Operating System (Mac OS) Journal

Information search and Analysis Skills
(ISAS)
OPERATING SYSTEM
Mac OS X
Group 5
Faculty : M. Riza Iqbal Latief
Names : 1. Berliana Izmi Kaz
2. Eka Diah Pramesti
3. Ghifari Nur Athoillah Prayoga
Class : 1CC-3
Semester : 1
Continuing Education Program for Computing and Information Technology
Faculty of Engineering
University of Indonesia
Kampus Baru UI Depok 1642

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PREFACE
Thank you, the author wishes to God the Almighty for His blessings and
grace, we can complete this ISAS task both in the form of presentation and paper in
a timely manner.
The author also delivers him gratitude to Mr. M. Riza Iqbal Latief faculty
and other faculty for all guidance to complete it. Thank you to fellow students who
have supported, and also thank you to fellow workers in the education at CCIT-FT
UI. The ISAS paper entitled 'Mac OS X' the author submits as a requirement for the
ISAS assignment in 2019.
Finally, the authors hope this paper can be useful for all and also gain a
better insight into the operating system. The author realizes that it is still imperfect.
Therefore, the authors really expect all suggestions and criticisms from readers who
are constructive in order for the perfection of this paper. Hopefully, this paper can
provide many benefits for the readers.
Depok, August 2019
Author

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ ii
TABLE OF FIGURES......................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ...............................................................................................1
1.2 Writing Objective......................................................................................1
1.3 Problem Domain .......................................................................................1
1.4 Writing Methodology................................................................................1
1.5 Writing Framework...................................................................................2
CHAPTER II BASIC THEORY.......................................................................... 3
2.1 Introduce of Operating Systems................................................................3
2.1.1 What Operating System Do ........................................................... 4
2.1.2 Computer Organization...................................................................4
2.1.3 Parts of Operating System ............................................................. 6
2.1.4 Resource Under of Operation System............................................ 6
2.1.5 Process Management ..................................................................... 6
2.1.6 Memory Management.................................................................... 7
2.1.7 File Management ........................................................................... 7
2.1.8 Protection and Security.................................................................. 8
2.1.9 Kernel Data Structure .................................................................... 8
2.2 Operating Systems Structure.....................................................................9
2.2.1 Operating System Service............................................................ 10
2.2.2 User and Operating System Interface .......................................... 11
CHAPTER III PROBLEM ANALYSIS ........................................................... 13
3.1 History of MacOS ...................................................................................13
3.2 Various Distribution Mac OS X..............................................................13
3.3 Introduce Mac OS X .................................................................................7
3.4 Features on Mac OS X for Desktop ..........................................................8
3.4.1 Apple Menu ................................................................................... 9
3.4.2 App Menus..................................................................................... 9

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3.4.3 Status Menus................................................................................ 10
3.4.4 Spotlight....................................................................................... 10
3.4.5 Siri................................................................................................ 10
3.4.6 Notification Center ...................................................................... 10
3.4.7 Finder........................................................................................... 11
3.4.8 App Store..................................................................................... 11
3.4.9 System Preference........................................................................ 12
3.4.10Terminal....................................................................................... 12
3.4.11Compatibility ............................................................................... 12
3.4.12iCloud........................................................................................... 13
3.4.13Time Machine.............................................................................. 13
3.4.14Safari............................................................................................ 14
3.5 File Management.....................................................................................14
3.5.1 The Benefits of File Management ............................................... 14
3.5.2 File Management Goals............................................................... 14
3.5.3 File Management Function .......................................................... 15
3.5.4 File Management Framework...................................................... 15
3.6 File Management Using Finder...............................................................15
3.6.1 Open Windows and Files............................................................. 15
3.6.2 Use the Sidebar in The Finder Page Window.............................. 15
3.6.3 Create a New Folder .................................................................... 16
3.6.4 Change the Folder Name ............................................................. 16
3.6.5 Looking for Data Stored on A Mac OS X ................................... 16
3.6.6 Delete File on MacOS.................................................................. 17
3.6.7 Install and Uninstall Application ................................................. 17
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION..................................... 19
4.1 Conclusion...............................................................................................19
4.2 Suggestion ...............................................................................................19
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 20

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TABLE OF FIGURES
Page
Picture 2.0 Component of a computer system......................................................... 3
Picture 2.1 A modern computer system .................................................................. 3
Picture 2.2 Component of a computer system......................................................... 3
Picture 2.3 A modern computer system .................................................................. 5
Picture 2.4 Kernel data structure............................................................................. 8
Picture 2.5 A view of operating system ................................................................ 10
Picture 2.6 iPhone touchscreen ............................................................................. 12
Picture 3.0 Various Distribution Mac OS X............................................................ 7
Picture 3.1 Mac OS X Logo .................................................................................... 8
Picture 3.2 Log in Screen ........................................................................................ 8
Picture 3.3 Home Screen Mac OS X Sierra ............................................................ 9
Picture 3.4 Apple Menu........................................................................................... 9
Picture 3.5 App Menu ............................................................................................. 9
Picture 3.6 Status Menu......................................................................................... 10
Picture 3.7 Spotlight.............................................................................................. 10
Picture 3.8 Siri....................................................................................................... 10
Picture 3.9 Notification Center.............................................................................. 11
Picture 3.10 Finder ................................................................................................ 11
Picture 3.11 App Store .......................................................................................... 11
Picture 3.12 System preference............................................................................. 12
Picture 3.13 Terminal............................................................................................ 12
Picture 3.14 Microsoft Office................................................................................ 12
Picture 3.15 iCloud. Any type of files, All in one place ....................................... 13
Picture 3.16 Time machine.................................................................................... 13
Picture 3.17 Safari ................................................................................................. 14
Picture 3.18 Create new folder.............................................................................. 16
Picture 3.19 Rename.............................................................................................. 16
Picture 3.20 Search file using spotlight................................................................. 16
Picture 3.21 Delete file.......................................................................................... 17

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Picture 3.22 Installation in App Store ................................................................... 17
Picture 3.23 Install in finder.................................................................................. 18
Picture 3.24 Uninstall in finder ............................................................................. 18

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
In the 21st century, many systems were created to make it easier for people
to do things like design, edit videos, share photos on social media, etc. Therefore,
each of these requires an operating system that is easy to use.
On the other hand, in order to be easy to use, users also need to know the
basics of operating systems. such as features available and file management.
To learn and practice it, a suitable operating system used by users is Mac
OS X.
1.2 Writing Objective
The purpose of writing a paper titled Mac OS X is to provide information
and descriptions of Mac OS X as a desktop operating system, features available on
Mac OS X, file management.
1.3 Problem Domain
This time ISAS will only discuss features of macOS and easy file
management on macOS.
1.4 Writing Methodology
The writing method used by the author is an observation method. That is the
collection of materials that will be discussed, analyzed, and examined from official
sources, and also uses the "learn and do" method which is very influential in
research, and draws conclusions from all reports obtained from the research.

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1.5 Writing Framework
To facilitate ISAS writing, the writing systematics is structured as follows:
1. Chapter I Introduction
Chapter I will discuss background problems, writing objectives,
problem domains, writing methodology, writing framework.
2. Chapter II Basic Theory
In Chapter II, will discuss about Introduce of Operating System and
Operating System Structure.
3. Chapter III Problem Analysis
In Chapter III, a deep discussion of Features of macOS and file
management.
4. Chapter IV Conclusions and Suggestions
It contains the author's conclusions about the experience gained after
doing research on macOS and provides useful advice.

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CHAPTER II
BASIC THEORY
2.1 Introduce of Operating Systems
An operating system is a program that manages a computer’s hardware. It
also provides a basis for application programs and acts as an intermediary between
the computer user and the computer hardware. An amazing aspect of operating
systems is how they vary in accomplishing these tasks. Mainframe operating
systems are designed primarily to optimize utilization of hardware. Personal
computer (PC) operating systems support complex games, business applications,
and everything in between. Operating systems for mobile computers provide an
environment in which a user can easily interface with the computer to execute
programs. Thus, some operating systems are designed to be convenient, others to
be efficient, and others to be some combination of the two.
Picture 2.0 Component of a computer system
(Operating System Concepts: Abraham Silberschatz)
The operating system is a powerful, and usually large, program that controls
and manages the hardware and other software on the computer. All computers and
computer-like devices require an operating system, including laptops, tablets,
desktops, smartphones, smartwatches, etc.
Laptops, tablets, and desktop computers all run operating systems. Some
examples include versions of Microsoft Windows (such as Windows 10, Windows
8), Apple Mac OS X, Chrome OS, and the open-source Linux OS.

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2.1.1 What Operating System Do
A computer system can be divided roughly into four components: the
hardware, the operating system, the application programs, and the users (Picture
2.0)
The hardware. The part of it is central processing unit (CPU), memory, and
input/output (I/O) devices. Function is providing the basic computing resources for
the system. The application programs. Such as word processors, spreadsheets,
compilers, and Web browsers. Function is defining the ways in which these
resources are used to solve users’ computing problems. The operating system
controls the hardware and coordinates its use among the various application
programs for the various users.
It can also view a computer system as consisting of hardware, software, and
data. But, to understand more fully the operating system’s role, it can explore
operating systems from two viewpoints: that of the user and that of the system.
1. User View
The user’s view of the computer varies according to the interface being used.
Most computer users sit in front of a PC, consisting of a monitor, keyboard,
mouse, and system unit. Such a system is designed for one user to monopolize
its resources.
2. System View
From the computer’s point of view, the operating system is the program
most intimately involved with the hardware. In this context, it can view an
operating system as a resource allocator. A computer system has many resources
that may be required to solve a problem: CPU time, memory space, file-storage
space, I/O devices, and so on.
2.1.2 Computer Organization
A modern general-purpose computer system consists of one or more CPUs
and a number of device controllers connected through a common bus that provides
access to shared memory (Picture 2.1). Each device controller is in charge of a
specific type of device (for example, disk drives, audio devices, or video displays).

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Picture 2.1 A modern computer system
1. Storage Structure
The CPU can load instructions only from memory, so any programs to run
must be stored there. General-purpose computers run most of their programs
from rewritable memory, called main memory (also called random-access
memory, or RAM).
Ideally, user want the programs and data to reside in main memory
permanently. Because, first, Main memory is usually too small to store all
needed programs and data permanently. Second, Main memory is a volatile
storage device that loses its contents when power is turned off or otherwise lost.
Thus, most computer systems provide secondary storage as an extension of
main memory. The main requirement for secondary storage is that it be able to
hold large quantities of data permanently.
The most common secondary-storage device is a magnetic disk, which
provides storage for both programs and data. Most programs (system and
application) are stored on a disk until they are loaded into memory.
2. I/O Structure
Storage is only one of many types of I/O devices within a computer. A large
portion of operating system code is dedicated to managing I/O, both because of
its importance to the reliability and performance of a system and because of the
varying nature of the devices.
A general-purpose computer system consists of CPUs and multiple device
controllers that are connected through a common bus. Each device controller is
in charge of a specific type of device. Typically, operating systems have a device
driver for each device controller. This device driver understands the device

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controller and provides the rest of the operating system with a uniform interface
to the device.
2.1.3 Parts of Operating System
1. Boot Mechanism, which puts the kernel into memory
2. Kernel, which is the core of an operating system
3. Command Interpreter or Shell, which is in charge of reading input from
the user
4. Libraries, which provide a collection of basic and standard functions that
can be called by other applications
5. Drivers to interact with external hardware, as well as to control it
2.1.4 Resource Under of Operation System
1. Processor
2. Main memory
3. Input/output device
4. Secondary storage devices
5. Communication devices and ports
2.1.5 Process Management
A program does nothing unless its instructions are executed by a CPU. A
program in execution, as mentioned, is a process.
A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and
I/O devices to accomplish its task. These resources are either given to the process
when it is created or allocated to it while it is running.
A process is the unit of work in a system. The operating system is
responsible for the following activities in connection with process management:
1. Scheduling processes and threads on the CPUs
2. Creating and deleting both user and system processes
3. Suspending and resuming processes
4. Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
5. Providing mechanisms for process communication

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2.1.6 Memory Management
The operating system manages main memory. The main memory consists
of a large number of bytes or words where each byte or word is given a specific
address. The main memory is fast storage and can be accessed directly by the CPU.
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connection with memory management:
1. Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and
who is using them
2. Deciding which processes (or parts of processes) and data to move into
and out of memory
3. Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed
2.1.7 File Management
File management is one of the most visible components of an operating
system. Computers can store information on several different types of physical
media.
A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator.
Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object forms) and data. Data
files may be numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric, or binary. Files may be free-form
(for example, text files), or they may be formatted rigidly (for example, fixed fields).
Clearly, the concept of a file is an extremely general one.
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connection with file management:
1. Creating and deleting files
2. Creating and deleting directories to organize files
3. Supporting primitives for manipulating files and directories
4. Mapping files onto secondary storage
5. Backing up files on stable (nonvolatile) storage media

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2.1.8 Protection and Security
If a computer system has multiple users and allows the concurrent execution
of multiple processes, then access to data must be regulated. For that purpose,
mechanisms ensure that files, memory segments, CPU, and other resources can be
operated on by only those processes that have gained proper authorization
from the operating system.
Protection, then, is any mechanism for controlling the access of processes
or users to the resources defined by a computer system. This mechanism must
provide means to specify the controls to be imposed.
A system can have adequate protection but still be prone to failure and allow
inappropriate access. Consider a user whose authentication information (her means
of identifying herself to the system) is stolen. Her data could be copied or deleted,
even though file and memory protection are working. It is the job of security to
defend a system from external and internal attacks.
2.1.9 Kernel Data Structure
The kernel data structures are very important as they store data about the
current state of the system. For example, if a new process is created in the system,
a kernel data structure is created that contains the details about the process.
Most of the kernel data structures are only accessible by the kernel and its
subsystems. They may contain data as well as pointers to other data structures.
The kernel stores and organizes a lot of information. So, it has data about
which processes are running in the system, their memory requirements, files in use
etc. To handle all this, three important structures are used. These are process table,
file table and v node or i node information.
Picture 2.2 Kernel data structure
(https://www.tutorialspoint.com/Kernel-Data-Structures)

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1. Process Table
The process table stores information about all processes running on the
operating system. including storage information, execution status, file
information etc.
2. File Table
The file table contains entries about all the files in the system. If two or more
processes use the same file, then they contain the same file information and the
file descriptor number.
Each file table entry contains information about the file such as file status
(file read or file write), file offset etc. The file offset specifies the position for
next read or write into the file.
The file table also contains v-node and i-node pointers which point to the
virtual node and index node respectively. These nodes contain information on
how to read a file.
3. V-node and I-Node Tables
Both the v-node and i-node are references to the storage system of the file
and the storage mechanisms. They connect the hardware to the software.
The v-node is an abstract concept that defines the method to access file data
without worrying about the actual structure of the system. The i-node specifies
file access information like file storage device, read/write procedures etc.
2.2 Operating Systems Structure
An operating system provides the environment within which programs are
executed. Internally, operating systems vary greatly in their makeup, since they are
organized along many different lines.
It can view an operating system from several vantage points. One view
focuses on the services that the system provides; another, on the interface that it
makes available to users and programmers; a third, on its components and their
interconnections.

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2.2.1 Operating System Service
These operating system services are provided for the convenience of the
programmer, to make the programming task easier. Figure 2.1 shows one view of
the various operating-system services and how they interrelate.
Picture 2.3 A view of operating system
1. User Interface
Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI). This interface can
take several forms. One is a command-line interface (CLI), which uses text
commands and a method for entering them (say, a keyboard for typing in
commands in a specific format with specific options).
2. Program Execution
The system must be able to load a program into memory and to run that
program. The program must be able to end its execution, either normally or
abnormally (indicating error).
3. I/O Operations
A running program may require I/O, which may involve a file or an I/O
device. For efficiency and protection, users usually cannot control I/O devices
directly. Therefore, the operating system must provide a means to do I/O.
4. File System Manipulation
The file system is of particular interest. Obviously, programs need to read
and write files and directories. They also need to create and delete them by
name, search for a given file, and list file information.

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5. Communications
There are many circumstances in which one process needs to exchange
information with another process. Such communication may occur between
processes that are executing on the same computer or between processes that
are executing on different computer systems tied together by a computer
network.
6. Error Detection
The operating system needs to be detecting and correcting errors constantly.
Errors may occur in the CPU and memory hardware (such as a memory error or
a power failure), in I/O devices, and in the user program.
7. Protection and Security
The owners of information stored in a multiuser or networked computer
system may want to control use of that information.
2.2.2 User and Operating System Interface
There are two fundamental approaches. One provides a command-line
interface, or command interpreter, that allows users to directly enter commands to
be performed by the operating system. The other allows users to interface with the
operating system via a graphical user interface, or GUI.
1. Command Interpreter
Some operating systems include the command interpreter in the kernel.
Others, such as Windows and UNIX, treat the command interpreter as a special
program that is running when a job is initiated or when a user first logs on (on
interactive systems).
The main function of the command interpreter is to get and execute the next
user-specified command. Many of the commands given at this level manipulate
files: create, delete, list, print, copy, execute, and so on.
2. Graphical User Interface
A second strategy for interfacing with the operating system is through a
user-friendly graphical user interface, or GUI.
The user moves the mouse to position its pointer on images, or icons, on the
screen (the desktop) that represent programs, files, directories, and system
functions.

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Because a mouse is impractical for most mobile systems, smartphones and
handheld tablet computers typically use a touchscreen interface. Here, users
interact by making gestures on the touchscreen. for example, pressing and
swiping fingers across the screen.
Picture 2.4 iPhone touchscreen
(https://www.imyfone.com/iphone-issues/iphone-touch-screen-not-working-after-ios-11-
update/)

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CHAPTER III
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
3.1 History of MacOS
January 24, 1984, chairman of Apple Computer Inc. Steve Jobs took to the
stage of Apple's annual shareholder meeting in Cupertino, to show off the first
Macintosh personal computer in a live demonstration. Macintosh 128 was bundled
with what came to be called Mac OS but came to be known only as System Software
(or System).
The original Software System was partly based on Lisa's OS, which was
previously released by Apple for Lisa's computer in 1983, and both OSes were
directly inspired by Xerox Alto. It is known, that Steve Jobs and a number of Apple
engineers visited Xerox PARC (instead of Apple's stock options) in December
1979, to see the WYSIWYG Alto concept and mouse-based graphical user
interface, three months after the Lisa and Macintosh project had begun. The latest
Lisa and Macintosh operating system enhances the Xerox Alto concept with menus,
pop-up menus, and drag and drop actions.
The main Mac OS software architect is Andy Hertzfeld. It encodes much of
the original Mac ROM, kernel, Macintosh Toolbox, and some desktop accessories.
The operating system icon was designed by Susan Kare (the only woman in the
photo below). Macintosh and Macintosh Finder system utilities are coded by Bruce
Horn and Steve Capps. Bill Atkinson is the creator of the incredible MacPaint
application, as well as QuickDraw, the basic toolbox used by Mac for graphics.
Atkinson also designed and implemented HyperCard, the first popular hypermedia
system.
3.2 Various Distribution Mac OS X
Some of the first macOS versions are named big cats. Before its release,
version 10.0 was code-named "Cheetah" internally at Apple, and version 10.1 was
code that was referred to internally as "Puma". After the codename "Jaguar" for
version 10.2 received publicity in the media,

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Apple began to openly use these names to promote the operating system: 10.3 was
marketed as "Panther", 10.4 as “Tiger", 10.5 as "Leopard", 10.6 as "Snow Leopard",
10.7 as " Lion", and 10.8 as "Mountain Lion". "Panther", "Tiger", and "Leopard"
are registered trademarks, and Apple registers "Lynx" and "Cougar", but these are
allowed to disappear, with Apple instead using the icon location name in California
for the next release: 10.9 is named from Mavericks, a popular surfing destination;
10.10 is named from Yosemite National Park; 10.11 is named for El Capitan; 10.12
The Sierra is named after the Sierra Nevada mountain range; 10.13 High Sierra is
named for the area around High Sierra Camps.; 10.14 Mojave; 10.15 Catalina
Picture 3.0 Various Distribution Mac OS X
( http://portablecontacts.net/wiki/computing/macos/ )
3.3 Introduce Mac OS X
The Macintosh provided the world with the first computer affordable by
average people that used a Graphical User Interface (GUI). UNIX is a standard
operating system on mainframes and within research centers because of its robust
resource management, open-source nature, and availability on a wide range of
hardware. Mac OS X combines both of these to produce an operating system that is
robust, but also easy to use.
The GUI has a long history even before the Macintosh. Although the
Macintosh has been available for twenty years. there were actually three GUI-
equipped computers that predate the Mac. The Xerox Alto, the Xerox Star, and the
Apple Lisa.

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Picture 3.1 Mac OS X Logo
(http://www.macos.utah.edu/documentation/short_courses/mac_os_x_overview/history_and_
evolution/introduction.html)
Mac OS X combines the robust resource management of UNIX with the
ease of use of the Macintosh and adds in a number of powerful technologies
uniquely its own.
3.4 Features on Mac OS X for Desktop
MacOS is an operating system that powers every Mac. This allows users to
do things that cannot be done with other computers. That's because it's designed
specifically for the hardware it uses - and vice versa. MacOS comes to an entire
suite of beautifully designed apps. It works hand in hand iCloud to keep photos,
documents, and other things up to date on all user devices. It makes Mac work like
magic with your iPhone or iPad. And it’s been built from the ground up with privacy
and security in mind. There are several features from macOS:
Picture 3.2 Log in Screen
(http://osxdaily.com/2015/11/11/howto-take-screenshot-login-screen-mac-osx/)
Picture 3.4 is displayed when macOS is opened, macOS will ask for a
username and password that have been entered in the installation, so it cannot be
used by unauthorized parties.

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Picture 3.3 Home Screen Mac OS X Sierra
(https://www.pcmag.com/feature/354220/12-cool-new-features-in-macos-high-sierra)
3.4.1 Apple Menu
Located in the top left corner of the screen, contains commands for things
that users often do, like updating apps, opening System Preferences, locking the
screen, or turning off a macOS.
Picture 3.4 Apple Menu
(https://www.pcmag.com/feature/354220/12-cool-new-features-in-macos-high-sierra)
3.4.2 App Menus
The app menu is next to the Apple menu. The name of the app you use
appears in bold, followed by another menu, often with a default name such as File,
Edit, Format, or Window. Each app has a Help menu to make it easier to get
information about using the app.
Picture 3.5 App Menu
(Oracle VirtualBox)

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3.4.3 Status Menus
At the right end of the menu bar, there is a status menu, which is usually
represented by an icon. Use this menu to check the status of your macOS or access
features quickly. for example, turning Wi-Fi on or off.
Picture 3.6 Status Menu
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.4.4 Spotlight
Click the Spotlight icon, which is located after the status menu, uses
Spotlight to search for items on macOS.
Picture 3.7 Spotlight
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.4.5 Siri
Click the icon to ask Siri to do things like open a file or app, or to find things
on your Mac or Internet.
Picture 3.8 Siri
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.4.6 Notification Center
At the right end of the menu bar, click the Notification Center icon to use
Notification Center to view details about your day, catch up on notifications you
missed, update the macOS, etc.

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Picture 3.9 Notification Center
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.4.7 Finder
Finder is the first thing a user sees when a macOS has finished install. Finder
will open automatically and stay open when you use other apps. This feature is
called Finder because it helps to find and manage files.
Picture 3.10 Finder
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.4.8 App Store
Applications can change the way users do anything they like, including
work, study, play games, or just complete tasks. And the App Store is the best place
to find new applications that make it possible to realize dreams in unexpected ways.
Picture 3.11 App Store
(Oracle VirtualBox)

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3.4.9 System Preference
System Preferences is an application bundled with macOS that allows
changing settings on your Mac OS X.
Picture 3.12 System preference
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.4.10 Terminal
The terminal app allows controlling macOS using a command prompt.
Picture 3.13 Terminal
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.4.11 Compatibility
With Mac OS, it's easy to transfer files, photos and other data from a
Windows PC to a Mac. Works with popular file types such as JPEG, MP3, and PDF,
as well as Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint documents. And users can run
Microsoft Office natively on a Mac.
Picture 3.14 Microsoft Office
(https://www.apple.com/macos/compatibility/)

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3.4.12 iCloud
Every apple user uses iCloud. This is the magic behind the unlimited
experience with all Apple devices. So, users always have photos, videos,
documents, emails, notes, contacts, calendars, and more on whatever device is used.
And any file stored on iCloud Drive can be shared with friends, family, and
colleagues just by sending a link. iCloud Drive also allows accessing files from Mac
desktops and Documents folders on any iOS device. Everything is done
automatically.
Picture 3.15 iCloud. Any type of files, All in one place
(https://www.apple.com/icloud/)
3.4.13 Time Machine
Time Machine is Apple's built-in solution for backing up macOS. You can
connect an external hard drive over USB or Thunderbolt (or FireWire, for older
Macs) for a wired connection, or over a network for a wireless connection. Time
Machine backs up every hour, deleting older backups as the backup drive starts
running out of space.
Picture 3.16 Time machine
(Oracle VirtualBox)

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3.4.14 Safari
The best browser that comes with your Mac. Safari is faster and more
energy efficient than other browsers. Handy tools help you save, find, and share
your favorite sites. Built-in privacy features help keep your browsing your
business. And Safari works with iCloud to let you browse seamlessly across all
your devices.
Picture 3.17 Safari
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.5 File Management
File management is a method and data structure used by the operating
system to organize and organize files contained on a disk or disk partition. This file
management can be interpreted as a disk or partition that is used to store files in a
certain way.
3.5.1 The Benefits of File Management
The benefits of file management include reducing the risk of losing files
such as accidentally deleted files, stored files anywhere and irregular location of
files and can facilitate us in searching for files, can save storage capacity by erasing
unused files. To get the benefits of file management, users must be able to do file
management properly.
3.5.2 File Management Goals
First, to meet the needs of data management for users. Second, guarantee
the data contained in the file is valid. Third, for performance optimization. Fourth,
to minimize or eliminate potential data loss. Fifth, to provide input and output
support for many users on a multiuser system.

15
3.5.3 File Management Function
First, the mechanism for sharing files. Second, file creation, modification
and deletion. Third, the ability to backup and recovery to prevent file loss due to
file destruction attempts. Fourth, so that in sensitive environments, information can
be stored securely and confidentially. Fifth, the file system must provide a user-
friendly interface.
3.5.4 File Management Framework
The first is the access system, which is related to how the data is stored in
the access file. The second is file management, which is related to the provision of
operating mechanisms on files, for example, such as storage, referencing, sharing,
and also security. The third is storage space management that is related to the
allocation of space for files on storage devices. And the fourth is the file integrity
mechanism, which is related to the guarantee of information on files that are not
corrupted.
3.6 File Management Using Finder
Ordinary file management using finder. Finder is the part of Mac OS X that
needs to be accessed to find and manage documents, media, folders, and other files.
User needs to organize data or create folders to store work. Users can find
settings by accessing the Finder. Here's how to manage documents or files with
Finder on Mac OS X.
3.6.1 Open Windows and Files
To open a window and view files on a Mac OS, switch to the Finder by
clicking the Finder icon in the Dock. Switching to Finder also opens all Finder
windows that might be hidden behind other app windows.
3.6.2 Use the Sidebar in The Finder Page Window
On the side of the Finder panel, the panel will contain a list of frequently
accessed folders, including iCloud Drive, external storage devices such as hard
drives, and so on. To be able to open document access from the sidebar, the user
only needs to open it with one click. If the user wants to change the appearance of
the items that appear on the panel, click Finder from the menu bar, then select

16
Preferences. For more convenience, you can directly drag the icon into the panel
(drag and drop).
3.6.3 Create a New Folder
First, click the directory where you want to create a folder. Second, from the
Finder menu on the menu bar, choose File-New Folder. Third, move a folder or file
to another folder. Fourth, drag the item to the closed folder. Fifth, double-click to
open the folder, then select and drag the item to the folder window.
Picture 3.18 Create new folder
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.6.4 Change the Folder Name
First, select the folder, just one click. Second, press the Return key on the
keyboard, type a new name, press the Return key
Picture 3.19 Rename
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.6.5 Looking for Data Stored on A Mac OS X
The Spotlight icon is a magnifying glass icon at the top panel of the menu
bar. Spotlight function is able to provide data search results in the form of
applications, photos, videos, documents, and other types of data.

17
Picture 3.20 Search a file using spotlight
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.6.6 Delete File on MacOS
Users only need to drag the file to the Trash icon in the form of a trash can
in the Dock. Another step is to select one or more files, then press Command +
Delete. In this case, the user also needs to delete the document from Trash, choose
File-Empty Trash. This is useful for giving more data storage space on Mac OS X.
Picture 3.21 Delete file
(Oracle VirtualBox)
3.6.7 Install and Uninstall Application
The Mac App Store is a decent first place to check. Open the store, search
for the app you want, and click “Get” then “Download.”
Picture 3.22 Installation in App Store
(Oracle VirtualBox)
This application will download and show up in “Applications” folder.
Updates are all handled by the store, which is convenient, and any application user
purchase on one Mac will work on another Apple device.

18
Most macOS applications downloaded from outside the store come inside
a .DMG file. Double-click the .DMG file to open it, and you’ll see a Finder window.
Picture 3.23 Installation in finder
(Oracle VirtualBox)
Simply drag the application’s icon to your Applications folder and done,
the software is now installed. Next is to uninstall the application, the way is quite
easy, just drag and drop the application to the trash.
Picture 3.24 Uninstall in finder
(Oracle VirtualBox)

19
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the macOS
operating system is the first GUI (Graphical User Interface) based operating system
in the world, then followed by other operating systems.
Users must know how to use the macOS operating system by understanding
the tools on the desktop when logging in. After the user understands the tools that
are on the desktop, the user must also know how to manage files. Because every
user must save a data/file on macOS.
Facilities that can be obtained using macOS is sharing files and integrating
with Apple Inc. others such as iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch using iCloud, search files
with sound integration via Siri, compatible with various extensions such as JPEG,
PDF, MP3, etc., get third party software with the app store, and guaranteed security
from Apple Inc.
4.2 Suggestion
MacOS is the right choice for a graphic designer, filmmaker, content maker,
music composer, employee, etc. however, macOS is not suitable for users who like
to play games.

20
BIBLIOGRAPHY
R.Muntz, Richard. 1974. Operating Systems. Los Angeles: University of
California.
https://sites.google.com/site/optsytms/history-of-operating-systems [09/09/2019]
https://gizmodo.com/20-tips-and-tricks-for-managing-files-on-macos-1828411361
[08/09/2019]
https://peda.net/kenya/ass/subjects2/computer-studies/form-1/operating-
system/itso [11/09/2019]
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/functions-of-operating-system/ [11/09/2019]
https://support.apple.com/id-id/guide/mac-help/mchlp1446/10.14/mac/10.14
[12/09/2019]
https://support.apple.com/id-id/HT201732 [12/09/2019]
https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/change-system-preferences-
mh15217/mac [12/09/2019]
https://review.bukalapak.com/gadget/cara-mengelola-dokumen-dengan-finder-di-
macbook-28480 [12/09/2019]
http://www.pengertianku.net/2015/05/pengertian-manajemen-file-dan-
manfaatnya.html [12/09/2019]
https://www.apple.com/macos/what-is/ [15/09/2019]
Moreau, Sean. 2018. The Evolution of macOS (and Mac OS X). Computerworld
from IDG. Accessed from https://www.computerworld.com/article/2983507/the-
evolution-of-macos-and-mac-os-x.html [15/09/2019]
Rosen, Adam. 2011. Welcome to Mac OS X: An Illustrated Introduction (10th
Anniversary). Accessed from https://www.cultofmac.com/87966/welcome-to-
mac-os-x-an-illustrated-introduction-10th-anniversary/ [15/09/2019]
Björk, Mårten. 2019. Mac OS X Introduction. Accessed from
https://www.macforbeginners.com/osx-guide/mac-os-x-introduction/ [15/09/2019]
Silberschatz, Abraham. 2012. Operating System Concepts: Ninth Edition.
United States.
Barnes, Ricky. 2018. Kernel Data Structure. Accessed from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/Kernel-Data-Structures [17/09/2019]

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