Logical Reasoning for NET SET Exam

1. Prof. Ganesh Wagh

2. Logical reasoning is a methodical process people use
to arrive at a specific conclusion. The process
involves the use of rational and systematic step
e.g. A couple wants a divorce, but first they must
decide who will be the main guardian of their child.
The jury asks both the man and woman for a reason
why they should be the one to keep the child. So the
jury asks the woman first. She says, "Well I carried
this child around in my stomach for nine months and
I had to go through a painful birth process, this is my
child and apart of me." The jury is impressed and
then turns to ask the man the same question. The
man replies, "OK, I take a coin and put it in the drink
machine and a drink comes out, now tell me who
does the drink belong to me or the machine"

3. INDUCTIVE REASONING
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

4.  Deductive reasoning happens
when a researcher works from the
more general information to the
more specific.
 Sometimes this is called the “top-
down” approach because the
researcher starts at the top with a
very broad spectrum of
information and they work their
way down to a specific conclusion.

5. "All men are mortal. Marver is a man. Therefore,
Marver is mortal.“
Every day, I leave for work in my car at eight
o’clock. Every day, the drive to work takes 45
minutes I arrive to work on time. Therefore, if I
leave for work at eight o’clock today, I will be on
time.

6.  For example, the argument, "All bald men are
grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a
grandfather," is valid logically but it is untrue because
the original statement is false

7. A common form of deductive reasoning is the
syllogism, in which two statements — a major
premise and a minor premise — reach a logical
conclusion. For example, the premise "Every A
is B" could be followed by another premise,
"This C is A." Those statements would lead to
the conclusion "This C is B." Syllogisms are
considered a good way to test deductive
reasoning to make sure the argument is valid.

8. 1. Statements: Some actors are singers. All the singers are dancers.
Conclusions:
• Some actors are dancers.
• No singer is actor.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows B.
B. Only (2) conclusion follows C.
C. Either (1) or (2) follows D.
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows E.
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
2. Statements: All the harmoniums are instruments. All the instruments are
flutes.
Conclusions:
• All the flutes are instruments.
• All the harmoniums are flutes.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows B.
B. Only (2) conclusion follows C.
C. Either (1) or (2) follows D.
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows E.
E. Both (1) and (2) follow

9.  Inductive
deductive
reasoning is the opposite of
reasoning. Inductive reasoning
makes broad generalizations from specific
observations.
 This is sometimes called a “bottom up”
approach. The researcher begins with
specific observations and measures, begins
to then detect patterns and regularities,
formulate some tentative hypotheses to
explore, and finally ends up developing
some general conclusions or theories.

10. Robert is a teacher. All teachers are nice.
Therefore, it can be assumed that Robert is nice.
•Suzy is a doctor. Doctors are smart. Suzy is
assumed to be smart.
•All observed police officers are under 50 years
old. John is a police officer. John is under 50 years
old.

11.  An Argument is a claim defended with reasons . It is composed
of group of statements with one or more statements (Premises)
supporting another statement( Conclusion).
 All Arguments have structure, which can be either deliberately
designed or may be discovered through analysis.
 As its simplest, an argument has premises and conclusion.
 Main components in an argument a) premises b) Conclusion
• A simple argument must have a conclusion and at least two
premises
• Premises or propositions are statements that directly support to
the conclusion.
• A conclusion is what an author or an individual wants to believe ,
accept or do.

12.  Given below are two premises and four
conclusions drawn from those premises. Select
the code that expresses conclusion drawn validly
from the premises (separately or jointly).
Premises :
(a) All dogs are mammals.
(b) No cats are dogs.
Conclusions :
(i) No cats are mammals.
(ii) Some cats are mammals.
(iii) No dogs are cats.
(iv) No dogs are non-mammals.
Codes :
(A) (i) only (B) (i) and (ii)
(C) (iii) and (iv) (D) (ii) and (iii)

13.  Questions are given in the statements and you need to identify which of assumption
is implicit
e.g. The GOI has decided to pay compensation to the tune of 10 lakh to the family
members of those who are killed in major railway accidents
Assumption
I. The government has enough funds to meet the expenses due to compensation.
II. There may be reduction in incidents of railway accidents in the near future.
1. The only assumption is I is implicit
2. The only assumption is II is implicit
3. If either I or II is implicit.
4. If neither I or II is implicit.
Answer: ?

14. 2. Should taxes on colour television be further
incresed
I. Yes, colour television is luxury item and
only rich people by them.
II. No, televisions are bought by the poor
people too.
1. Only argument I is strong
2. Only argument I is strong
3. Either I or II strong.
4. Neither I or II strong
5. Both I and II are strong.
Answer: ?

15. 3. Should India become a permanent member
of UN’s security council ?
I. Yes, India has emerged as a country which
loves peace and amity.
II. No, let us first solve the problems of our
people like poverty, malnutrition.
1. Only argument I is strong
2. Only argument I is strong
3. Either I or II strong.
4. Neither I or II strong
5. Both I and II are strong.
Answer: ?

16.  Analogy means similarity. In this type of test, two
objects related in some way are given and third
object is also given with four or five alternatives.
 The candidates are required to find out which one of
the alternatives bears the same relation with the third
as first and second objects are related.
1) Calf : Piglet : : Shed : ?
(A) Prison
(B) Nest
(C) Pigsty
(D) Den
2) Curd : Milk : : Shoe : ?
(A) Leather
(B) Cloth
(C) Jute
(D) Silver

17. 3) Malaria : Mosquito : : ? : ?
(A) Poison : Death
(B) Cholera : Water
(C) Rat : Plague
(D) Medicine : Disease
4) ABC : : ZYX : : CBA : ?
(A) XYZ
(B) BCA
(C) YZX
(D) ZXY
5) 4 : 18 : : 6 : ?
(A) 32
(B) 38
(C) 11
(D) 37

18.  In certain coding method, the word
QUESTION is encoded as
DOMESTIC. In this coding, what is
the code word for the word
RESPONSE ?
(A) OMESUCEM
(B) OMESICSM
(C) OMESICEM
(D) OMESISCM

19.  Complete the series BB, FE, II, ML,
PP, ...........by choosing one of the
following option given :
(A) TS (B) ST
(C) RS (D) SR

20.  Questions in Test of Reasoning on Family
/Blood Relationship are about the relationship
of a particular person with another person of
the family, based on the chain of
relationships between other members of that
family.
 The questions depict relationships among the
various members of a family in a roundabout
chain. The candidate is expected to find the
relation of two particular persons mentioned
in the question.

21. 1. Pointing to a gentleman, Dinesh said “His only
brother is the father of my daughter’s father.” How is
the gentleman related to Dinesh?
(1) Uncle
(2) Grandfather
(3) Father
(4) Brother- in-law
(5) None of these
2. ‘Ram’ is the father of ‘Kusha’ but ‘Kusha’ is not his
son. ‘Mala’ is the daughter of ‘Kusha’.’Shalaka’ is the
spouse of ‘Ram’. ‘Gopal’ is the brother of ‘Kusha’.
‘Hari’ is the son of ‘Gopal’. ‘Meena’ is the spouse of
‘Gopal’. ‘Ganpat’ is the father of ‘Meena’. Who is the
grand daughter of ‘Ram’?
(1) Hari
(2) Mala
(3) Meena
(4) Shalaka
(5) None of these

22.  If all the words of different groups then they
will be shown by diagram as given
below. (Dog, Cow, Horse)
 All these three are animals but of different
groups, there is no relation between them,
hence they will be represented by three
different circles
Dog Cow Horse

23.  If first word is related to second words and
second is related to third words. Then they
will be shown by diagram as given
below. (Unit, Tens, Hundreds)
Unit
H
Hundreds
Tens

24.  If two different items are completely related
to the third item, they will be shown as
below. (Pen, Pencil, Stationery)
Stationery
Pen Pencil

25.  If there is some relation between two items
and these two items are completely related to
a third item then they will be shown as given
below. (Women, Sisters, Mothers)
Women
Sisters Mothers

26.  All three items are related to one another but to
some extent not completely. (Boy, Students,
Athletes)
 Some boys may be students and vice-versa.
Similarly some boys may be athletes and vice-
versa. Some students may be athletes and vice-
versa. Hence they will be shown as Fig.
Boys
Students
Athlets

27.  A first item is completely related to the
second and third item is partially related to
be first and second item. (Dogs, Animals,
Flesh-eaters)
 All the dogs belong to animals but some
dogs are flesh eater but not all. Hence they
will be shown in given fig.
Flesh Eaters
Dogs
Animals

28. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING