2. INFORMATION SYSTEM IN HEALTHCARE
An information system is a combined set of components for collecting,
storing, and processing data and for providing information, knowledge, and
digital products.
Information systems in organizations help to carry out and manage
their operations, customer support, supply chain, marketing and a host of
other functions. The main components of information systems are computer
hardware and software, communication channels, databases, human
resources, and processes.
3. ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN MODERN
HEALTHCARE
Data analytics: The healthcare industry constantly produces data. Health
information systems help gather, compile and analyze health data to help
manage population health and reduce healthcare costs. It also improves patient
care.
Collaborative care: Patients often need treatments from different healthcare
providers. Health information systems such as health information exchanges
(HIES) allow healthcare facilities to access and exchange common health
records.
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Cost control: Using digital networks to exchange healthcare data like the
EHRs lab reports etc. leads to work efficiencies and cost savings.
Population health management: Health information systems can aggregate
patient data, analyze it and identify trends in populations. The technology also
works in reverse. Clinical decision support systems can use big data to help
diagnose individual patients and treat them.
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Better administration: Improved appointment scheduling, insurance
verification, coding, biling procedure and various other processes are
automated thus leading to a better administration
Disaster management: Data and information are stored in such a way that it
is retrievable quickly as well as recoverable in case of damage.
Prompt Communication: Improved and fast communication between
healthcare practitioners and patients helps in fast decision making which
reduces the health-related risks that can impact patients‘ health.
6. The Architecture of Information Systems in
Healthcare
The hospital environment is a complex environment having different
departments and systems develop an information system the most essential
aspect is integration among these Heterogenous systems.
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A few are explained below are:
1. Stand-Alone System
• It is the simplest system and is usually limited to one clinic or one hospital
department like the lab or billing. Since it is not connected to other systems,
the information stays in that system. The Information can only be emailed
or can be transferred externally. It cannot be shared automatically with other
systems of the institution.
• It is easy to maintain because of its simple design.
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Centralized System
• Centralised systems have a single database that contains all the data entered
from various entry points.
• In a hospital system, a patient might be getting treated in more than one
department. Each department sends the data to the central database.
• Connectivity between various components of the system is through LAN or
Wi-Fi or both.
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• It can be created and maintained easily because the same technology is
implemented everywhere.
• It require extensive technological infrastructure and policy framework to
support communication between the data entry point and the central
repository and to ensure the security of the information as it passes between
units.
• If the central repository breaks down, the entire system is unusable.
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De-Centralized System
• A decentralized system architecture can have multiple databases or
repositories that collect data from many sources.
• Depending on how access is managed, this architecture can ensure wide
accessibility, or limit information to certain levels.
• The system can access information from different department sand provide
it on a single screen
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• The infrastructure needs differ department-wise widely so the same system
cannot work everywhere.
• Strong security means and protocols are necessary to protect the
information.
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Federated System
• A federated system is a blend of centralized and de- centralized systems. The
systems work independently but are integrated giving an impression to the
user that the system is centralized.
• It brings data and information from individual systems into a shared data
warehouse. The centralized repository often receives only a subset of the data.
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The different systems remain independent but share only B that information
with the other system which is requested.
It is essential for all the participating systems to follow the same protocol to
be integrated.
A federated system may look complicated, but as long as the architecture
including system norms, protocols, rules for data exchange, and security-is
strong and well-documented, it can address the requirements of a national-
scale health information system.
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18. Healthcare Information Systems
Clinical Information System (CIS)- A Clinical Information System (CIS) is a
computer-based system that is designed for collecting, storing, manipulating
and making available clinical information important to the healthcare delivery
process.
Benefits of CIS
1. Automation of manual activities: With the implementation of CIS, human
intervention has decreased. E.g. there is no longer the need for some staff to
go to the X-Ray lab or pathology lab to collect the report and enter the results
manually in the bedside chart of the patient.
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2. Reduced errors. With reduced human intervention, the errors have been
reduced and the accuracy has increased. The system itself is designed to
identify the errors and rectify them.
3. Electronic capturing of data: The system can take the data automatically
from the other bedside equipment and raise an alert in case of any abnormal
change in readings.
4. Improved Drug Prescription and Patient Safety: Clinical Information
Systems improve drug dosing and this leads to the reduction of adverse drug
interactions while promoting more appropriate pharmaceutical utilization.
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5. Data usage: Besides clinical treatment, the data stored in CIS can be
directly used by the management in policy-making, clinical research, and
training.
6. Security: In a well-designed CIS, security checks are implemented at all
levels to maintain the privacy of data.
7.Trace records: The main advantage of CIS is that it can trace and identify a
patient's records from various internal and external systems. It draws
information from all these systems into an electronic patient record, which
clinicians can see at the patient's bedside.
21. BARRIERS RELATED TO THE SUCCESSFUL
IMPLEMENTATION OF CIS
1. Lack of essential technology: Many healthcare institutions do not have the
required technology to implement CIS due to either the lack of funds or the
management's inability to understand the importance of CIS
2. Clinical Resistance: People always resist change. They often lack confidence in
the new system or themselves so implementing CIS is not an easy task.
3. High Cost: CIS infrastructure initially requires a high budget which many
organizations are either not able to afford or are not ready to spend without
realizing the benefits in long run. Barriers in the path of CIS Lack of technology
Clinical resistance High co Security & privacy Advanced developments
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4. Security and Privacy: Maintaining the confidentiality of data is a big
concern. As the data travels from/to various systems, the security of data is
always at high risk.
5. Advanced developments: As the healthcare environment is very dynamic,
CIS has yet to be capable of keeping pace with the healthcare information
system.
23. HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (HIS)
The HIS is a complete, integrated information system designed to manage the
administrative, financial and clinical aspects of a hospital. A hospital
information system aims to achieve the best possible support for patient care
and administration by electronic data processing
Following are the key elements of HIS
Core Systems - This system module deals with the operational requirements
for the daily routine.
Business/Financial Systems - It is concerned with the information system for
patient care, and managerial information system requirements.
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Communication/Networking Systems - This looks at the appointment
scheduling of consulting doctors.
Department Management Systems-This is concerned with decisions
regarding hospital management short and long-term decisions about
patient care, and disaster recovery.
Medical Documentation Systems - This addresses the maintenance of
medical records, approvals and legal records.
Medical Support Systems -It supports the clinical and medical patient
care activities in the hospital
25. Benefits of Hospital Information System
1. Easy Access to Patient Data: A well-implemented Hospital Information
System means readily available patient data to the care providers. All the
requisite information about a patient, from various departments in the
hospital, is available on the screen at the point of care. This helps in
timely treatment and decisions making.
2. Cost-Effective: HIS, when implemented well, helps in cutting down
manpower because a lot of work gets automated and does not require
manual intervention to store or analyze the information. It also saves
much on storage related costs..
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3. Improved Efficiency: Automated processes operate mechanically without
any human intervention and this ensures improved efficiency. The system
does not have to face human problems like fatigue, miscommunication, or
lack of focus.
4. Reduced Scope of Error: Because processes on HIS are automated and a
lot of tasks are assigned to the software to perform with utmost accuracy with
minimum human intervention, the scopeof error is reduced dramatically.
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5. Increased Data Security & Retrieve-ability: In hospitals, HIS helps in
keeping the data safe with only authorized personnel getting access to it.
Retrieval of data is in the minimum possible time. All the data is stored on the
server or cloud, keeping it safe from natural damage. Data access is based on
individual logins as per the role of the person - Receptionist, doctor, nurse,
radiologist, etc.
6. Delivery of quality patient care: With automation, all departments in the
hospitals are inter-connected. Faster information access helps the clinician to
get the diagnostic reports quickly. Orders are issued and implemented timely
which helps in faster patient recovery
