Common cold, rhinitis,ehmoiditis,adenoiditis

2. COMMON COLD

3. Introduction:
The common cold is a viral infection of our nose and
throat . It is caused by birds about 200 years ago . A virus that
causes cold like symptoms in human beings.
❏ It is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract .
❏ It usually last for approximately 7 days.

4. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
The external nose consists of paired nasal bones and upper
and lower lateral cartilages. The nose is the human’s primary
organ of smell and function as of the upper respiratory system.
❏ External nose consists of -
● A proximal nasal root
● The apex at the tip of the nose
● 2 inferior nares/nostrils [opening to the nasal cavity]

5. ❏ The cartilages component: locate inferiorly and consist of
● 2 lateral cartilage
● 2 alar cartilages
● 1 septal cartilages
………continuation

7. FUNCTION OF NOSE
❏ Respiration
❏ Production of lower respiratory tract
❏ Vocal resonance
❏ Filtration
❏ Nasal fluids & ciliary

8. DEFINITION
The common cold is caused by a virus that
causes inflammation of the membranes that lines
the nose and throat.

9. Incidence:
The average incidence of the common cold is 5 - 7
episodes per year in pre-school children ,and 2-3 episodes
per year by adulthood .

10. Etiology:
❏ Many types of viruses can causes a common cold :
● Rhinoviruses
● Influenza virus
● Adenovirus
❏ Through droplets
❏ By touching a contaminated surfaces
❏ By saliva
❏ By skin to skin contact

11. Pathophysiology:
Due to etiological factors
Inflammation at inner membranes of nose & throat
Enter into nasopharynx & binds to intracellular molecules
Through unknown mechanism trigger inflammatory mediators
Signs and symptoms like running nose, sneezing ,headache

12. ❏ Watery eyes
❏ Headache
❏ Running nose
❏ Drowsiness
❏ Sore throat
❏ Malaise
Clinical Manifestation

13. Diagnostic evaluation:
❏ History collection
❏ Physical examination
❏ Computed tomography
❏ Complete blood count
❏ Detection of antigen
❏ Virus isolation
❏ Serology

14. Medical management:
❏ Antihistamines ; citrizine
❏ Cough suppressants
❏ Montec
❏ Sinarest
❏ Nasal sprays
❏ Antibiotics are ineffective

15. Nursing management:
❏ No specific management for common cold
❏ Hand washing is the effective measures
❏ Importance of vaccination
❏ Awareness programmes at day care centers,schools.
❏ Educate the patient to avoid cold environment
❏ Drink plenty of liquids
❏ Humidify the air
❏ Get adequate rest.

16. Diet management:
❏ To avoid cold foods like ice creams,
❏ To avoid winter fruits and vegetables
❏ Avoid dairy foods
❏ Avoid salty foods
❏ Avoid alchols

17. complications:
❏ Ear infections
❏ Pneumonia
❏ Swelling and pain
❏ Wheezing
❏ Acute bacterial bronchitis
❏ Secondary bacterial infections

18. Health education:
❏ Non medication treatment for cold
❏ Provide psychological support
❏ Get plenty of rest and drink plenty of fluids
❏ Consume warm fluids like[ soups or tea]

19. Prevention:
❏ Good hand washing
❏ Cough and sneeze into arm or tissue, not into our
hands
❏ Aerosol sprays [eg:lysol]
❏ Antibacterial sanitizers

20. RHINITIS

21. Introduction:
Rhinitis also known as coryza , is irritation and
inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose
.Rhinitis is caused by virus ,bacteria,irritants,or allergens.

22. Definition:
Rhinitis is the inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the nose ,caused by a virus infection [eg:the common
cold]or by an allergic reaction.

23. Incidence:
Rhinitis is affecting 10 to 30 percent of children and
adults in united states and other industrialized
countries.

24. Etiology:
❏ Rhinovirus
❏ Droplet infection
❏ Pollen dust
❏ Hormonal changes
❏ Fumes and odors
❏ Some virus like {rhinovirus ,influenza}

25. Types of Rhinitis:
Rhinitis is categorized into three types:
❏ infectious rhtinitis:it includes acute and chronic
bacterial infections.
❏ Non allergic rhinitis:vasomotor , Idopathic
,hormonal, Atrophic ,occupational.
❏ Allergic rhinitis:Trigged by pollen, Animal
danders,dust,other inhaled allergens.

26. Pathophysiology:
Allergen avoidance
Oral antihistamines
Intranasal corticosteroids
Combination of intranasal Corticosteriod / antihistamine spray
Leukotrine receptor antagonist
Allergen immunotherapy causes rhinitis

27. Clinical Manifestations:
❏ Sneezing
❏ Itchy nose, ear, eyes & palate
❏ Rhinorrhea
❏ Post nasal drip
❏ Headache
❏ Swollen eyes
❏ Earache
❏ Tearing of eyes
❏ Fatigue
❏ Drowsiness

28. Investigations:
❏ History collection
❏ Physical examination
❏ Blood eosinophilia
❏ Nasal smears test
❏ Nasal provocative test
❏ X-ray nose

29. Medical management:
❏ Treatment based on its type:
- Opthalmic agents
- Saline nasal spray
- Decongestant medicines
- Intranasal corticosteriods

30. Surgical management:
❏ Endoscopic sinus surgery

31. Nursing management:
❏ Provide isolation to the patient
❏ Control visitors
❏ Wash hands with antimicrobial hand wash before & after
each activity
❏ Provide frequent position changes
❏ Deep breathing exercises / coughing exercises
❏ Follow standard precautions while caring patient

32. Complications:
❏ Allergic asthma
❏ Chronic otitis Media
❏ Hearing loss
❏ Chronic nasal obstruction
❏ Sinusitis

33. ADENOIDITIS

34. Introduction:
Adenoiditis is an inflammation of the adenoids caused by
infections. Adenoids are masses of lymphatic tissue, that help
the body fight infection. Adenoids are found in the throat, also
called the pharynx, just behind the nose. Along with the
tonsils, adenoids are the first lines of defense against bacteria
and virus.

36. Definition:
Adenoiditis is the infection of the adenoid tissue
resulting from infection ,allergies ,or irritation from
stomach acids

37. Etiology:
❏ Bacterial infections like streptococcus
❏ Viruses like adenovirus - Rhinovirus
❏ Nasal obstruction
❏ Swallowing difficulties
❏ Sleep problems

38. Pathophysiology:
Due to etiological factors
It is caused by virus & bacteria
Infection takes place ,its activates the white blood
cells
Inflammation of pharynx
Signs and symptoms are produced by fever,& pain full voice
Adenoiditis

39. Clinical manifestations:
❏ Pain in ear
❏ Nasal quality of speech
❏ Enlarged adenoids
❏ Ear ache
❏ Foul smelling breath
❏ Nasal obstruction
❏ Cold
❏ Voice impairement

40. Investigation:
❏ X-ray neck
❏ Complete blood count
❏ Computed tomography
❏ Lateral x-ray of nasopharynx
❏ Throat swab
❏ Nasopharyngoscopy
❏ Posterior rhinoscopy

41. Medical management:
❏ Viral adenoiditis- treatment with analgesics or
antipyretics is often sufficient
❏ Bacterial adenoiditis- antibiotics, amoxicillin,
cephalosporins

42. Surgical management:
❏ Adenoidectomy: surgical removal of the
adenoids

43. Nursing management:
❏ Bed rest during febrile stage
❏ Mouth care
❏ Warm saline gargiles
❏ Promote good oral hygiene
❏ Avoid smoking
❏ Avoid blowing nose
❏ Increase fluid intake
❏ Educate the patient to avoid cold environment

44. Complications:
❏ Ear infections- it blocks eustachian tube and cause glue
ear.
❏ Sinusities - it blocks sinus cavity.
❏ Pneumonia and bronchitis.

45. ETHMOIDITIS

46. Introduction:
Ethmoiditis is an infection or inflammation of the
ethmoidal cells in the sinuses .the air filled space behind the
nose and between the eyes.

47. Definition:
Ethmoiditis is characterizied by inflmmation
of the paranasal sinuses .it is most commonly
involved the maxillary followed in turn by
ethmoid ,frontal and sphenoid .

48. Etiology:
❏ An upper respiratory infection
❏ A common cold
❏ Allergies
❏ Stuffy nose
❏ Prevent drianage of mucus
❏ Avoid dairy foods
❏ Avoid refined sugars

49. Pathophysiology:
Due to etiological factors
Acute infection ,destroy ciliated epithelium
Impaired drainage from sinus
Poling or stagnation of secretions
Persistance of infection
Mucosal changes -loss of cilia ,edema,polyp,formation
etc..,leads to ethmoidities

50. Clinical manifestations:
❏ Headache between the eyes
❏ Runny nose
❏ Nasal congestion
❏ Loss of sense of smell
❏ Nasal inflammation
❏ Pain ,tenderness
❏ Difficulty in breathing

51. Investigations:
❏ History collection
❏ Physical examination
❏ Nasal passages
❏ X-ray
❏ Smear culture
❏ Endoscopy
❏ Computed tomography

52. Medical management:
❏ Antimicrobial drugs (drugs active against bacteria)
❏ Nasal decongestant drops
❏ Steam inhalation
❏ Analegesis:-
- Opiods
- NSAIDS
❏ Antihistamines

53. Nursing management:
❏ Provide isolation
❏ Control visitors
❏ Wash hand with antimicrobial hand wash before and after
each activity
❏ Deep breathing exercises
❏ Follow standard precautions while caring patients

54. Health education:
❏ Avoid cool foods like drinks, icecreams
❏ To give psychological support to the patient
❏ To take healthy diet
❏ Provide comfortable devices
❏ Educate patient on environmental control measures
involves both the avoidance of unknown allergies

55. summary:
❏ Cold usually take a few days to fully develop typical
symptoms include a stuffy nose ,sneezing coughing
etc..it is accompanied by a mild fever weakness
,headache and joint pains.
❏ Rhinitis is a common disease encountered in family
pratice the symptoms like sneezing ,nasal
blockage,running nose.
❏ Adenoiditis is the frequent infections or trouble
breathing
❏ Ethmoiditis it is the infection mostly caused sinuses.

56. CONCLUSION:
These are immune mediated viral infections
,in childrens have less immune powers to protect
from the viruses. These are viral infections of the
upper respiratory tract.

57. Bibliography:
❏ Brunner & suddarth textbook of medical “Medical
surgical nursing”13th edition 2014 published by wolter
klurr delhi pg.no -600-605.
❏ Ashalatha textbook of “Anatomy & physiology ”of
nurses 4th edition jaypee brothers .
❏ Lewis “Medical surgical nursing ’’ 3rd edition 2018
published by elsevier ,london pg no-375-377
❏ Padmaja udaykumar text book of“Parmacology”13 th
edition pg no 445-465.