Chapter 10 Change Management, Processual & Contingency Approaches Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2.pdf Providing the Skills to Successfully Manage Change Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspectives Approach, 3e, by Palmer, Dunford, and Buchanan, offers managers a multiple perspectives approach to managing change that recognizes the variety of ways to facilitate change and reinforces the need for a tailored and creative approach to fit different contexts. The third edition offers timely updates to previous content, while introducing new and emerging trends, developments, themes, debates, and practices. Highlights of the third edition include: • New coverage of contemporary topics throughout, such as “depth of change” (Chapters 1, 4, and 12), change in a recession (Chapter 3), the built-to-change organization (Chapter 4), and the impact of social media and the communication “escalator” (Chapter 7). • A new chapter, “The Effective Change Manager: What Does It Take?” (Chapter 12), exploring competency frameworks, interpersonal communication processes and skills, issue-selling tactics, and the need for the change manager to be politically skilled. • Improved visual appeal with more graphics and occasional memorable cartoons. Now available with —the leading adaptive learning resource. connect.mheducation.com Providing the Skills to Successfully Manage Change Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspectives Approach, 3e, by Palmer, Dunford, and Buchanan, offers managers a multiple perspectives approach to managing change that recognizes the variety of ways to facilitate change and reinforces the need for a tailored and creative approach to fit different contexts. The third edition offers timely updates to previous content, while introducing new and emerging trends, developments, themes, debates, and practices. Highlights of the third edition include: • New coverage of contemporary topics throughout, such as “depth of change” (Chapters 1, 4, and 12), change in a recession (Chapter 3), the built-to-change organization (Chapter 4), and the impact of social media and the communication “escalator” (Chapter 7). • A new chapter, “The Effective Change Manager: What Does It Take?” (Chapter 12), exploring competency frameworks, interpersonal communication processes and skills, issue-selling tactics, and the need for the change manager to be politically skilled. • Improved visual appeal with more graphics and occasional memorable cartoons. Now available with —the leading adaptive learning resource. connect.mheducation.com Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus Change Management Change by Checklist Stage Models of Change Management Change Management vs OD Processual Approaches 1 Processual Approaches 2 Conting ...

1. Chapter 10
Change Management, Processual & Contingency Approaches
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written
consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2.pdf
Providing the Skills to Successfully Manage Change
Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspectives
Approach, 3e, by Palmer,
Dunford, and Buchanan, offers managers a multiple
perspectives approach to managing
change that recognizes the variety of ways to facilitate change
and reinforces the need
for a tailored and creative approach to fit different contexts.
The third edition offers timely updates to previous content,
while introducing new
and emerging trends, developments, themes, debates, and
practices.
Highlights of the third edition include:
• New coverage of contemporary topics throughout, such as
“depth of change”
(Chapters 1, 4, and 12), change in a recession (Chapter 3), the
built-to-change

2. organization (Chapter 4), and the impact of social media and the
communication
“escalator” (Chapter 7).
• A new chapter, “The Effective Change Manager: What Does
It Take?” (Chapter
12), exploring competency frameworks, interpersonal
communication processes
and skills, issue-selling tactics, and the need for the change
manager to be
politically skilled.
• Improved visual appeal with more graphics and occasional
memorable cartoons.
Now available with
—the leading adaptive learning resource.
connect.mheducation.com
Providing the Skills to Successfully Manage Change
Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspectives
Approach, 3e, by Palmer, Dunford,
and Buchanan, offers managers a multiple perspectives
approach to managing change that recognizes
the variety of ways to facilitate change and reinforces the need
for a tailored and creative approach to fit
different contexts.
The third edition offers timely updates to previous content,
while introducing new and emerging trends,
developments, themes, debates, and practices.
Highlights of the third edition include:

3. • New coverage of contemporary topics throughout, such as
“depth of change” (Chapters 1, 4, and 12),
change in a recession (Chapter 3), the built-to-change
organization (Chapter 4), and the impact of
social media and the communication “escalator” (Chapter 7).
• A new chapter, “The Effective Change Manager: What Does
It Take?” (Chapter 12), exploring
competency frameworks, interpersonal communication
processes and skills, issue-selling tactics,
and the need for the change manager to be politically skilled.
• Improved visual appeal with more graphics and occasional
memorable cartoons.
Now available with
—the leading adaptive learning resource.
connect.mheducation.com
Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus
Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus
Change Management
Change by Checklist
Stage Models of Change Management
Change Management vs OD

4. Processual Approaches 1
Processual Approaches 2
Contingency Approaches 1
Contingency Approaches 2
Note: The caretaker and nurturer images are not central to
managing change literature because they involve the assumption
that managers receive rather than initiate change
7-*
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consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.ImageApproachFocusChapter 9CoachOrganization
Development
Appreciative Inquiry
Positive Organizational ScholarshipBroadly based on
assumptions about the importance of humanistic values
(openness, honesty, integrity), democratic values (social justice,
freedom of choice, involvement), and developmental values
(authenticity, growth, self-realization)InterpreterSense-Making
The significance of the meanings that people attribute to
actions, how these meanings influences people’s behaviors, and
how managers of change can take this into account. . Chapter
10DirectorChange Management
Contingency
Focus on strategic and planned organizational change.
Intentional change outcomes are treated as achievable through a
series of planned steps. Navigator
Processual
Treats outcomes as the result of a complex interplay of different
interests, both internal and external to the organization.

5. Change Management
Change by ChecklistStage Models
Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus
Change Management
Change by Checklist
Stage Models of Change Management
Change Management vs OD
Processual Approaches 1
Processual Approaches 2

6. Contingency Approaches 1
Contingency Approaches 2
8-*
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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Change by Checklist
Sample checklist models
Pfeffer & Sutton (2006)
DICE/BCG (Sirkin et al, 2005)
ADKAR (Hiatt, 2006)
McKinsey/Keller et al (2010)
Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus
Change Management
Change by Checklist
Stage Models of Change Management
Change Management vs OD
Processual Approaches 1
Processual Approaches 2
Contingency Approaches 1
Contingency Approaches 2

7. 8-*
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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Stage Models of Change ManagementTreat change as best
managed by taking action in a specific sequence of
stages/stepsLewin’s (1951) classic model: unfreezing, moving,
refreezingKotter’s (2007) widely used eight-step model
Establish the need for urgency
Ensure there is a powerful change group to guide the change
Develop a vision
Communicate the vision
Empower the staff
Ensure there are short-term wins
Consolidate gains
Embed the change in the culture
Note Kotter’s (2012b) revision of his framework
Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus
Change Management
Change by Checklist
Stage Models of Change Management
Change Management vs OD
Processual Approaches 1
Processual Approaches 2
Contingency Approaches 1

8. Contingency Approaches 2
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Change Management vs OD(As noted in Ch 9) critics of OD
characterise it as predominantly incremental and attached to
humanistic/participative values, making it too ‘employee-
centric’ and as such ‘not up to’ the challenge of having
organizations respond quickly to the demands of a rapidly
changing environment.
Critics of Change Management (checklists, stage/step models)
characterise it as over-prescriptive, simplistic, and too
‘management-centric’, and as such insufficiently attentive to the
complexities and nuances involved in organizational change.
Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus
Change Management
Change by Checklist
Stage Models of Change Management
Change Management vs OD
Processual Approaches 1
Processual Approaches 2
Contingency Approaches 1

9. Contingency Approaches 2
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Processual Approaches 1Pay attention to (Dawson &
Andriopoulos,2014):
the past, present and future context in which the organization
functions.
the substance of the change, e.g., new technology
the transition process – tasks, activities, decisions, timing,
sequencing
political activity both within and outside the organization
the interactions between these factors
Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus
Change Management
Change by Checklist
Stage Models of Change Management
Change Management vs OD
Processual Approaches 1
Processual Approaches 2

10. Contingency Approaches 1
Contingency Approaches 2
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Processual Approaches 2Strengths
Recognises the complexity of change, including the multiple
factors that interact to produce an outcome
Treats change as a process with a past, present and future, all of
which have to be taken into account
Highlights the political nature of organizations and the
importance of the change manager having political
skillsLimitations
Can make change seem overly complex and unmanageable
Can make the role of people as active agents seem of limited
significance in the face of contextual social forces
Tends to produce generic rather than specific advice about what
to do in a given situation.
Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus
Change Management
Change by Checklist
Stage Models of Change Management
Change Management vs OD
Processual Approaches 1

11. Processual Approaches 2
Contingency Approaches 1
Contingency Approaches 2
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Contingency Approaches 1Contingency (‘it depends’)
approaches challenge the view that there is one best way to
manage change Different contingency models focus on different
factors as the key ones to consider.Example model (Stace-
Dunphy) (Stace & Dunphy, 2001)
Focuses on two factors (i) style of change
(collaborative/consultative vs directive/coersive) and (ii) scale
of change (incremental vs transformative)
Four resulting strategies (i) participative evolution, (ii) forced
evolution, (iii) charismatic transformation, (iv) dictatorial
transformation
Each strategy is best used in a specified set of circumstances.
Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus
Change Management
Change by Checklist
Stage Models of Change Management
Change Management vs OD
Processual Approaches 1

12. Processual Approaches 2
Contingency Approaches 1
Contingency Approaches 2
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Contingency Approaches 2While the idea that the best approach
(to managing change) depends on the situation may be seen as
logical and appealing, applying a contingency approach can be
challenging because:
Differing perceptions may exist as to the nature of the
conditions that should determine the appropriate approach to
managing change.
Contingency approaches require more analysis and option
selecting by managers; the prescriptiveness of change
management models may be attractive to managers.
Many managers may not have the capability (the ‘behavioral
flexibility’) to move between different styles as required by a
contingency approach as situations change.
Managers use of different change styles at different times may
be interpreted as inconsistency by staff leading to the
questioning of managers’ credibility.
Images of Managing Change, Approach & Focus
Change Management
Change by Checklist

13. Stage Models of Change Management
Change Management vs OD
Processual Approaches 1
Processual Approaches 2
Contingency Approaches 1
Contingency Approaches 2
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Influence of Live dating In Modern Generation and Media
Synchronicity Theory
Recently, live online dating has become more and more
pervasive among Americans. In the past, people used
conventional formats to know new potential romantic partners:
potential dating partners are introduced to each other through
friends, family members or colleagues. However, the
conventional ways no longer fulfill people’s need as the
mobility of people in the modern days increase (Finkel et al,
2012). And the online dating starts to be more and more
pervasive. Vinopal(2020) mentions the statistics: According to
the “study by Stanford’s School of Humanities and Sciences
found that 39 percent of heterosexual couples reported meeting
online in 2017, compared with 22 percent in 2009.” The
increase of users is not a surprise. The advance of technology
made it possible for people to use internet. In addition, the
increasing propaganda of the online dating makes more people
to want to join as there are lots of examples of successful
couples who acquaintance online. As needs of online dating

14. occurs, people innovate new platforms of online dating.
Entrepreneurs adopted the idea of TV dating shows like “Love
Island” and “First Dates” to the innovation of the new live
video dating apps. Those latest dating apps allows people to
easily access the similar dating games on phone (Shaw,2020).
People can meet new potential romantic partner through playing
different dating games. These years, as the article introduce,
live video dating apps become the new trend. Media
synchronicity theory helps to explain how live online dating
accelerates romantic partners’ acquaintance procedure,
strengthens post-date relationship and makes a trend among the
public.
O’Hair states that Media Synchronicity Theory refers to “the
theory stating that some channels enable greater ability to
communicate back-and-forth rapidly in a coordinated exchange
of messages.” (2018) In this theory, Synchronicity is the most
important term, which means the ability for people to exchange
messages on the same time. Asynchronous means that there is
must “a delay between the messages” (O’hair,2018). An
example of Asynchronous is to use fax, or to use voice mail to
communicate. After people send messages, they need to wait a
while in order to get the feedback. On the contrary, highly
synchronous means people would quickly get response almost at
the same time they send the message. For instance, face-to-face
is definitely a way of synchronous communication, and video
chat on the dating app in this case is also high synchronous
since people can exchange messages at a fast back-and-forth
base.
In addition, high synchronicity always comes with high
naturalness and richness. Dan O’Hair states that Naturalness
simply means “The degrees to which a channel is
communicative by stimulating more biologically natural
communication usually experienced in real-life interactions, and
richness means “The degree to which a particular channel is
communicative by allowing more visual, vocal, and personality
cues (2018).” Advanced technology has improved our

15. communication online. The most recent live dating apps allows
the users to video chat each others. Since communication
through those apps are super high synchronous that similar to
face-face communication, they are high naturalness. Unlike the
traditional ways of texting and emails through paper or verbal
works, people are able to exchange nonverbal cues which
indicates those dating has high richness.
In the issue presents by the article specifically, Media
synchronicity theory helps to explain how the inventions of live
dating apps accelerates the rate people know each other. Taylor
et al. (2013) states that Romantic Relationship Formation
always starts with the “talk”. Hanging out is the second step
after high intensity of talking to determine the intimacy levels
between each others. In previous generations, people are more
traditionally as they will spend long time texting and chatting to
determine “potential romantic compatibility and reciprocal
interest”, and then discuss if they want to enter a relationship
(Taylor et al., 2013). The traditional online dating platforms
include dating website, Facebooks, and Instagram. People are
able to easily share information, and other people can comment
under their posts and ask for friend request, which eventually
leads to the dating. There are also popular online dating apps
like Tinder, where people can swipe left and right to determine
who to text too. However, those apps all mainly build on texting
and the synchronicity really depends on how fast the both sides
responds to each others. The time of reply could be a sign of the
degree of interest one toward the others: slow respond may
indicate that one is not interested in another (O’Hair,2018). As
a result, through the traditional platforms, the stage of getting
know each other would be long as it takes tremendous time
texting and waiting for answers. In current generations, the
process of framing romantic relationship has not change:
“talking” ( the stage of getting know each other) is still the
most fundamental step toward relationship. However, “talking”
change its format from texting (low synchronicity) to video
chatting (high synchronicity). This change in synchronicity

16. from low to high speeds up the “getting to know better stage”
during the process of forming romantic relationship. The online
platforms enable people to simulate face-to-face
communication, which allows people to know their potential
romantic partner more conveniently. Shaw points out that live
dating, the latest type of platforms, is extreme pervasive (2020).
The representative app of this category in the article is “Meet-
Ups”. The users are dating through video on Meet-Ups. The
synchronicity of live dating assimilates the face-to-face date as
people can see each other’s emotions and know someone
through direct talk. Through live dating, people quickly
exchange messages and get to know their “potential romantic
compatibility and reciprocal interest” (Taylor et al,2013).
Also Media synchronicity theory helps to explain how live
dating apps helps to settle people’s post-dating relationship.
The synchronicity of live tool is not only a great tool helping
people to meet romantic partners. The synchronicity also helps
with the continuity of the relationship afterwards. People are
able to use the living apps to communicate their daily life.
Under coronavirus, places like coffee shops or movie theater or
other usual date spots are not possible, so that the live video
that simulate the face-to-face conversation provide people a
place to date online. In Shaw’s article, Keven and Haley are two
app users who get famous as they date through the apps. They
become the couple stars on Meet-UP apps. After they become
couples, they continue to stream on the platform, which is the
way they stay connected.
Some people may question that the synchronicity would
increase the betrayal rate since people are able to meet abundant
of new people this way. This is the limitation of the theory that
we wouldn’t know about the relationship between the growth of
online dating usage and the potential betrayal rate growth. As
Haley couple in the article states that “Sometimes they even
take part in "dates" with other people, on the understanding that
"nothing can go beyond a crush" (Shaw,2020). Betrayal is a
personal decision. Compared to the online dating world, people

17. meet less new people in the real world too, but there are still
potentials of betrayal as well. New study could be conduct to
see if there are increasing betrayal under the benefit of the
synchronicity of live dating apps.
Media synchronicity theory also explains the reason why live
dating apps get into such a trend. It is because the high
synchronicity of live dating apps not only allows the dating
people to exchange messages fast, but also it allows the
audiences to join the communication synchronically as well. In
another words, it not only allows the singles but other people
who’s just looking for entertainment to find a way interacting
with others. Shaw introduces that during those live dating,
audience can comment and give gifts synchronically while two
people are dating in video, and the two bloggers can see all
those comments and give responded to the audience (2020).
Live dating is no more a private video chatting but more like a
public show that all of people have chance to interact with the
actors. Synchronicity makes all those interactions convenient
and possible. For instance, Erika in the article is originally an
audience to Lex’s dating channel on dating app Meet Up. Once,
she comments in the channel. Because the live dating app have
such a high synchronicity, Lex is able to see and reply every
message he saw, and he give a chance to video date Erika.
In conclusion, the new generations have gone through the
technology revolution. Under the technology revolution, the
dating platform has changed from the conventional texting
platforms (ex. Facebook, Tinder) to the new form of live dating
(ex. Meet-ups). The singles now are able to meet potential
partners through different types of live dating. Live dating has
high synchronicity that simulate face-to-face date which speed
up the process of getting to know each other stage, which is the
most fundamental step prior to the romantic relationship. In
addition, High synchronicity of live dating also helps to keep
couples in a healthy relationship by providing them a great
environment to “date”. Finally, High synchronicity of live
dating make those live dating platforms more and more

18. prevalent as it not only allows singles but everyone to join the
channels. The live dating is a fun public channel where all the
audience and the owners could all interact with each other at the
same time.
References
Shaw Dougal.(2020, September 1st). Live video dating: Finding
love
online with an audience. Business reporter, BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53760042
Vinopal Courtney.(2020, May 15th). Coronavirus has changed
online dating. Here’s why some say that’s a good thing. PBS
News Hour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/coronavirus-
has-changed-online-dating-heres-why-some-say-thats-a-good-
thing
O’Hair, D., Wiemann, M., Mullin, D. I., & Teven, J. (2018).
Chapter 2: Communication in a Digital Age. Real
communication: An introduction (4thed.,pp). Boston, MA:
Bedford/St.Martin’s.
Taylor, A., Rappleyea, D., Fang, X., & Cannon, D. (2013).
Emerging Adults' Perceptions of Acceptable Behaviors Prior to
Forming a Committed, Dating Relationship. Journal of Adult
Development, 20(4), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-
013-9169-3
Finkel, E., Eastwick, P., Karney, B., Reis, H., & Sprecher, S.
(2012). Online Dating: A Critical Analysis From the Perspective
of Psychological Science. Psychological Science in the Public
Interest,13(1), 3-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612436522