase.
Squalene epoxidase forms
an epoxide at the C2—C3
position of squalene. Opening
of the epor
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44. Tolnaftate
5 Other topical
agents
Tolnaftate, Undecylenic acid, Benzoic acid, Quiniodochlor,
Ciclopirox olamine, Butenafine, Clioquinol, Sodium
Caprylate.
The compound is a thioester
of is fungicidal against
dermatophytes.
Tolnaftate has been shown to act as an inhibitor of
squalene epoxidase in susceptible fungi.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
45. Undecylenic acid
The acid is obtained from the destructive distillation of
castor oil.
Undecylenic acid is one of the better fatty acids for use as a
fungicide.
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46. Benzoic acid
It cannot penetrate the outer layer of
the skin in infected areas.
Therefore, benzoic acid when used as
an antifungal agent must be admixed with a
keratolytic agent.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
47. Ciclopirox olamine
It is a broad-spectrum antifungal
agent intended only for topical use. It is
active against dermatophytes as well as
pathogenic yeasts that are causative
agents for superficial fungal infections.
Prepared by- Mr. Kashid Girish, SCPER
48. Clioquinol
It has been used as a powder
for many skin conditions, such as
atopic dermatitis.
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49. Sodium Caprylate.
Sodium caprylate is prepared from caprylic acid,
which is a component of coconut and palm oil. The salt
precipitates as cream-colored granules that are soluble in
water and sparingly soluble in alcohol.
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