Dr Ganga , KAMC

2. PRESENTED BY GUIDED BY
Dr. GANGA.K.S Dr. SRIJAYA.V.PRABHU
FINAL YR PG SCHOLAR ASST. PROFESSOR
DEPT OF DRAVYA GUNA DEPT OF DRAVYA GUNA
VIJNANA, KAMC VIJNANA, KAMC
MANGALORE MANGALORE

5.  BOTANICAL NAME : Cissus quadrangularis
Linn. Wall ex Wight.
 FAMILY : VITACEAE
 SYNONYMS : Vitis quadrangLularis Linn. Wall.
Cissus tetragona Harv
 Kula – Draksha kula.

6.  The name Cissus is derived from the Greek
word Kissos meaning ivy (the plants often
climb).
 Quadrangularis – Four angled stems.

7.  Kingdom – Plantae
 Sub kingdom- Viridiplantae
 Infra kingdom – Streptophyta
 Superdivision – Embryophyta
 Division- Tracheophyta
 Class p Magnoliopsida
 Super order- Rosanae
 Order- Vitales
 Family- Vitaceae
 Genus- Cissus
 Species- Cissus quadrangularis Linn

8.  English : Edible stemmed wine,
 Hindi : Hadjod, Hadasanghari.
 Bengali: Hadjoda
 Assamese : Harjara
 Oriya : Hadbhagna
 Urdu : Hathjod
 Marathi: kandvel
 Gujarati: Hadsankal
 Telugu : Nalleru, Nulleratiga.
 Kannada : Mogaroli, Mangarahalli, Vajravalli.
 Tamil: Pirandai
 Malayalam: changalampiranda

9.  अस्थिसंहारि : अस्थिभग्नं संहाियति योजयति इति।
 अस्थिश्रंखला : लिा अथिनां श्रंखलेव प्रतिभाति।
 अस्थिसंयोजक: भगनमस्थि संयोजयति इति।
 ग्रस्थिमान ् : काण्डॆ ग्रस्थियुक्ि: ।
 चिु: ससि: : चत्स्र: ससिा काण्डेऽथय।
 वज्रवस्रि : वज्रमस्थि िथय लिेव।
 वज्रास्थग : वज्रमस्थि िदिवामंगथय

11.  Not included in Brihathrayees.
 भा.प्र.- गुडूच्यादि वगग

12.  काण्ड
 Whole plant

13.  HABITAT
Through out India and Sri Lanka, Malaysia,
East Africa specially in hot regions.

14.  It is a fleshy, tendril, perennial climber with
quadrangular stem.
 Tendrils are simple, long slender and leaf
opposed.
 In addition to the normal roots, some aerial
roots arising from the joining nodes grow
down towards and strike the soil.

15.  Stem is leafless when old, very long, fleshy
glabrous,4 winged, internodes constricted at
nodes; internodes 4-15 cm long and 1-2 cm
thick; quadrangular, tendrils long, slender,
simple, buff colored with greenish tinge,
angular portion reddish- brown, glabrous,
fibrous and smooth.

16.  Leaves : 2.5- 5 cm long, broadly ovate or
reniform, sometimes 3-7 lobes, denticulate,
glabrous, cordate, rounded, truncate or
cuneated at the base; petioles 6-12mm long;
stipules small, broadly ovate, obtuse.

17.  Flowers: flowers in shortly peduncled cymes
with spreading umbellate branches, small
flowers.
Calyx cup shaped, truncate or very obscurely
lobed.
Petals 4, ovate-oblong, acute 3mm. Long, hooded
at the apex.
Disk erect, 4 lobed. Style short, stout.
.

19.  Fruits : Berry obovoid or globose,
apiculate,blood red when ripe, 1 seeded, very
rarely 2 seeded

20.  Mature stem shows squarish outline with prominent
projection at each anular point; epidermis single
layered, covered externally with thick cuticle;
epidermal cells thin- walled, rectangular and
tangentially elongated, followed by 2-3 layers of cork
and single layered cork cambium;
 Cortex composed of 8-16 layers of thin walled, circular
to oval parenchymatous cells; four patches of
collenchymatous cells present in all the four angular
points embedded in cortical region like an umbrella
arching over large vascular bundles; in the projected
portion of angular region cortical cells filled with
brown red contents present;
 Endodermis not distinct. Vascular bundles collateral
and open type, capped by sclerenchymatous sheath.

21.  Cambium and interfascicular cambium quite
distinct.
 Central region occupied by a large pith
composed of thin walled, circular to oval
parenchymatous cells.
 Idioblasts containing raphides and isolated
articular crystals of calcium oxalate present in
outer region of cortex.
 Rosette crystals of calcium oxalate also found
in most of the cells of cortical region.
 Starch grains present through out the cortical
and pith region.

22.  Shows fragments of vessels , fibres,
parenchymatous cells and a few rosette crystals
of calcium oxalatev, starch grains and
idioblasts, containing raphides and isolated
acicular crystals of calcium oxalate.
 Microscopy image-

23.  June to July.
 It is planted as an ornamental plant in home
garden.
 It is cultivated for culinary purposes also.
 It can be propagated with seeds, and also using
stem cuttings , planted in sandy soil.
 Post harvested beetles are the target organisms
which attack this plant.

24.  An infusion of the plant is considered as
purgative.
 A root infusion is used for chest pain .
 The juice of the stem is applied for rheumatism
and fracture pain .
 The pulp of the whole plant is applied for wounds
with maggots.
 Many countries use this plant as a remedy for
Malaria.
 The juice of the stem is infused into the ear for ear
ache.

25.  Vataka preparation
 काण्डं त्स्वस्ग्विदहिं अस्थिश्रथगलाया
माषार्द्ागद्वविलमकथचुक
ं ििद्गधम्।
संविष्टं सुिनु ििस्थिलथय िैले सम्िक्वम्
विकमिीव वािहरि॥(भा.प्र.228)
Vataka or vada- remove the tvak- mix with half
quantity of masha flour – made into thin paste-
made into vadaka- cook in tila taila- vatahara

26.  After removing the skin –fry in oil- made into
chutney with coconut, tamarind, red chilly and
salt – Tamil Nadu.
 Curry using Asthishrinkala with coconut -
Kerala

27.  Stem and leaves are used as a food for live
stock to stimulate lactdislocation , fractures,
ation .
 Paste of the stem is applied for wound in
elephants.
 In veterinary medicine, the entire plant is being
used in irregular teeth growth, broken horn,
sprains, fractures, rheumatism etc
 The fibres extracted from the stem is used for
wound dressing in East Africa.

28.  Dry stem – Protein, Carbohydrate, Mucilage,
Pectin , Vitamin.
 Wet stem – Calcium oxalate
 Bhasma - Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium,
Calcium.
 Triterpenoids, traaxerol, sitosterol, ascorbic
acid , carotene

29.  िस - मधुि
 गुण - लघु , रूक्ष
 वीयग - उष्ण
 वविाक - मधुि
 िोष कमग - कफवाि नाशक.
 कमग- सथधानीय, थिम्भक, िीिन, िाचन, ज्विघ्न,
कर समघ्न, वरष्य .

30.  अस्थि भग्न, नेत्र िोग, अशगस्,, वाििक्ि, उििंश,
फफिंग िोग, कर सम.

31.  Asthibhagna – A mixture of Asthi samharaka,
Laksha, Godhuma and Arjuna are given along
with Ghee and milk, – Vrindamadhava.
 Pumsavana- Paste of Asthishrinkala mixed with
fresh juice and oil in equal quantity , bolus is
consumed after Ritukala.
 Asthisamharaka mixed with Ghrita and milk for
fracture of bones along with joints affected.-
Chakradatta.

32.  चूणग – 3-6 gm
 क्वाि – 25- 50 ml
 थविस – 10-20 ml
 विस्ष्ट - 5-10 gm

33.  िैल
 चूणग
 लाक्षादि गुग्गुलु

34.  Bone Fracture Healing Activity – stimulation of
metabolism and increased uptake of calcium,
sulfur, strontium by osteoblasts help in fracture
healing.
 Anti oxidant activity
 Anti osteoporosis activity
 Anti tumor activity
 Analgesic activity
 Anti pyretic activity

35.  An acute toxicity study of Cissus quadrangularis
Linn was carried out in Swiss albino mice with a
dose of 50- 3000 mgkg extract orally.
 From the result of the study, it is observed that
there is no change in body weight, food and water
consumption of all dose groups. No mortality
recorded.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332209088_acute_toxicity_study_
of_cissus_quadrangularis_in_swiss_albino_mice

36.  अस्थिसंहािक: प्रोक्िो वािश्लेष्महिोऽस्थियुक्।
उष्ण: सि: कर समघ्नश्च िुनागमा चक्षक्षिोगहृि ्।
रूक्ष: थवािुलघु वरष्य: िाचन: वित्तल: थमरि:।
सभषग्वै: यिानामाफलम् चावि
प्रकीतिगिम्॥(भा.प्र.226-227)
 वज्रवरली सिा रूक्षा क
र समिुनागमनासशतन।
िीप्नथयुष्णा वविाक
े च थवाद्वव वरष्या बलप्रिा ।
अस्थिसथधानजननी वािश्लेशमहिा गुरु:॥(क
ै .तन)

37. वज्रवस्रल सिा रूक्षा कर समिुनागमनासशतन ।
िीितन उष्णा वविाक
े ऽम्ला थवाद्वव वरष्या बलप्रिा।
अशगसां िु ववशेषेण दहिा चैवास्ग्निीिनी।
चिुधागिा काण्डवरली भूिोप्नर्द्वशूलहा:।
अत्स्युष्णाध्मानवािांश्च तिसमिं वाििक्िं।
अिथमािं वाििोगं नाशयेदिति कीतिगिम्।
त्रत्रधािा काण्डवस्रल िु सिा लघ्वस्ग्न िीिनी।
रूक्षोष्णा मधुिा वािकर म्यशग: कफनासशतन ।
काण्डवरली िु कटुका तिक्िा चोष्णा सिा मिा।
वित्तला च कफ
ं गुरमम् लूिाम् िुष्टव्रणं ििा।
प्नलीहोििस्ग्नमाथद्यातन शूलं वािश्च नाश्येि्।
मलथिम्भहिा चैव कीतिगिा मुतनसभ: िूिा॥(तन.ि.)

38.  The anti-inflammatory effect of Cissus quadrangularis could be
due to the presence of flavonoids mainly by, Beta-sitosterol and by
luteolin
(Mishra G, Srivastava S and Nagori B P, Pharmacological and
therapeutic activity of Cissus quadrangularis: An overview, Int J
Pharm Tech Res, 2010, 2(2), 1298–1310)
 The methanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis reveals enormous
antioxidant and free radical rummaging action in vivo and in
vitro systems mainly because of the presence of β-carotene and
also shows inhibition in lipid peroxide production in erythrocyte.
(Panthong A, Supraditaporn W, Kanjanapothi D, Taesotikul T and
Reutrakul V, Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and venotonic effects
of Cissus quadrangularis Linn., J Ethnopharmacol, 2007, 110(2),
264–270. )

39.  Niture, N. T. et al. (2015) had reported
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and
antiasthmatic activity of Cissus quadrangularis
plant.
 Shah, U., (2011) had revealed that the root
extract of Cissus quadrangularis possess
central nervous system depressant activity
indicated by decrease in exploratory behavior.
 Jainu, M., Mohan, K.V. and Devi, C.S.S. (2006)
have reported that the gastroprotective activity
of ethanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3476
23392_MEDICINAL_CULINARY_AND_OTHE
R_USES_OF_CISSUS_QUADRANGULARIS_H
EERESSA

40.  The madhura rasa and vipaka act as vata
samaka and ushna veerya , ruksha guna act as
kapha samaka.
 The chemical constituents like calcium,
magnesium, pottassium will help in improving
the bone mineral density, muscle growth
maintaining homeostasis of the metabolic
functions etc.

42.  BOTANICAL NAME : Acacia niloticaarabica
Linn. Wild.
 SSP : Acacia indica (Benth).Brenan.
 Synonym : Acacia arabica Wild.
Vachellia nilotica Brenan.
 FAMILY : MIMOSACEAE - IMP
FABACEAE (B.P) (LEGUMINOSAE-API)
Babbuladi kula

43.  Acasia – Greek word Akakia means sharp or
thorny by ancient Physician Dioscorides.
 nilotica – grown near nile river valley
 arabica - arabic tree.

44.  Kingdom – Plantae
 Phylum – Spermatophyta
 Sub Phylum – Angiospermae
 Class – Dicotyledonae
 Order – Fabales
 Family – Tabaceae
 Genus – Acacia
 Species- Acacia nilotica

45.  English : Indian gum Arabic tree, Babula tree
 Hindi : babul, babura, kikar.
 Bengali : Babla
 Assamese : Babala
 Gujarati : baval, kaloabaval
 Kashmiri Sak
 Marathi : Babhul, babhula
 Oriya : Babala
 Punjabi : Kikkar
 Kannada : karijali, jali, Baunijali
 Tamil : Karuvelam
 Telugu : Mallatumma
 Malayalam : Vellutha Karuvelam

46.  बब्बूल - बाधयति संयच्छति बध्नातन मलं
ग्रादहत्स्वाि ्।
 युग्मकण्ड - युगमम ् कण्टक
ं अथय इति।
 सूक्ष्मित्र - सूक्ष्माणणअणूतन ित्रकातन सथत्स्यथया।
 आभा - आ समथिाि ् भाति िीिै िुष्िै:।

47.  No reference in Brhathrayees.
 भा. प्र. - वटादि

48.  Raja Nigantu
Babbula
Jala babbula
 P.V Sharma
Theliya babbul
Kaudiya babbul - Vachelia nilotica
Ramakauta babbul

49.  त्स्वक्, तनयागस, फल, बीज

50.  Habitat
 Through out India, in deciduous forests, also
cultivated.
 Common in the upper Gangetic plain but
mostly seen as planted.
 Also found in Sri Lanka, Arabia, Egypt and in
Tropical Africa.

52.  Habit
 A moderate sized tree upto 25-30 feet in height
with dark brown or black longitudinally
fissured rough bark, salty green when young
and when matures, becomes fissured, black to
gray or brown color, with reddish brown heart
wood, branchless, slender, pubescent when
young.

53.  Leaves: Bipinnately compound, main rachis
downy, often with glands, stipular spines,
highly variable, often whitish, straight and
sharp , pinnae 4-9 pairs, leaflets sub sessile, 10-
25 pairs, nearly glabrous.

54.  Flowers : Brilliant golden yellow in color, in a
globulous head with a diameter of 1.2- 1.5 cm
fragrant . Peduncles short, 4-6 dense with
bracts above the middle.
Calyx minute, campanulate. Corolla is bigger
than calyx.

55.  Pods usually solitary, 3-6 cm long, distinctly
stalked, rather fleshy, sutures deeply intended
between the seeds, densely and persistently
grey, downy seeds, 8-12 in a single row.

56.  Transverse section of mature bark shows 15- 25
layered, thin walled, slightly flattened, mostly
rectangular, brown colored cork cells, a few
lenticles formed by rupturing of cork cells,
secondary cortical cells ovate to elongated,
many tanniderous stone cells, variable in shape
and size present in large groups.
 Secondary phloem consists of sieve tubes,
companion cells, fibres, crystal fibres and
phloem parenchyma.

57.  Phloem tissues filled with reddish or brown
contents present, crystal fibres, thick walled,
elongated, divided by transverse septa into
segments, each contains a prismatic crystals of
calcium oxalate found scattered amongst the
stone cells of secondary cortex and phloem
parenchyma.

59.  Reddish brown colored, many prismatic
crystals of calcium oxalate, stone cells, both
with narrow and wide lumen and striations
and crystal fibres .

60.  Anogeissus latifolia .Wall

61.  It flowers during the rain
 The pod ripens in the cold season.

62.  This plant is extensively cultivated in India
because of its economical and environmental
importance.
 It can be easily propagated by seed.
 Under green house conditions, vegetative
propagation of stem cuttings treated with
Indole acetic acid is effective.

63.  This plant is vulnerable to various pests and
diseases .
 In India, the stem borer, Cerostema scabrator is
the significant economic pest on young
plantations.
 Buprestid beetles, fungal rots also attack this
tree.
 The seed pods are eaten by many wild
mammals and mature seeds are attacked by
many insects.

64.  Since ancient period, babool has been considered
as an economically valuable plant as source of
tannins, gums, timber, food, fodder and medicines.
 The wood is commonly used for columns, rafters,
beams and door frames in architecture.
 Wood is also used for making agricultural
equipments and sports items.
 It is also used as fuel wood and also in paper
industry.
 It fixes atmospheric nitrogen, this can be planted in
embankment of fields in sandy, hot areas.

65.  The leaves and pods are an excellent fodder,
rich in protein.
 The flowers yield a honey of good quality.
 In Tanzania inner bark and thick fruit pulp are
boiled in water and drunk as tea.

66.  The potential toxicity of Acacia nilotica was investigated in
rats maintained on 2% and 8% acacia diet for 2 and 4 weeks.
A significant reduction in body weight in all acacia-fed
groups and a significant decrease in the levels of
hemoglobin, serum total protein and total cholesterol in
animals fed 8% acacia diet for up to 4 weeks were observed.
These effects were, however, reversed one week after
treatment termination. No significant changes in serum
parameters of hepatic and renal functions, fasting glucose
and triglycerides were observed. Further, no deaths among
treated animals and no significant histopathological changes
in liver sections were noted. It is concluded that A. nilotica,
at 2% and 8% levels, has a low toxicity potential.
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S01924
15X00000155

67.  Galactoarabinan, arabic acid, calcium,
magnesium, arabinose, arbinobioses, catechin,
sitosterol.

68. त्स्वक्
 िस –कषाय
 गुण – गुरु, रूक्ष
 वीयग - शीि
 वविाक - कटु
तनयागस - मधुि कषाय, स्थनग्ध, शीि, मधुि.

69.  त्स्वक् - कफवित्तहि.
 तनयागस – वािवित्तहि
कमग
 कासहि ,अतिसािघ्न, थिम्भक, िक्ि थिम्भक, व्रणिोिण ,
संकोचक , कर समघ्न, गभागशय शोि, राव etc
 ित्र - सम्ग्रादह,रुच्य, िीिन, अशोघ्न
 आभा बब्बूल- कणग िोगघ्न , ववष्घ्न.
 जाल बब्बूल – िाहकि.

70.  Snayuka krimi – Babbula seed paste applied
externally – B.P
 कोमलबब्बूलाि ् िीिोऽतिसािहा॥(चक्र.355)
 बब्बूलिल तन:क्वािो लोदहिभूिथििथजनाि ्।
नेत्ररावं जय्तत्स्येष मधुयुक्िो न संशय:॥(भा.प्र.चच.)
 In case of bleeding ulcer, burns patra choorna
paste application is good.
 Basti using Bark decoction is given in pradara.
 Bark and fruit are useful in rakta pitta.

71.  Bark decoction and gum is useful in prameha
and mutrakrichra.
 Niryasa is useful in sukra daurbalya.

72.  क्वाि - 50 -100 ml
 चूणग - 3- 6 gm
 तनयागस - 3 – 6 gm

73.  Bakuladya taila C.D
 Babbularishta
 Lavangadi vati

74.  बब्बूल: फकस्थकिाि: थयाि ् फकस्थकिाट: सिीिक: ।
स एव कचििथत्स्थजैिाभा षड्ििमोदितन॥
बब्बूल: कफनुि ् ग्रादह क
ु ष्ठकर समववषािह:॥ (भा. प्र)
 बबुगिो युगलाक्षश्च कण्टाळूथिीक्ष्णकण्टक:।
गोश्रंग: िंस्क्िबीजश्च िीघगकण्ट: कफाथिक:।
दृढ्बीज: श्वासभक्ष्यो ज्ञेयश्चेति िशाह्वय:|
बब्बूलथिु कषायोष्ण: कफकासामयािह:।
आमिक्िातिसािघ्न: वित्तिाहातिगनाशन:॥ (ि.तन)

75.  बब्बूलथिु कषायोष्ण: कफकासामयािह:।
आमिक्िातिसािघ्न: वित्तिाहातिगनाशन:।
बब्बूलथय फलम् रूक्षं ववशिं थिम्भनं गुरु:।
बब्बूलित्रं संग्रादह िुरुषव्याचधकासस्जि ्।
रुच्यं कटुष्णं िुनागमकफमारुिनाशनं॥(क
ै .तन)
 बब्बूलथय िु तनयागसो ग्रादह वित्तातनलािह:।
िक्िातिसािवित्तारमेहप्रििनाशन:।
भग्नसंथधानक: शीि: शोणणिरुतिविण:॥(आ.वव)

76.  बब्बूलो व्रणकणागथयनाडीघ्न: कफहॄि ् सि:।
क
ु ष्ठघ्नश्च फलम् िथय भेिनं कर समनाशनम ्॥(शो.तन)
बब्बूलस्थिक्ि मधुि: स्थनग्ध: शीिोष्णिूवि:।
आमिक्िातिसािाणाम् नाशनो ग्राहको मि:।
कफम् कासं च वित्तं च िाहं िक्िातिसािक
ं ।
वािं प्रमेहम् शमयेि ् िणगथिु ग्राहक
ं मिं।
रुचयम् कटूष्णकासघ्नं वाििुंथत्स्वकफनाशनुि्।
बब्बूलथय फलम् रूक्षं ववशिं थिम्भनं गुरु:।
कषायं मधुिं शीिं लेखनं कफवित्तकर ि ्॥(तन.ि)

77.  Analgesic
 Spasmogenic
 Anti pyretic
 Anti diabetic
 Anti cancer
 Anti microbial

78.  Alli L. et al. [8] identified the safer and
antiplasmodial activity of the aqueous root
extract of Acacia nilotica against Plasmodium
berghei in mice in 2011.
 Using of methanol and aqueous extract of
Acacia nilotica pods exposed antibacterial
activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus and Salmonella typhi.
 The methanol extract of the leaves exhibited
hypoglycaemic and anti-platelet aggregation
activity in diabetic rats as that of glyburide

79.  An aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica seeds
shown activity against castor oil induced
diarrhoeal activity.
 Galactagogue activity of Acacia nilotica
recognized in the leaves aqueous extract of
Acacia nilotica adansonii when tested in the rat;
the extract found to stimulate the synthesis and
release of prolactin.
 Lukman A. et al. exposed the antipyretic and
analgesic activity of an aqueous extract of
Acacia nilotica root at 200 and 400 mg/Kg body
weight of the tested rats.

80.  Kalaivani T. et al. detected an active
antioxidant compound (ethyl gallate) from the
leaves ethanol extract of Acacia nilotica Wild.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3489
30966_Phytochemical_and_Pharmacological_U
ses_of_Acacia_Nilotica_-A_Review

81.  Babbula is having sheeta veerya which act as
pitta hara and kashaya rasa, katu vipaka,
ruksha guna will act as kapha hara here in case
of babbula twak.
 Babbula niryasa is vatapitta samaka due to its
snigdha guna and madhura rasa.
 The chemical constituents like galactoarabinan,
Arabic acid will help in skin texture, act as anti
diarrhoeal, anti asthmatic , anti microbial and
cures oral cavity lesions.

83.  BOTANICAL NAME: Holoptelea integrifolia
(Roxb). Planch.
 FAMILY : ULMACEAE
 Chiravilwa kula.
 Synonym – Ulmus integrifolia Roxb

84.  Holo means All,
 Ptelia means with winged fruit
 Integrifolia – complete margin

85.  Domain – Eukaryota.
 Kingdom – Plantae
 Division – Magnoloipsida
 Class - Magnoloipsida
 Order -urticales
 Famil- Ulmaceae
 Genus _ Holoptelea
 Species - integrifolia

86.  English : Indian elm, Kanju.
 Hindi : Cilbil, Kanju
 Gujarati _ Kanjo
 Oriya – Duranja
 Punjabi – Papri
 Kannada – Tapasimara
 Malayalam – Avil
 Marathi – papra
 Tamil – Avilpattai
 Urdu – Papri

87.  उिकीयग - उिक
े न कीयगिे ववक्षक्षप्नयिे इति।
 किस्थज -किथजसदृश (क
ं सशिो जलं वा
िथजयति॥(क.र्द्ु)
 मक
ग टी - मक
ग ट + थगीष ् वानिी च
 षड्ग्रथिा - षट् ग्रथिा यथया: सा:।
 चचिववरव - चचिं त्रबलति

88.  चिक आचायग - लेखनीय भेिनीय िेशेमाणी
 सुश्ुि आचायग - श्लेश्म संशमन वगग
 भावप्रकाश - गुडूच्यादि वगग
 िाज तनघण्डु - प्रभर्द्ादि वगग

89.  Acharya Charaka explains two type of karanja,
karanja and putikaranja.
 Chirabilwa is one type of karanja (karanji)
according to Bhavaprakasha.
 Dalhana considered putika as chirabilwa.

90.  त्स्वक् , ित्र, बीज

91.  Habitat
 Distributed throughout the greater parts of
India upto an altitude of 600 m and sometimes
grows on road side.
 Semi evergreen forests, Himalayan regions, Sri
Lanka, Burma , Malaysia, Southern parts of
India.

93.  A large, spreading ,glabrous, deciduous tree,
15-18 m high.
 Bark : Bark of the tree remains grey, pustular,
exfoliating in somewhat corky scales.

94.  Leaves : more or less coriaceous or sometimes
almost membranous, 3-5 cm long, elliptic,
acuminate, entire (those of seedlings and shoot
are often serrate), glabrous and shining
sometimes pubescent beneath; base unequally
rounded or subcordate; main lateral nerves 5-7
pairs; petioles about 13 cm long.

95.  Flowers : Perianth pubescent,; segments 4-5
partite. Stamens usually 6 or 7; filaments
glabrous, anthers pubescent, ovary stalked,
compressed, the jointed stalk lengthens as the
fruit ripens. Styles stigmatize on the inner side

96. .
 Fruit – one seeded samara; light brown,
obliquely elliptic or orbicular, 1.5- 2.5 cm wide,
2.5-3.5 cm long, winged and stalked,
indehiscent, pubescent, wings reticulately
veined.

97.  Fruit shows single layered epicarp having
numerous, pointed, unicellular hairs; mesocarp
Composed of 3-5 layered, oval to polygonal,
elongated parenchymatous cells; a few vascular
bundles and tannin cells found scattered in this
region; endocarp consisting of 2-3 layered , round
to oval sclerenchymatous cells with striations and
narrow lumen; perisprem in seed composed of
single layered, parenchymatous cells filled with
reddish brown content; endosperm and embryo
composed of colorless cells containing oil globules.

98.  Reddish brown, shows fragments of thin
walled , oval to polygonal parenchymatous
cells of endosperm, taninferous oil globules,
unicellular hairs, thick walled, polygonal
sclerenchymatous cells, polygonal cells of testa
in surface view.

100.  Leaf shedding – September to January
 Flowering – January to February
 Fruiting – April to May

101.  Chirabilwa can be easily propagated from the
seeds.
 It thrives in deep porous soil with good
drainage but becomes stunted and crooked on
poor shallow soil.
 The tree sheds it seeds during the hot season
and they germinate at the commencement of
the rains.

102.  Tribals of remote areas of Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh, use Holoptelea in many herbal
practices.
 It has been used to cure rheumatoid, piles,
laryngitis and many more.
 In an interesting conversation with a village
head in Patalkot, came to know that Monkeys
eat Holoptelea fruits after conceiving or
delivering babies. It is assumed that it gives
strength and immunity

103.  Bark powder pounded and tied over the knee
joint for Rheumatism by Himalayan tribes.
 Decoction of the leaf is given in leprosy,
inflammatory skin diseases .
 Seeds are externally applied in the form of
poultice in injured area for reducing
inflammation.
 Seeds are crushed in water are given thrice a
day internally in diarrhoea.

104.  The chirabilwa is explained to be a variety of
karanja.
 In Charaka Samhita, chirabilwa is included
under lekhaniya and bhedaniya dashaimani,
but Chakrapani interpreted it as karanja only
and , udakirya and prakriya is interpreted as
karanja dwaya.
 Acharya Susruta quoted putika in various
ganas, and Dalhana commented it as
Chirabilwa.

105.  In Bhavaprakasha Nighantu three varieties of
Karanja are described , the third variety,
karanji can be taken as chirabilwa. Standard
Nomenclature of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants,
CCRAS, Delhi, 1999 mentions Chirabilwa as
karanji.
 Thakurji concluded that Puthikaranja or Putika
can be taken as Holoptelea integrifolia Wild,
Karanja dvaya as Karanja( Pongamia Pinnata L
and latha karanja ( Caesalpinia bonduc L(Roxb) )

107.  Branches are poisonous to fish.
 Safe evaluation of petroleum ether acetone and
hydroalcoholic extracts of Holoptelea integrifolia by
oral administration in wistar rats shows that
Holoptelea integrifolia , showed mortality at 2000
mgkg in all.
 Extracts treated groups and found safe at
1000mg/kg. All three extracts of Holoptelea
integrifolia neither show significant change in body
weight nor any sign of toxicity at 50, 100 and 200
mg 1 kg over a period of twenty eight days of
treatment.

108.  Result of the biochemical studies shows mild
kidney and liver toxicity, where as
haemetology reports show increase in platelet
count that may lead to coagulopathy.
 From the reports it can be assessed that the
hydroalcoholic extracts of Holoptelea
integrifolia is safe compared to petroleum ether
and acetone extracts which can be given in
daily dose of 28 days .

109.  Bark – Holoptelin A &B, Fridelin, Beta
citosterol
 Leaves – hexa cosanol, octacosanol, amyrin,
cytosterol.
 Seeds – amino acids, fatty acids, palmitic acid.
 Heartwood :- β-sitosterol, 2alpha ,hederagenin

110.  िस – तिक्ि कषाय
 गुण - लघु रूक्ष
 वीयग - उष्ण
 वविाक - कटु

111.  िोष कमग - वित्तकफहि
 कमग
अशोघ्न कर सम, क
ु ष्ठ, कण्डु प्रमेह, व्रण

112.  िूतिका थविसं वावि विबेि ् वा मधुना सह।(सु.उ.5429)
 चचत्रकिूतिकानागिकरक वा िूतिकक्षािेण।(सु.चच.613)
 The patra kalka is good remedy for shlipada
chikitsa.
 Leaves are made of pills by grinding garlic and
black pepper and one pill is given daily to the
patient of jaundice. The powder of the bark of
chirabilva is made in to paste and sprinkled over
fresh
 wounds to control bleeding and help in quicker
healing.

113.  क्वाि - 50- 100 ml
 ित्र थविसं - 10 – 20 ml

114.  चचित्रबरवदि कषाय
 गथधवगहथिादि कषाय
 वियूषवस्रल क्वाि

115.  गदििोऽ िि: किथज्को िूतिको मािरभूरुह:।
उिकीयग चचिववरव: थवप्ननकनामा च िूतिसाह्वय
इति॥(अ.म)
 उिकीयगथिरिीयोऽथय ्; षड्ग्रथिो हस्थिवारुणी ।
कक
ग टी वायसी चवि किथजजा किभस्थजका।
किथजको थिम्भनो तिक्िा िुविा कटुिाफकतन।
वीयोष्णा वसमवित्ताशग: कर समक
ु ष्ठप्रमेहस्जि ्॥(भा.प्र)

116.  महाकिथज: िीक्ष्णोष्णा कटुको ववषनाशन:।
कण्डूववचचचगकाक
ु ष्ठत्स्वग्िोषव्रणनाशनं॥(ध.तन)
 िूतिकिथजक: प्रोक्िो गुच्छिूवगकिथजवि ्॥(तन.ि)
 िूिीकिथजजं ित्रं लघु वािकफािहम्।
भेिनम ् कटुकम ् िाक
े वीयोष्णं शोभनाशनम्॥(शा.तन)
शोफघ्नं उष्णवीयं च ित्रं िूिीकिथजजं( सु.सू.)
 िूिीकिथजजित्राणां िसं वाऽवि यिाबलं॥( सु. श्लीिि
चच)

117.  Anti inflammatory
 Carminative
 Laxative
 Anthelmintic
 Anti oxidant
 Wound healing
 Anti diabetic

118.  A significant % inhibition of paw edema by the
aqueous extract of leaves of H. integrifolia, Planch.
and its almost nearby same % inhibition with
indomethacin suggest its usefulness as an anti-
inflammatory agent.
 The antimicrobial property of the Holoptelea was
studied against the six bacterial (Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus cerculences, Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Klebsiella aeruginosa) and five fungal
strains (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces
serviseae, Aspergillus
niger, Candida Tropicana and Candida krusei) using
the agar well diffusion method

119. and minimum microbicidal
concentration(MMC) and minimum inhibitory
concentration(MIC) were determined for each
strain, in which methanolic extract of stem
bark (MSBE) has shown bigger zone of
inhibition (11.3–20.4 mm) than methanolic
extract of leaves (MLE) (9.6–14.9 mm).
 The antitumour activity of the ethanolic extract
of leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia (EHI) has been
evaluated against Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma
(DAL) in Swiss albino mice at the dose of 250
and 500 mg/kg, body weight.

120. Result shows that, ethanolic extract of leaves
of Holoptelea integrifolia as a novel, potential
agent in the area of cancer chemotherapy.
 Antiviral substance either destroys a virus or
represses its ability to replicate. Betulinic acid
and betulin, isolated from the stem bark of
Holoptelea integrifolia are responsible for
antiviral properties against Herpes simplex
type1, influenza FPV/Rostock and ECHO 6
viruses. Betulinic acid exerts potential
inhibition on HIV-1 entry and HIV-protease or
of reverse transcriptase activity

121.  Wound healing is a complex tissue repairing
mechanism of
damage skin or tissue after trauma. The methanolic
extracts of both stem bark and leaves at a
concentration of 50 mg/550 mm .Adaptogenic
activity of wound area were found to possess
wound healing potential on albino rats in incision
and excision wound model >90% wound healing
recorded.
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315714668_The_won
ders_of_a_medicinal_tree_Holoptelea_integrifolia_ROXB_planch
 https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/pharmacognostical-and-
pharmacological-studies-of-holoptelea-integrifolia

122.  The tikta rasa will act as pitta samaka and
ushna veerya , katu vipaka will act as kapha
samaka.
 The chemical constituents like fridelin, cortisol,
amyrin will act as anti inflammatory, analgesic,
anti oxidant, lowers lipid levels, glucose levels
etc.

124.  API – PART 1- VOL 1
 Api part 1 vol 3.
 P.V.Sharma Dravya Guna Vijnana
 J.L.N. Shastry Dravya Guna Vijnana
 Dravya Guna by Prakash Hegde
 Bhavaprakasha Nigantu by Nishteshwar,
Lucas
 Indian Medicinal Plants
 Dravya Guna Kosha
 Internet sources