The Natural and Anthropological Factors that can Affect Climate and Contribute to Global Warming

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Natural Factors that
Affect Earth's
Climate

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● Solar activities
● El Niño phenomenon
● Cloud cover
● Wildfires
● Volcanic eruptions or
emissions
● Oceans
The natural factors that affect Earth’s
climate are the following:

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Solar Activities
● The sun serves as the source of most of the
energy that is on Earth.
● One hypothesis about the effect of the sun
to Earth’s climate discusses the relationship
between UV rays, ozone, and clouds.
● This in turn could affect the cloud formation
and levels of temperature in the
troposphere.

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El Niño Phenomenon
● El Niño is a recurring natural phenomenon that
produces extreme climate conditions in different
parts of the world.
● This phenomenon is also known as El
Niño/Southern Oscillation or ENSO.
● This occurs in the equatorial part of the pacific
ocean.
● This affects the temperature, wind shear,
pressure, and humidity in a region.

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Cloud Cover
● Water vapor in clouds and the atmosphere are also
considered as greenhouse gas.
● They trap heat and bounce back heat that radiates
from the surface of the earth.
● This helps in regulating the temperature of the
surface.

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Forests
● Forests themselves play a major role in
regulating the carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere.
● Forests have two roles.
○ carbon sinks
○ carbon sources

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Volcanic Eruptions
● Volcanic eruptions release a plethora of
gases that can affect the climate as well
as living organisms on the surface. The
majority of gases released in a volcanic
plume include water vapor, carbon
dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
● These gases can aggravate the
enhanced greenhouse effect, as well as
make precipitation acidic.

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Oceans
● Oceans absorb a lot of heat from
the sun. The heat that the
oceans absorb are then
transferred to different parts of
the world through ocean
currents.
● Oceans also act as carbon sinks.
(They have the capacity to
absorb more than one-fourth of the
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.)

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Anthropological
Factors that Affect
the Climate

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● Use of fossil fuel
● Deforestation
● Industrial emissions
Anthropological Factors
that Affect the Climate

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Use of Fossil Fuels
● Fossil fuels are carbon-rich materials
from the remains of ancient organisms
that once roamed the surface of the
earth.
● Fossil fuels release noxious gases into
the atmosphere that not only affects
organisms that inhale it, but is also
damaging to the atmosphere.
● These gases are greenhouse gases and
aggravates the enhanced greenhouse
effect which increases the surface
temperature of Earth.

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Fossil fuels used by humans:
● Coal - a black sedimentary rock formed from the
buried decomposed matter of algae and plants.
○ This is currently used to generate electricity in power plants
and was once used for mass transportation like steam
engines.
● Oil - a hydrocarbon that is usually thick and black.
○ Crude oil is extracted from the ground and is refined to get
products like petroleum jelly and diesel.
○ When combusted, oil and its products produces
greenhouse gases as well.

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Deforestation
● The once lush forests have
been cut down or burned
to give way to plantations,
factories, and residential
areas.

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Industrial Emissions
● Industrial emissions are
those that are released by
factories during the
manufacturing process, as
well as products that
contain greenhouse gases
that can affect the
atmosphere

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Gases from these emissions
include the following:
● Methane
 These gases are usually released from decomposing wastes from
landfills, vegetable farms, and livestock.
 Methane is also noted to be one of the most powerful greenhouse
gases.
● Nitrous oxide
 nitrous oxide is usually produced from fumes of factories as well
as production of nitrogenous fertilizers.
● Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) –
 a gas that disrupts the ozone layer once it reaches the upper
levels of the atmosphere.

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Greenhouse Effect
and
Global Warming

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Greenhouse?
● A greenhouse is a structure
that is made of glass or
transparent materials and
is used to grow plants that
do not normally grow in
certain climates.
● This design allows the
structure to traps heat and
warms the air inside.

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Greenhouse Effect
● Greenhouse effect on Earth is actually a normal
process.
● Several gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide
are natural greenhouse gases.
○ They help trap the heat that is radiated from the surface of
the earth, just like how the glass walls of the greenhouse
traps the heat inside it and warms up the air.
● According to NASA, normal levels of greenhouse
gases help keep the Earth’s average temperature
to 14oC.

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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
● This phenomenon refers to the increased effectiveness
of the greenhouse effect.
But where exactly do these greenhouse gases come
from?
● methane comes from improperly managed landfills
and agricultural waste.
● nitrous oxide comes from manufacturing man-made
fertilizers and breakdown of these fertilizers in the soil.

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Global Warming
● It is the gradual increase in the overall
temperature on Earth brought about by
increased amounts of greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere.
● It can trigger a cascade of events that do
not only concern the climate but also the
environment and organisms
● Earth is warmed by the energy from the
sun.
● Normally, heat can pass through the
atmosphere and get radiated back into
space and some of it gets reflected to the
surface of the Earth.

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Climate
Change

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What is the relationship of
greenhouse gases to climate
change?
● Greenhouse gases causes global
warming, which in turn contributes to
climate change.
● Increase in global temperature leads
to cascade of events like melting of
icebergs, shift in ocean currents,
stronger storms, and ultimately a
change in climate.

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What is its difference to the
climate change that is
happening now?
● The difference is the pace of the change in
climate. Changes in Earth’s climate in the past
has been gradual, taking millions of years
before occurring.
● Since the industrial revolution, humans have
introduced huge amounts of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.
● This produced the enhanced greenhouse
effect which has been increasing Earth’s
surface temperature at a fast rate.

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● The difference is the pace of the change in
climate. Changes in Earth’s climate in the past
has been gradual, taking millions of years before
occurring.
● Since the industrial revolution, humans have
introduced huge amounts of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere.
● This produced the enhanced greenhouse effect
which has been increasing Earth’s surface
temperature at a fast rate.

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Effects of Climate Change
● Melting Glaciers
● Coral Bleaching
● Floods
● Drought
● Losses in Agriculture
● Irregularities in seasons
● Change in ecosystems

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Melting Glaciers
● climate change results to melting
glaciers which increased the sea
levels from 10 to 20 centimeters in
the 20th century.
● this is detrimental to coastal
communities since they could be
submerged to sea water in the
future.
● rising sea level increases risk from
storm surges in coastal communities
and contamination of freshwater
sources by seawater.

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● many species of coral are
sensitive to changes in water
temperature.
● Corals are coexist with certain
species of algae. Once the algae
leaves them, they turn white and
are more susceptible to diseases
and death.
● Death of corals is a major blow to
marine ecosystems since they
interact with a lot of marine
species.
Coral Bleaching

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Drought
● This can deal massive
damage to agricultural crops
and may lead to famine if no
actions are taken.
● Imbalance in the overall state
of the atmosphere can lead to
drastic changes in regions
that experience four seasons.
● This can lead disrupt the
behavior of migrating animals
as well as harm their health.
Irregularities
in seasons

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Change in Ecosystems
● Rapid change in the climate
do not give organisms
enough time to adapt.
● While some more resilient
organisms can adapt to the
changes, some organisms
cannot, hence leading to
their dwindling population
and eventually extinction.

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How Can We
Combat Climate
Change?

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Adaptation
 Adaptation aims to prepare for the
impact of climate change to the
environment and the society.
 This step involves making ways to
reduce heat by providing shade
and cooling centers and building
infrastructures for managing
floods and controlling erosion in
riverbanks and shores.

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Ways on how the society adapts and
braces itself for the effects of climate
change.
● Lessening solid waste reduces the chances of getting
blockages in the drainages in cities that are prone to
flooding.
● Development of early alarm systems allows the public to be
prepared in case of typhoon or heavy rains.
● Public cooling centers can be established especially for
senior citizens and other people who are vulnerable to high
temperatures.
● Utilization of power from renewable sources can reduce
the carbon footprint of a city or building.
● consider building a weather resistant building which can
adapt to heavy rainfall, flooding, and extreme heat.

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Mitigation
● Mitigation means reduction
of harmful effects or
reduction of severity.
cub_ footprint_ lesson01_ worksh
eet_ v3_ tedl_ dwc.pdf
(teachengineering.org)

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Ways to reduce carbon footprint
includes the following:
Use less energy by turning off electrical
appliances when not in use.
Conserve and recycle water.
Switch to renewable energy sources.
Capture landfill gases and use them.
Use public transportation more often.

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Questions?