Organ Engineering Sneak Peek

1. Organ Engineering : Artificial Organ dan
Regenerative tissue
• By Muhammad Fathur Rahman (1806149173)

2. Tujuan penulisan
• Mengetahui sejauh mana perkembangan Organ engineering di dunia
• Aplikasi pada bidang kedokteran
• Menerka masa depan organ engineering

3. Stem cellscan be categorized into groups depending on their ability to differentiate.
• Totipotent: can differentiate into all cell types;
• Pluripotent: can differentiate into almost all cell types;
• Multipotent: can differentiate into a related family of cell types;
• Oligopotent:can differentiate into a few different cells;
• Unipotent: can produce one cell type only
The iPSC (induced Pluripotent Stem Cells)technology was pioneered by Shinya
Yamanaka’s lab in Kyoto, Japan, who showed in 2006 that the introduction of four
specific genes (named Myc,Oct3/4,Sox2and Klf4),collectivelyknown as Yamanaka
factors, encoding transcription factors could convert somatic cellsinto pluripotent
stem cells.He was awarded the 2012 NobelPrize along with Sir John Gurdon "for the
discovery that mature cellscan be reprogrammedto become pluripotent.
Introduction - Stem Cell

4. Differentiation - Stem Cell
Stem cellscan be differentiated into numerous cell types with a variety of potential uses,including drug screening, toxicity testing and
disease modeling.Small moleculesare versatile tools to control stem cell fate and direct differentiation toward specific cell types.A
method to derive functional human pancreatic β-cellsfrom hPSCs designed by Pagliuca et al. (2014) presents the possibilityof a new way
to treat diabetes.Their six-stage protocol uses a combination of 11 small moleculesand proteins (ActivinA, CHIR99021,RetinoicAcid,
SANT-1,LDN193189,Phorbol12,13-dibutyrate,T3,CompoundE, RepSox,Heparin,Betacellulin and KGF)and producesfunctional β-cellsin
28 days,which when transplanted into diabetic mice are found to ameliorate hyperglycemia.
hPSCs Pancreatic progenitors Functional β-cells
DE induction
Primitive gut
tube formation
Pancreatic
specification β-cell maturation
3 days 3 days 7 days 7-14 days
27+ days

5. Bioink by Sigma Aldrich
What are bioinks?
Bioinks contain
living cells and biomaterials that mimic
the extracellular matrix environment,
supporting cell adhesion, proliferation, and
differentiation after printing. In contrast to
traditional 3D printing materials, bioinks
must have:
1. Print temperatures that do not exceed
physiologicaltemperatures
2. Mild cross-linking or gelation conditions
3. Bioactive components that are non-
toxic and able to be modifiedby the cells
after printing
Figure1. 3D Bioprinting of tissue and organs.Bioinks are created by combining cultured
cells and various biocompatable materials. Bioinks can then be 3D bioprinted into
functional tissue constructs for drug screening, disease modeling,and in
vitro transplantation.

6. Organ printed
& Body Parts
Constructing and installing artificial organs, an extremely
research-intensive and expensive process initially, may
entail many years of ongoing maintenance services not
needed by a natural organ:
•providing life support to prevent imminent death while
awaiting a transplant (e.g.artificial heart);
•dramatically improving the patient's ability for self care
(e.g.artificial limb);
•improving the patient's ability to interact socially
(e.g.cochlear implant); or
•improving a patient's quality of life through cosmetic
restoration after cancer surgery or an accident.
The use of any artificial organ by humans is almost always
preceded by extensive experiments with animals. Initial
testing in humans is frequently limited to those either
already facing death or who have exhausted every other
treatment possibility.

7. References
How to 3D print human tissue - Taneka Jones – YouTube
Printing a human kidney - Anthony Atala – YouTube
What Is 3D Bioprinting? - The Medical Futurist – YouTube
3D Bioprinting is Medicines Next Frontier | Sam Wadsworth | TEDxEastVan – YouTube
Stem Cell Differentiation | Stem Cells | Tocris Bioscience
3D Bioprinting: Bioink Selection Guide | Sigma-Aldrich