5. Cont….
5.Hygiene hypothesis
•Increased exposure to various allergens.
•Early environmental exposure to infectious agents, protects
against development of atopy.
•Early nursery attendance also reduces subsequent atopy.
•Lack of immune maturation (understimulated immune system) in
infancy allergic responses.
6. RESPONSE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
Acute or early phase response
• Occurs 5–30 min after antigen exposure
• Release of inflammatory mediators · Increased nasal gland
secretion
Runny nose
Mucosal edema & Vasodilation
nose block · Nerve irritation
sneezing & itching
7. Cont…
Late or delayed phase response
• Occurs 2-8 hours after antigen exposure.
• Infiltration by inflammatory cells (eosinophils, neutrophils,
basophils, monocytes & CD4+ T lymphocytes.
• Edema, congestion & thick nasal secretion.
• Sneezing & itching decreases.
10. TYPES OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS
Seasonal allegic rhinitis- symptoms appear in or around a
particular season. And is caused by pollen grains
Perennial allergic rhinitis- symptoms are present throughput year
and is caused by dust miles, insect, cockroaches, animal danders.
11. DIAGNOSIS
1.History
2.Physical exam
3.Allergy diagnosis
(I) Skin prick test (SPT).
(II) Blood tests for allergy: Total IgE, Specific IgE.
(III) Nasal allergen challenge test.
(IV) Radio-allergosorbent test (RAST)
(V) Nasal endoscopy CT scan-Nose
12. MANAGMENT
Management of allergic rhinitis
1. Environmental control measures (Avoidance of allergens)
2. Patient education
3. Nasal douching
4. Medical therapy
5. Immunotherapy
6. Surgery
15. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Environmental control measures (Avoidance of allergens)
2. Patient education
3. Nasal douching
4. Medical therapy
5. Immunotherapy
6. Surgery
7. Removing allergen from the indoor environment should be a primary
strategy
16. Cont…
Avoid irritants: smoke, dust, vehicular & other atmospheric
pollutants,
Physical factors – extreme changes in temperature
Avoid foods & drugs to which you are allergic
Avoid occupational irritants or change profession
Avoidance of indoor allergens
17. Cont…
Avoidance of animal allergen
Remove pet animals (cats, dogs) from bedroom
Wash the pet weekly
Measures to avoid house dust mite
Mattress covers
Covers for pillows & bedding
Regulation of ventilation & humidity at home
Protein denaturating agents- Tannic acid
18. Cont…
Pollen avoidance measures
Avoid walking in open grassy spaces during hot, dry days
Keep windows closed
Wear facemask & sunglasses when moving out
Nasal douching
Saline irrigation
Improves quality of life