This article aims to present the great inventions that contributed to the development of land and pipeline transport throughout history, as well as to show their probable future evolution. The means of land transport operate in the transport of people and cargo within cities and in the exchange between cities, states and surrounding countries, contributing to the economic and social development of a country or a region [3, 4. 5 and 6]. Land transport means are classified as rail, which use trains, electric trams and inclined planes, road transport, which use buses, cars, trucks, bicycles and motorcycles, subways that use the subway, as well as other means of transport such as urban elevators and cable cars. Pipeline or tubular means of transport are those made by means of tubes (gas pipelines, oil pipelines, alcohol pipelines, ore pipelines) to transport gases and fluids. This article presents in detail how the invention of the railway, the subway, the electric tram, the motor vehicle (internal combustion car, electric car and autonomous vehicle), the truck, the bicycle, the motorcycle, the elevator and ducts. In addition, it presents in detail what the land transport of the future will look like in urban centers, on railway lines and on highways

1. 1
THE GREAT INVENTIONS OF LAND AND PIPELINE TRANSPORT IN
HISTORY AND ITS FUTURE EVOLUTION
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to present the great inventions that contributed to the development of
land and pipeline transport throughout history, as well as to show their probable future
evolution. The means of land transport operate in the transport of people and cargo within
cities and in the exchange between cities, states and surrounding countries, contributing
to the economic and social development of a country or a region [3, 4. 5 and 6]. Land
transport means are classified as rail, which use trains, electric trams and inclined planes,
road transport, which use buses, cars, trucks, bicycles and motorcycles, subways that use
the subway, as well as other means of transport such as urban elevators and cable cars.
Pipeline or tubular means of transport are those made by means of tubes (gas pipelines,
oil pipelines, alcohol pipelines, ore pipelines) to transport gases and fluids. This article
presents in detail how the invention of the railway, the subway, the electric tram, the
motor vehicle (internal combustion car, electric car and autonomous vehicle), the truck,
the bicycle, the motorcycle, the elevator and ducts. In addition, it presents in detail what
the land transport of the future will look like in urban centers, on railway lines and on
highways
The invention of the railway
The railway is the means of transport based on the locomotion of trains on rails. The
railways were created by the English engineer Richard Trevithick in the 19th century,
whose the wagons were driven by horses. The first stretch of railway was created on
September 27, 1825, in England. From there, this means of transport spread all over the
world [1]. The railways only became viable with the steam engine, which is the device
that uses water vapor to give movement to other machines. It had its origin in England
and was a watershed in the life of the human being, who needed to rely on climatic
conditions, such as the wind, to generate power in mills and thus generate work energy.
The first idea of a steam engine in history occurred in the 1st century, in the year 120 B.C.
The rudimentary engine was created by the mathematician and engineer Heron of
Alexandria [36]. From this invention, others emerged that were perfected in the course of
the evolution of technology.
The studies of Denis Papin, who built a device similar to a "pressure cooker", were
essential for, in 1698, the engineer and mechanic Thomas Savery to build the first steam
engine of industrial interest [36]. The steam engine had a pump that was intended to
extract the water that flooded many coal mines in England in the 17th century. This
invention is considered one of the triggering inventions of the Industrial Revolution. In
1712, the English blacksmith Thomas Newcomen perfected Savery's invention and
devised a new heat engine, the "Newcomen engine", which was the first type of engine
widely used, as it had the same objective as the previous invention, but had the same
differential of being able to carry loads. This machine was a real success during the 18th
century.
All these inventions resulted in the creation of the engine that marked the history of steam
engines. Improving the Newcomen engine, the engineer and mathematician James Watt
created, in 1769, the steam engine based on burning coal [37]. It was the most important
invention for the industrial revolution. The steam engine was decisive, not only for the
construction of the first locomotives, but also for the construction of steam ships, since,
in addition to pumping, the engine could also generate circular motion. Railways are

2. 2
widely used in Europe and in many developed countries, in addition to being widely used
in heavily populated countries such as India and China. Latin American and African
countries opted for highways instead of railways, a fact that was not a good choice since
railways have a greater capacity for transporting cargo and passengers, in addition to
having a much lower cost per km traveled than the highways [1].
The invention of the subway
Subways are high-capacity urban rail systems on exclusive lanes. Metro lines have trains
with a minimum of two cars and a total capacity of at least 100 passengers per train. On
January 10, 1863, the first subway in the world began to circulate in London, which was
created out of sheer necessity because, at the beginning of the 19th century, the streets of
the British capital were completely occupied by carts, carriages and double-decker buses
horse drawn [8]. The creator of the underground train in London was Charles Pearson,
who stated that the only solution to the constant traffic jams in the city would be to transfer
public transport upwards with the implementation of viaducts or underground. The
London public administration decided on the second option. The train would pass through
a tunnel dug between rows of buildings. Engineer John Fowler headed the works. Under
his orders, 3,500 workers began tearing up huts and shacks, leaving 12,000 people
homeless, precisely from the poorest strata of the population. Another challenge was the
form of traction. As there was still no electricity supply in the network, London's
underground trains began to be powered by steam engines. The gases were collected in a
special car and only released outside the tunnel. Despite excellent ventilation, subway
workers began to feel the negative effects of the contaminated air and had to be
hospitalized. Passengers had to deal with great discomfort. For this reason, the first
London Underground route was not entirely underground. In some places, the tracks were
below ground level, but in the open.It was not until 1890, with the advent of electricity,
that the subway was completely underground, as there were no more ventilation
problems. It didn't take long for the subway (or "tube", as it is called in London) to become
the preference of Londoners. The Pearson and Fowler system, inaugurated on January 10,
1863, proved so efficient that, two years later, the pedestrian crossing under the River
Thames began to be used by the subway. From there, it didn't take long for the network
to expand within London and its metropolitan area. Other metropolises followed suit,
such as Budapest, Paris and Berlin, among other large metropolises that applied the
knowledge of British pioneers in underground transport. In the world, there are 171
subways in operation and 34 in progress.
The invention of the electric tram
A tram is an electrically operated urban vehicle that travels on rails and serves to transport
passengers or cargo [25]. The first version of the electric tram was powered by horses.
The first electrically powered electric tram was opened in Berlin in 1881. It was Werner
Von Siemens, who developed the dynamo, who paved the way for electric traction. The
energy was generated at a fixed point and distributed by a suspended cable. In 1884,
Frankfurt opened its network and today the oldest tram system in the world operates in
this German city. The first commercial electric tramway facility in the United States was
built in 1884 in Cleveland, Ohio, operated for a period of one year by the Cleveland East
Street Railway Company. Electric trams were widely used throughout Europe, and also
in the United States in the 20th century. Currently, urban rail transport, also known as
VLT (Light Rail Vehicle), an evolution of the tram, is expanding in several cities around
the world. Many large European cities use electric trams. Electric trams have great
advantages over buses, among which are lower pollution (both noise and atmospheric)

3. 3
and priority in traffic [25] because they operate on an exclusive lane. However, the
popularity of automobiles, coupled with the Great Depression of 1929 in the United
States, which had repercussions around the world, led to a decline in electric trams. But
the glut of cars currently in cities eventually led to the renaissance of the electric tram,
with Federal Germany taking the lead.
The invention of the motor vehicle (internal combustion car, electric car and
autonomous vehicle)
The automobile is a vehicle that travels on roads or highways, has four tires and transports
mainly people rather than goods, accommodating one to eight people. The first attempt
at invention of the automobile took place in 1769 when Frenchman Nicolas-Joseph
Cugnot created the steam carriage, a glimpse of what would become the automobile [38].
The automobile as we know it required a new technological leap, which would be given
with the invention of the internal explosion engine and the discovery that oil could be
used as fuel, which took place in 1850. Nikolaus August Otto, German engineer and
inventor, was the one who invented and built the first four-stroke internal combustion
engine and determined the theoretical cycle under which the internal combustion engine
works (1876), the well-known Otto cycle [41].
The first automobile produced in history was a car with only three wheels. This
automobile was produced in the German city of Mannheim, in 1885, by the German
engineer Karl Benz and had a gasoline engine invented by Gottlied Daimler that was of
internal combustion [39]. With a crank starting system, this first car had a power of 0.8
hp and could reach 18 km/h. Karl Benz registered his automobile in 1886, and this year
has gone down in history as the year of the invention of the modern car. Another German
engineer was of extreme importance in these early automobile history. In Stuttgart,
Gottlieb Daimler invented, in 1886, the first four-wheel vehicle with an internal
combustion engine. His invention reached the top speed of 16 km / h. In 1892, a French
company, called Panhard et Levassor, started its own production and sale of vehicles and
Henry Ford produced his first Ford in the United States [39].
The first car tire was launched in 1895 by the French company Michelin [42]. In 1904,
the first Rolls Royce with a radiator appeared [40]. Europe followed with its fleet of cars,
in France (De Dion Bouton, Berliet, Rapid), in Italy (Fiat, Alfa-Romeo), in Germany
(Mercedes-Benz) and Switzerland and Spain left for a more powerful line and luxurious,
the Hispano-Suiza. In the early years of the 20th century, most automobiles produced
were powered by electricity or steam. It wasn't until the 1920s that gasoline-powered
automobiles gained consumer preference. After World War I, manufacturers moved to a
cheaper production line with more compact, series-built cars. This production system
became known as Fordism.
The electric car is a means of transport that uses propulsion through electric motors. It
consists of a primary power system with one or more electrical machines and a speed or
torque drive and control system. The electric car is part of the group of vehicles with zero
greenhouse gas emissions, nor does it emit considerable noise, since electric motors are
quieter than internal combustion engines [43]. The first electric car was built by Thomas
Davenport in 1835. From then on and for the rest of the 19th century, electric vehicles
began to be adapted to run on rails. In the year 1900, 28% of vehicles produced in the
United States were electric. The decline of electric vehicles mainly came after the start of
mass production by Henry Ford of internal combustion vehicles, which caused the cost
of producing these types of vehicles to drop dramatically.

4. 4
Today, the electric car is returning to the competition with internal combustion cars [44].
With the threat of global warming and demanding environmental legislation around the
world, technology is on the target of automotive manufacturers. The advantages of
electric vehicles over ordinary automobiles are many [45]. The first of these is its energy
efficiency. The efficiency of a diesel engine is at most 43% against 96.4% of an electric
motor with power above 370 kW, which clearly shows the benefit of an electric motor
compared to the internal combustion engine, especially when we think about the
environment, as it does not emit gases and noise, and uses clean and renewable energy.
The economy of electric vehicles is three times that of gasoline vehicles. In addition to
not emitting pollutants, it still occupies a smaller volume, which makes the vehicle more
compact and with fewer moving parts. The cost per km traveled is the lowest on the
market.
The autonomous vehicle, also known as a driverless vehicle, designates any land vehicle
capable of transporting people or goods without the use of a human driver. First
autonomous car project dates from 1920 [10]. It is not new to think about autonomous
cars. Since the 1920s, engineers and researchers have sought to develop a car that can
drive itself. Throughout history, radar, artificial intelligence and even war strategies have
been used to try to create this revolutionary vehicle. In 1925, retired military engineer
Francis P. Houdina introduced the first driverless car in history. Using radio wave
technology, the vehicle dubbed the “American Wonder” paraded through New York. But
the demonstration didn't go very well because the car collided with another car carrying
photographers. Already in the 1950s, the big news were sensors capable of detecting the
speed and location of cars and moving them. This technology was positioned along the
roads and provided guiding information for cars equipped with receivers. The exponent
of this model was the 1956 GM Firebird II. Sensors were improved throughout the 1950s
and 1960s, but equipped roads did not gain in popularity, and engineers looked for another
way to continue the dream of driverless cars.
In the 1970s and 1980s, programming and data processing technology advanced, allowing
the first truly autonomous cars to emerge [10]. These new vehicles were equipped with
sensors, processors and cameras capable of detecting, for example, the existence of a car
ahead and avoiding possible collisions. This time, the car was not dependent on external
factors such as another guide vehicle or sensors on the roads. For the first time, a car
drove the roads without any human interference. One of the last major milestones in the
history of self-driving cars was the DARPA Grand Challenge. In 2005 the winner was
Stanley, a car developed by Stanford University alumni that managed to complete the 212
kilometer journey in 6 hours and 53 minutes without a crash. The big news that Stanley
brought was the use of artificial intelligence (AI). Developers changed history by
programming the software with an AI that learned to drive the car. Since then, software
has become increasingly sophisticated and self-driving cars have become increasingly
safe. In addition to Uber, Ford, Google and Tesla want to make history and test their cars
that move without a driver.
The invention of the truck
The truck is a vehicle intended for the transport of heavy loads, with four or more wheels,
usually with bodywork. A long time ago, the transport of loads was done by men, animals
and carts, until in the 18th century, with the Industrial Revolution, everything changed.
But after the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century and the development of steam
technology, the first self-propelled vehicle emerged, that is, one that did not need the
strength of men or horses. The first known truck was created in France in 1770 and was

5. 5
called the fardier à vapeur [46]. In front of the vehicle there was a boiler that generated
steam to move it, the model had only 3 wheels and weighed about 2.5 tons, being able to
carry another 1.5 tons. It was created to reach a speed of 7.8 km/h. This vehicle was also
known for participating in the first known car accident, when one of these lost control
and crashed into a wall.
The first modern truck appeared in 1895, when the German Karl Benz designed and built
the first truck in history with an internal combustion engine developed by Gottlieb
Daimler, different from the steam engine [2]. He created the first motorized bus in history
with a 4 to 10 HP engine and ran around 3 to 12 km/h, carrying up to 6 tons. In the same
year, he modified the design and created the first motorized bus in history [30]. The
invention of the truck changed cargo transportation worldwide and to this day this is one
of the most used transport models. After the First World War, other models were
developed with new technologies such as pneumatic tires, electric starters, electric locks,
6-cylinder engines and electric lighting. During this period, Ford and Renault started their
activities in the heavy truck market. Although invented in 1890, diesel engines were not
common in trucks in Europe until the 1920s.
The invention of the bicycle
Bicycle is a human-propelled vehicle with two wheels [9]. Some authors consider that the
invention of the bicycle is attributed to the Chinese Lu Ban, who was born more than
2,500 years ago, while others argue that Leonardo da Vinci conceived a project very
similar to the bicycle as we know it in 1493 [47]. The bicycle of the German Baron Karl
von Drais, from 1817, is considered the pioneer to be manufactured [9]. It was made of
wood and operated with the push of the feet. The invention of the pedal bicycle is
attributed to the Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan, in 1839, although his model
began to be manufactured by the Englishman Thomas McCall, 30 years later. In the
1860s, the model sold as a bicycle became popular. The pedals were on the front wheel.
In 1870, James Starley's high wheel bicycle began to be produced. This is the first bike
made entirely of metal, thanks to advances in metallurgy to produce lightweight, small
parts. The wheels were getting bigger and bigger because they allowed people to go
further with each pedal stroke. Some models reached 40 kilometers per hour. As safety
was an issue, models with three or four wheels were also made.
From the 1880s, the so-called “safety bicycles” appeared, precisely because they reduced
the risk of falls compared to previous models. The first of these was the Rover, the work
of engineer J. K. Starkley. They are very similar bikes to the current ones, with two wheels
of the same size. In 1888, John Dunlop added wheels with tires, making commuting more
comfortable. And in 1889, American Isaac R. Johnson patents the first folding bicycle.
From the 1890s, the bicycle is a vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, moved by
the effort of the user (cyclist) through pedals, thus being a two-wheeled velocipede [47].
The pedals started to work at the base of the frame, attached to a toothed gear in which a
chain connected to the axle of the rear wheel through another gear with a smaller number
of teeth (an online transmission system), thus ensuring the multiplication variable
according to the relative dimensions of the two gears. Currently, the bicycle is considered
the most used means of transport in the world. As no polluting gases are emitted during
its locomotion, the bicycle is thus considered a vehicle with zero greenhouse gas
emissions.
The invention of the motorcycle

6. 6
A motorcycle is a two-wheeled self-propelled vehicle driven by a rider in a mounted
position [26]. The German Gottlieb Daimler was the inventor of the first motorcycle
powered by a gasoline engine in 1885 who, helped by Wilhelm Maybach, installed a light
and fast one-cylinder gasoline engine in an adapted wooden bicycle, in order to test the
practicality of the new propellant. The curious thing about this story is that Daimler, one
of the fathers of the automobile, had no intention of manufacturing motor vehicles on two
wheels. The fact is that, after this pioneering machine, he never built another one,
dedicating himself exclusively to the automobile. The internal combustion engine made
it possible to manufacture motorcycles on an industrial scale, but the Daimler and
Maybach engine, which ran on the Otto cycle and had four strokes, shared preference
with the two stroke engines, which were smaller, lighter and cheaper. The first motorcycle
factory appeared in 1894, in Germany, and was called Hildebrandt & Wolfmüller. The
following year they built the Stern factory and in 1896 Bougery, in France, and Excelsior,
in England, appeared. At the beginning of the 20th century there were already about 43
factories spread across Europe.
Many small motorcycle industries have sprung up since then, and by 1910 there were 394
motorcycle companies in the world, 208 of them in England. Most closed for not resisting
the competition. In the United States the first factories - Columbia, Orient and
Minneapolis - appeared in 1900, reaching 20 companies in 1910. Such was the
competition that manufacturers from all over the world began to introduce innovations
and improvements, each one of them trying to be more original [48] . Engines from one
to five cylinders, from two to four strokes were available. The suspensions have been
improved to offer greater comfort and safety. In 1923 the English motorcycle Douglas
was already using disc brakes in speed tests. However, it was in the engines that the
greatest evolution was observed, with technology reaching levels never imagined. After
the Second World War, the progressive invasion of Japanese motorcycles into the world
market was observed. Making motorcycles with high technology, modern design,
powerful and light engine, comfortable and cheap, Japan caused the closure of motorcycle
factories all over the world. In the United States, only the traditional Harley-Davidson
remained.
The invention of the elevator
The elevator can be defined as a platform that can move people and objects vertically up
and down [11, 15, 29]. According to historical records, in 1500 BC, the Egyptians already
used rudimentary elevators to raise the waters of the Nile River, through animal and
human traction. However, the first elevator was built in Rome in the 1st century BC by
an engineer named Vitrubia. It was he who created equipment that went up and down
from a set of pulleys, also moved by human and animal power. Rudimentary elevators
had been in use in ancient Rome since 336 B.C. The first elevators were open rather than
closed carriages, and consisted of a platform with windlasses that could allow the cabin
to move vertically. These windlasses were usually moved manually, by people or animals,
although water wheels were sometimes used. The Romans used these simple elevators
for many years, typically to move water, building materials, or other heavy materials from
one place to another.
Dedicated passenger elevators were created in the 18th century, with one of the first being
used by King Louis XV in 1743. He built an elevator in Versailles that could carry him
from his first-floor quarters to the second floor. This elevator was not much more
technologically advanced than those used in Rome. To make it work, men stationed at a
chimney pulled the ropes. They called it the "flying chair". In 1823, two British architects,

7. 7
Burton and Hormer, built a steam-powered “rising room” to take tourists up to a platform
for a view of London. Many years later, the invention was expanded upon by architects
Frost and Stutt, who added a belt and counterweight to the steamer engine. Soon,
hydraulic systems began to be created as well, using water pressure to raise and lower the
elevator cabin. However, this was not practical in some cases because pits had to be dug
below the elevator shaft, to allow the piston to pull back. The higher the elevator was, the
deeper the pit must be. So this was not a viable option for tall buildings in big cities.
Despite hydraulic systems being somewhat safer than those powered by steam engines
and cables, elevators powered by steam engines with cables and counterweights
continued to be used. They had only one major flaw: the cables could, and sometimes did,
break, causing the elevator to fall to the bottom of the shaft, killing passengers and
damaging building materials or other items being transported. Needless to say, no one
was eager to take these dangerous elevators because at that time passenger elevators were
still a novelty. From then on, with the Industrial Revolution, mainly, these forms of
traction were replaced by steam energy and soon after, by electricity. The man who solved
the problem of elevator safety by making skyscrapers possible was Elisha Otis, who is
known as the inventor of the modern elevator. In 1853, American businessman Elis
Graves Otis invented the first passenger elevator opening the first elevator in a 5-story
building in New York. The first elevators were very slow because for a passenger to reach
the eighth floor of a building it took an average of 2 minutes. Currently, some elevators
are capable of reaching a speed of 550 m/min, which is to say that they are more than 45
times faster than their predecessors.
Otis came up with a design that had a safety “brake”. If the cables broke, the elevator car
would stop with a device. Otis himself demonstrated the device, which he called a "safety
windlass", at the New York World's Fair in 1854, when he climbed into a makeshift
elevator and asked to have the ropes cut. Instead of plummeting to his death, as the
audience believed he would, his safety reel came out, holding the elevator down in a split
second. Needless to say, the crowd was impressed. Otis founded his own elevator
company, which installed the first public elevator in a New York building in 1874. The
Otis Elevator Company is known to this day as the largest elevator manufacturer in the
world. While the cable elevator design remained, many other advances were made, the
most obvious being that elevators now use electricity in place of steam, a change that
began to happen in the 1880s. The electric elevator was patented by Alexander Miles in
1887, although it was built by the German inventor Werner von Siemens in 1880.
Otis' safety reel wasn't the end of safety innovations either. Today, it is virtually
impossible for an elevator to collapse and kill its passengers. There are now multiple steel
cables to hold the weight of the elevator, as well as different brake systems that prevent
the elevator from falling over if the cables somehow break. If, in spite of all this, the
elevator falls, there are shock absorbers at the bottom of the shaft, making it unlikely that
anyone will die and reducing the chances of any serious injury. When we talk about
urbanization and the city has a complex topography with great unevenness, urban
elevators appear as a solution and an articulating element for the upper and lower parts of
the city. With many meters high, the elevators become urban and tourist landmarks by
creating a new point of view through walkways and viewpoints, while respecting the
historical heritage of the surroundings.
The Elevador Lacerda in Salvador in Bahia (Brazil) was the world's first urban elevator.
On December 8, 1873, when the first tower opened, it was the tallest elevator in the world
at 63 meters [29]. The current structure, from 1930, is 72 meters high. It transports people

8. 8
between Praça Cairu in Cidade Baixa and Praça Tomé de Souza in Cidade Alta. In
addition to the elevator that vertically transports people from a lower to a higher level and
vice versa, the inclined plane [29] and the cable car [14] were also invented, which play
a similar role to the elevator and have been alternative transport implemented in some
cities of the world to facilitate the mobility of the residents, both connecting the low part
of a place to the high part. The inclined plane uses electric traction to drive vehicles that
run on rails on the ground surface, as in Salvador, connecting Cidade Alta to Cidade
Baixa, and the cable car that connects the lowest to the highest points of a topography
through cables, and may have intermediate stops. as in the path from Urca to Sugarloaf
Mountain in Rio de Janeiro.
The invention of pipelines
A pipeline is an installation made up of pipes connected together for the transport of
certain products in order to carry products or materials over long distances. Transport by
ducts and pipes is a type of transport by which the product, usually liquid or gas, moves
from one place to another through pipes [7 and 28]. The infrastructure of this system is
fixed and can be installed on the ground, underground and underwater. The most
transported products in this segment are ores, oil and natural gas. The ducts are made with
metallic tubes of 76 cm in diameter for the displacement of the products, being necessary
pumps, one installed in the place of departure and another one in the middle of the route
(if the distance is long). A particularity of this type of transport in relation to the others
(water, rail, road and air) is that there is no displacement of people, only products. The
first oil pipelines appeared in the United States, around 1885, whose increase in this
technology intensified from the 20th century onwards. This means of transport has spread,
as this system allows products to be transported over enormous distances. In many cases,
what happens is the transport of products that leave a producing area towards another
consuming or exporting area (such as ports).
The land transport of the future
What will the ground transportation of the future look like [16, 17, 19, 20]? In urban
centers, local governments will encourage the use of means of transport that follow the
trend of smart and sustainable cities, interconnected by access routes controlled by
various devices that use artificial intelligence and the internet of things to maintain agile
traffic. it's safe. The priority modes of transport will be subways, trains, bicycles, scooters,
walking and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT’s). Transport systems will rely on technologies such
as robotics, internet of things (IOT), applications and more modern collection systems.
ITS (Intelligent transportation Systems) solutions will monitor in real time everything
that happens in the bus system and will create an interface with other modes of urban
mobility. Conventional bus lines will have the main function of connecting the most
distant neighborhoods articulated with the subway lines.
Drones and flying vehicles will fly over city streets, ensuring more safety, mobility and
speed in the delivery of products and people, respectively [20]. The streets will have
extensive bike lanes, in addition to numerous exclusive lanes for BRTs powered by
hydrogen, which is considered by the International Energy Agency (IEA) as the fuel of
the future whose great challenge is the production of clean hydrogen on a large scale.
Widely used, subways and trains will be fundamental in metropolises. Cities in
metropolitan regions will no longer be isolated from capitals, taking into account that
high-speed rail lines will cross through several municipalities [20]. Real-time monitoring
will allow the control of traffic light intervals, according to the traffic flow, to avoid

9. 9
congestion. The information will be displayed at train and bus stops, public parking lots,
displays scattered in various locations. People will be able to program, even at home, the
use of different modes of transport, thanks to the evolution of apps, including the famous
Global Positioning System (GPS) [20].
The subway will be the main means of public transport in the big cities that will
significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of the technologies used by this
means of transport will be the Hyperloop, which will allow the displacement of many
people a great distance in a short space of time. Trains will magnetically levitate in airless
tubes, reaching speeds from 240 mph to 720 mph, and will interconnect diverse
metropolis neighborhoods, often attending cities in metropolitan regions. Comfortable,
fast-speed trains will be common and will avoid congestion on highways. Most railways
in the main world capitals will be powered by renewable energies such as solar
photovoltaics and hydrogen [20].
The driverless system, that is, without a driver, will be in full operation [20]. Subways
and trains (and, maybe, buses) will be driven remotely through software, providing more
safety, speed and comfort to passengers, since it will be possible to control the speed, the
interval between them, and even the time of opening the doors. Using the driverless
system, there will be the possibility for the subway to reduce the intervals between one
train and another and obtain an increase in passenger capacity. In addition, the perfect
synchronization of the trains will avoid sudden stops and contribute to the reduction of
energy consumption. Trains will be powered by solar and hydrogen energy with the
abandonment of diesel from the rail network [31]. Carriers and suppliers will use
resources such as artificial intelligence, internet of things, network speed and big data in
order to enable more effective payment systems and the integration of modalities so that
subways and buses can be used more widely by the population [ 20].
Trains operating at more than 200 kilometers per hour can be considered high-speed [23
and 24]. The first high-speed rail system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was
known as the bullet train. Twenty-seven countries in the world currently have high-speed
trains, with compositions that can reach more than 400 km/h. The continents of Asia and
Europe concentrate the largest fast rail networks that transport passengers and cargo. In
South Korea, there are a total of 1,104.5 km of track for fast trains, with another 425 km
expected soon. The maximum speed for trains in regular service is currently 305 km/h.
Turkey has a length of 621 km whose expansion will see the country exceed 2,000 km of
track for rapid services with the train operating at speeds of up to 250 km/h or 300 km/h.
Italy is 1,467 km long and trains are operated at a maximum speed of 300 km/h. In the
UK, the high-speed rail has 1,527 km of track with four railway lines operating at
maximum speeds of 200 km/h. In Sweden, many trains operate at 200 km/h with a total
of 1,706 km of of track for quick services. Japan has 2,764 km of rapid train services that
reach a maximum speed of 320 km/h. France has 2,647 km of track plus 670 km under
construction. Germany has 3500 km of lines, between operational and under construction,
with trains that reach speeds of up to 300 km/h. Spain has 3,240 km of tracks and trains
that reach speeds of up to 310 km/h. China has 35,000 km of high-speed rail.
On the railway lines, preventive maintenance will be carried out by autonomous drones,
there will be driverless trains traveling safely at high speeds, loads will be sent
automatically to their destination, and intelligent technology will be designed to improve
the passenger experience and enable ticketless travel. There will be the improvement and
diffusion of automatic steering systems on trains, which will further optimize travel time
and may eliminate delays. Smart robots will build new rail infrastructure and modernize

10. 10
old ones. Technological advances will also be vital to improving the user experience,
providing accurate real-time commute information, and enabling uninterrupted access to
work and entertainment while traveling via 5G wireless internet networks. The
exceptionally quiet and efficient magnetic levitation technology employed in the fully
automated Conveyor System will also allow the system to serve as a space-saving, low-
emissions greenhouse gas alternative. The system will operate reaching speeds of up to
150 km per hour, being able to move up to 180 containers/hour individually and fully
electric [21].
One of the problems of urban transport systems is the lack of coordination between the
different modes of transport. People want to know how to get from A to B as easily as
possible, whether it's walking, cycling, motorcycle, subway, bus, train, Uber or taxi - or
a mix of some or all of them. In the past, we didn't have enough data. Now we have. And
we will be able to count on our smartphones connected at all times to help us visualize it
all. The app would tell people the fastest way to get to his destination by merging all the
integrated means of transport be it tram, subway, bus or taxi. There will be a proliferation
of electric vehicles. All-electric, progressively autonomous, shared flying vehicles with
vertical take-off and landing capabilities will cut through city skies. For this, the tops of
the buildings of partner companies of the air transport services will function as take-off,
landing and supply points [20]. People will increasingly use fully sustainable shared
and/or private electric scooters as an alternative to the subway or bus [20]. The car of the
future will be increasingly autonomous, more electric, more connected and shared.
Electric and autonomous vehicles appear to be the main drivers of the crucial
transformation that will take place in urban transport [19]. Autonomous vehicles therefore
already exist and this is not a futuristic project [17]. The idea is to strengthen public
transport. So, in a smart city, people can get rid of their car, which poses a threat to the
health of the population by congesting our cities and compromising air quality with the
use of fossil fuels. In many countries, buses and other driverless transport systems are
being tested as autonomous vehicles. Public or private autonomous vehicles will connect
us from our home to a transport hub. There are already driverless buses in the canton of
Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which run around the city of Neuhausen am Rheinfall picking
up and dropping off passengers [17]. An employee inside the bus can take control of the
vehicle from a remote control in case of any unforeseen circumstances.
In the future, highways will not be as unsafe as they are today. Vehicles will not have
drivers and will not emit waste pollutants through the air. Highways will be controlled by
sophisticated technologies that communicate with cars, extract energy from the Sun,
integrate road infrastructure and GPS systems [22]. The highways of the future are
already beginning to be designed. The highways of the future will feature advanced solar
panels that will generate clean, renewable energy and wirelessly charge electric cars while
moving or parked. The panels will also have LED lighting and heating elements to melt
snow. Electric cars are set to become commonplace on the roads of the future, as scientific
developments will greatly improve the performance of batteries and the potential for
increased storage of electricity. Fully automated navigation systems will also allow roads
to be populated by driverless cars that could change the design and operation of highways
and provide safety and environmental benefits. Vehicles will become increasingly
“smart”, which, with a combination of the connected vehicle and the Internet of Things,
will enable cars to transmit and receive information about traffic, speed, weather and
potential safety hazards.
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* Fernando Alcoforado, 82, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System,
member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional
Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of
strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the
books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem
Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os
condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no
Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como inventar o futuro para mudar o
mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019) and A humanidade ameaçada e as estratégias para sua sobrevivência
(Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021) .