Rahul jarariya OSTP-IEPM.pdf

Online Start-up Training Programme: An
Industrial Internship (OSTP-2022)
Internship Report
On
Industrial and Urban Wastewater Management: STP, ETP and RO
(SETPRO)
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the mandatory Internship training programme
Submitted by:
Name: RAHUL JARARIYA
Name of the Department: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Name of the Institute: VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT - 382424
Duration: 25th
March to 10th
May 2022
Terra Green Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
TERRA GREEN TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd.
Infinity Benchmark Building, 18th Floor, Sec- V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 091
www.terra-green.in / terragreen.ostp@gmail.com

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Terragreen Technologies Pvt. Ltd, www.terra-green.in 2
CERTIFICATE FROM THE ORGANIZATION
This is to certify that Mr. RAHUL JARARIYA from VISHWAKRMA GOVERNEMENT
ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University), Gujarat has
successfully completed OSTP: An internship training at Terra Green Technologies Pvt.
Ltd., through online mode. The content of this report is a genuine to the best of our
knowledge and belief and has not been submitted before, neither to this organization nor to
any other organization for the fulfilment of the requirement of any course of study. We found
him/her hard working, sincere, and diligent person and his behaviour and conduct was good.
All the best for his/her future endeavour.
RAHUL JARARIYA
M.E. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Director-Training, OSTP-2021

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It brings me great pleasure and honour to offer my heartfelt appreciation to my college,
Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, and Chandkheda, for their superb
leadership, consistent support, encouragement, helpful suggestions, and affection during my
career. It would have been tough to accomplish the assignment without motivation. As
teachers, they constantly inspired me to strive and accomplish things that I could only have
dreamt for OSTP: IEPM. I'd want to use this occasion to express my heartfelt thanks to all of
the other engineering department's teaching and non-teaching faculty for their assistance,
support, and suggestions.
I'd like to thank the OSTP – 2022 internship programme for providing excellent information
about pollution reduction, waste management, energy sources, unit operation and process in
chemical industries, wastewater treatment, environmental pollution control, and other topics.

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Preface
OBJECTIVES OF OSTP INTERNSHIP
PROGRAM
▪ Transformation training to inspire young people to become innovative change makers.
▪ Support your efforts in taking your idea closer to implementation
▪ Develop creative capacity, entrepreneurial confidence, and acquire the necessary
skills to build knowledge and solve industrial issues.
▪ Possible to get financial support to initiate your unique Start-up idea
▪ Start-up Experience also offers Corporate Entrepreneurship Programs that will boost
the innovation capacity
▪ Select a problem area, analyze the context and define a problem statement
▪ Inspired by technology trends and use Design Thinking to generate lots of new ideas
▪ Experiment and test whether you have found a big opportunity by validating your
assumptions with potential users
▪ Develop a business model and build a prototype so you can demonstrate your idea
▪ Prepare, Practice and Present your new start-up idea to an expert panel and get
valuable feedback

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COURSE OUTCOME
• To offer transformational training to inspire young people to become innovative
change makers.
• To support your efforts in taking your idea closer to implementation
• To develop creative capacity, entrepreneurial confidence, and acquire the
necessary skills to build scalable start-ups that solve real problems.
• Possible to get financial support to initiate your unique Start-up idea
• The Start-up Experience also offers Corporate Entrepreneurship Programs that
will boost the innovation capacity
• To select a problem area, analyze the context and define a problem statement
• Inspired by technology trends and use Design Thinking to generate lots of new
ideas
• Experiment and test whether you have found a big opportunity by validating your
assumptions with potential users
• Develop a business model and build a prototype so you can demonstrate your idea
• Prepare, Practice and Present your new start-up idea to an expert panel and get
valuable feedback

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CONTENTS
1. Background of work
- Introduction
- Wastewater generation and treatment
- Current practices wastewater and reuse
2. Industrial wastewater pollution
- Causes industrial water pollution
- Effect of chemical, control and prevention
3. Discussion on Different Industrial application
4. Case study analysis
5. Innovative Idea
6. Summary
7. Appendix: All assignments attached
8. References
9. Plagiarism Report

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1. INTRODUCTION:
India is dealing with two issues: a shortage of infrastructure and a rising proportion of its
population living in cities. The urban population in India expanded by around 31% from 285
million in 2001 to 377 million in 2011, while the number of urban centres increased by 5161
to 7935 over the same period (Census 2001, 2011). Despite its low level of urbanisation,
India boasts the world's second biggest urban population in terms of absolute numbers. Cities
and towns are expected to house around 60% of the country's population by 2051. The rising
population has created two self-perpetuating issues: water scarcity and sewage overflow.
Currently, public services are not keeping up with demand, and water supply, sanitation,
sewage treatment, and solid waste management cover just a percentage of the total urban
population. There are obvious imbalances and discrepancies among different parts of the
population, particularly slum inhabitants. Aside from natural population increase and
migration from rural regions and small towns to major towns and cities, cities' physical
bounds extend to incorporate fresh rural areas into their orbit. Many cities have expanded
beyond municipalities, but the new urban agglomerations are still administered by rural
administrations that lack the competence to deal with water supply and sewage issues.
WASTEWATER GENERATION AND TREATMENT

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Figure 1: Waster water Permissible limits
In comparison to over 45000 MLD of wastewater created in urban areas, municipal capacity
to treat wastewater is now around 11553 MLD, representing for just 26% of wastewater
output in urban areas (Infrastructure Report 2011). (Fig 1). The expected wastewater from
urban areas may exceed 116000 MLD by 2051, while rural India would create at least 50,000
MLD due to water delivery projects for community supplies in rural regions (Infrastructure
Report 2011). (Fig 2). Waste water management strategies, on the other hand, do not address
the rate of wastewater creation.
Figure2: Wastewater Scenario with Various Treatments
According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India has 284 sewage treatment
plants (STPs), only 231 of which are active. Untreated sewage is the most significant source
of pollution in rivers and lakes. Many STPs created with Central funding, such as the Ganga
and Yamuna Action Plans under the National River Action Plan, are still not completely
operational.
The increasing activities in rural India are expected to generate a substantial volume of
wastewater, demanding the optimal design of water and wastewater management to alleviate
competing demand on water resources. This includes steps with equal weightage for a)

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increasing water supply and b) building wastewater treatment facilities, recycling, recovery,
recharging, and storage.
CURRENT PRACTICES OF WASTEWATER REUSE
The volume of wastewater produced by residential, industrial, and commercial sources has
increased, but so has its productive use, as small-scale farmers in urban and peri-urban areas
rely on wastewater or wastewater-polluted water sources to irrigate high-value culinary crops
for urban markets. Traditionally, sewage is collected through a massive network of sewerage
pipes and sent to a resource-intensive centralised treatment plant. Rather than shipping
material over great distances for centralised treatment, CPCB promotes localised treatment
via the use of technology based on natural processes.
The membrane bioreactor (MBR), a new generation of sewage treatment technology, can
treat waste water to near-river water quality standards. This cleansed sewage may also be
utilised to replenish a riverine system, guaranteeing a constant flow. It is worth mentioning
that the cost of activated sludge processing for 1 MLD sewage is roughly Rs 9 to 10 million,
but the cost of MBR processing is approximately Rs 13 to 15 million for 1 MLD sewage
(Infrastructure Report 2011). If the treated sewage from the MBR process is linked to
industry, the chances of a positive return are high. Indeed, this would involve a paradigm
change in sewage management, away from sewage treatment and toward reuse and recycling.
Improved rules, institutional discussions, and financial mechanisms can all help to enhance
wastewater irrigation practises and reduce agricultural risks. In conjunction with incentives,
effluent restrictions can encourage improvements in water management by homes and
industrial sectors that release wastewater from point sources. Separating chemical pollutants
from municipal wastewater simplifies treatment and reduces risk. Inter-institutional
coordination improves wastewater management and risk reduction by building institutional
capacity and connecting the water supply and sanitation sectors.
2. INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER POLLUTION:
Industrial water contamination is a prevalent issue all over the world. When dangerous
chemicals and compounds are released into water, it becomes unfit for drinking and other

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uses. Although water covers the majority of the Earth's surface, we can only receive fresh
water from bodies of water such as ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and reservoirs. This implies
that keeping them clean is in our best interests.
Since the industrial revolution, we've gone a long way. Everything from our industrial
processes to science and technology to our everyday lives has improved tremendously.
Everything, however, has a cost. All of the advances and discoveries made over the last two
centuries have brought with them a slew of issues, including water contamination.
Pollution is defined as the process of polluting the environment with dangerous and waste
chemicals, which results in a significant change in the quality of the surrounding atmosphere.
Water pollution, air pollution, and noise pollution are the three categories of environmental
pollution. Water pollution is described as the introduction of contaminants into water,
rendering it unsuitable for drinking and other uses. Domestic sewage, stormwater runoff,
industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and wastewater from septic tanks are the five chief
causes of water pollution.
Causes of Industrial Water Pollution
Lack of Strict Policies
Many countries throughout the world suffer from a lack of stringent pollution control
legislation, particularly in emerging or poor countries. Although most nations have legislation
in existence, the indifference of enforcement officials has allowed companies to simply
circumvent such restrictions.
Reliance on Outdated Technologies
Another source of water pollution is certain sectors' dependence on obsolete technology,
which produce more pollutants than newer ones. To avoid the expensive expense of
contemporary technology, companies forego improvements and continue to use obsolete
technologies.

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Lack of Capital
In many countries, industrial waste is dumped into rivers or lakes without being adequately
handled. This is especially true for small enterprises that do not have the resources to invest
in pollution control equipment.
Unplanned Industrial Growth
Water contamination is caused in part by unplanned industrial expansion. Industrial
expansion helps a country's economy thrive, but it also has a negative impact on the
environment, especially when increase is abrupt and unplanned. The expansion may also be
to blame for a lack of adequate garbage disposal locations, as well as a total disregard for
pollution control legislation.
Extracting from Mines
Mineral extraction through mining and drilling, which leaves the soil unfit for farming and
pollutes both surface and ground water, also contributes to industrial water pollution. Any
unintended leaking can contaminate the surrounding water and, eventually, the ocean. Oil
spills have the potential to harm both the land and the marine. Mining waste can cause an
increase in mineral content and a change in the pH level of water.
Effects of Industrial Water Pollution
When wastes from various industrial activities are put into bodies of water, they can produce
the following changes.
Effects on the Ecosystem
Industrial water contamination can have far-reaching consequences for the environment.
Water is utilised for a variety of reasons in industrial operations and can become polluted
with heavy metals, hazardous compounds, organic sludge, and even radioactive sludge. When

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dirty water is not cleaned before being discharged into the ocean or other bodies of water, it
becomes unfit for usage.
Thermal Pollution
When radioactive sludge is dumped into the environment, it frequently settles near the bottom
of bodies of water. Radioactive sludge can be extremely radioactive for decades, causing
major health dangers to those who live nearby. Thermal pollution is defined as a rise in the
temperature of the surrounding water. It can affect aquatic or marine life, particularly
creatures that are very sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Nuclear reactors and power
facilities are major contributors to thermal pollution.
Effect of Eutrophication
When the nutrient composition of the water changes, the ecosystem's equilibrium might be
upset. For example, when eutrophication occurs (the nutrient content of water increases), it
can encourage algal bloom, which can reduce the oxygen level of the water. Although algae
create oxygen during the day, they require dissolved oxygen in water at night.
Following an algal bloom, a huge number of algae die and are destroyed by bacteria with the
assistance of oxygen. As a result, the dissolved oxygen in water is depleted during the
process. In rare cases, this mechanism can reduce the oxygen content in water to dangerously
low levels, leaving it unfit to support aquatic life. These hypoxic portions of the ocean are
referred to as dead zones.
Increase the Murkiness of Water
Industrial effluent can contribute to the murkiness of water. When water becomes too murky,
sunlight cannot reach the bottom. As a result, bottom-dwelling plants may be unable to
photosynthesize. It can also clog fish gills, making it harder for them to utilise dissolved
oxygen from the water.

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Effect of Chemicals
Common industrial pollutants that cause water contamination include asbestos, sulphur,
mercury, lead, nitrates, toluene, phosphates, dyes, pesticides, alkalies, acids, benzene,
chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, polychlorinated biphenyl, volatile organic compounds,
and hazardous solvents. Asbestos, for example, is a carcinogen that causes mesothelioma and
raises the incidence of benign intestinal polyps, whereas sulphur is poisonous to marine life.
Nitrates and phosphates are two fertilisers that can exacerbate the effects of eutrophication
and potentially generate dead zones. Drinking water that contains too much carbon
tetrachloride, on the other hand, can cause liver problems. Another industrial pollutant,
benzene, has been linked to conditions including low blood platelets and anaemia, as well as
an increased risk of cancer.
Chlorobenzene is a chemical found in paints and insecticides. Toluene, on the other hand, is a
contaminant produced by the petroleum and oil industries. Both chlorobenzene and toluene
can affect the kidneys, liver, and central nervous system. Volatile organic compounds are
essentially solvents that are employed in a variety of domestic and industrial applications.
When these chemicals are not disposed of correctly, they can pollute groundwater and cause
a variety of health problems such as nausea, migraines, memory loss, and liver damage.
Control and Prevention
Containing industrial water contamination is a difficult task, but it is not impossible.
However, decreasing water pollution would be impossible without the collaboration of
residents and industrial entities. Thus, more public knowledge is needed concerning how
water becomes polluted, the impacts on the health of living creatures, and how it may be
avoided.
The development and successful implementation of strict pollution control laws and
regulations will play an important role in pollution reduction. Furthermore, the development

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of cost-effective pollution control technology, as well as government incentives for using
such equipment, may encourage businesses to prioritise pollution control.
Ordinary wastes, such as sewage, are simply handled by the municipal system. However,
some wastes, such as oil and grease, heavy metals, and volatile chemical compounds, need
more specific treatment. By building a pre-treatment system, industries may segregate such
hazardous wastes. The partially treated effluent can be delivered to municipal facilities for
additional treatment.
Large-scale businesses produce a lot of wastewater. As a result, they must modernise their
manufacturing processes to reduce pollution, as well as set up and maintain their own on-site
treatment systems. Primary treatment, secondary treatment, and tertiary treatment, which
comprises physical, chemical, and biological processes, are the three steps of industrial
wastewater treatment.
Pollutants are removed from water during primary treatment via screening, grinding,
flocculation, and sedimentation procedures. Secondary wastewater treatment requires the use
of biological technologies. Finally, in tertiary treatment, the wastewater is recycled through
physical, chemical, and biological processes. Thermal pollution, on the other hand, may be
decreased by creating cooling ponds or installing cooling towers.
Industry alone is responsible for more than half of all water contamination in the United
States. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 1996 National
Water Quality Inventory, approximately 40% of the estuaries, lakes, and rivers evaluated
were too polluted for fishing, drinking, or swimming. The United States passed many
legislation to combat the problem of water pollution, including the Marine Protection,
Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972), the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water
Act of 1972), and the Safe Drinking Water Act (1974). In 1988, the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act was modified once again.

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3. Discussion on different industrial application
Treatment of effluent Plants in fertiliser industries are a procedure that is designed to treat
industrial waste water for reuse or discharge to the environment. Removing large volumes
of organic chemicals, trash, pollution, poisonous, non-toxic materials, and polymers,
among other things, from industry.
How many ETP plants are there?
10. Effluent treatment plants
11. Sewage treatment plants
12. Common and combined effluent treatment plants
Benefits:
Provides clean, safe and water processed or reuse of water, Saving money, Beneficial to the
environment, A way to minimize waste.
Treatment Levels:
Figure 3: Wastewater Treatment level in Fertilizer Industries
Primary Levels
Secondary levels
Tertiary Levels
o Example: pH control,
coagulation, chemical
precipitation and oxidation.
o Biological process (
Activation sludge process/
Membrane bioreactor
/Moving Bed biofilm
reactor)
Disinfection using Sodium
hypochlorite

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Phosphate and Fluoride removal
Figure 4: Phosphate and fluoride removal plant via Effluent treatment Plants.
Fig. 4 depicts the lgc-pH diagram of each component of the La–F–P–H2O system at 25 C,
with starting total concentrations of [F]T I [P]Ti, and [La]Ti of 0.03 mol/L. According to the
literature, all phosphate and lanthanum species are considered in the system. As a
consequence, the free phosphate and lanthanum ion content, as well as how they exist in
solution, will be provided. As shown in Fig. 1a and b, the pH value changes dramatically, and
there are three stability areas of solid phase varying from LaF3(s), LaF3(s), and LaPO4(s)
with rising pH value. At pH 4.0, La clearly appears as a solid phase of LaF3(s), whereas
fluoride concentration is less than 0.005 mol/L.
The value (0.03 mol/L) and the lowest concentration of 2.0 × 10− 3 mol/L is obtained at pH
3. This demonstrates that La3+ prefers to generate LaF3(s) rather than LaPO4(s) in acid
environments. It is because, on the one hand, phosphate mainly exists in the form of
unionized H3PO4, which is difficult to bind with La3+. On the other hand, all the lanthanum
is consumed for LaF3(s) generation and insufficient lanthanum is available to form more
precipitate with the phosphate. It is also observed that the dissociation of HF is enhanced in
response to increasing pH and the soluble species of HF and F− account for about 59.6% and

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40.3% respectively, in equilibrium at pH = 3. When the La3+ combines with F−
, it is able to
reduce the concentration of F− in the solution, thereby promoting the dissociation of HF. And
it is this dynamic equilibrium that results in the precipitation of fluoride at low pH value.
Further raising the pH, phosphate anions (H2PO− 4 and HPO2− 4) is formed gradually,
which compete with fluoride for La3+ and inhibit the binding of fluoride and La3+, leading
to a gradual increase in the fluoride concentration. As a result, LaPO4(s) appears at pH 4 and
LaF3(s) is gradually converted to LaPO4(s) until it disappears at pH 5.2, due to the increasing
solubility of LaF3(s) and the competition from phosphate anions. Meanwhile, the total
phosphate concentration is declined sharply with fluoride concentration back 0.03 mol/L and
almost all lanthanum is precipitated with a third of phosphate reacted. That is to say,
LaPO4(s) is more likely to generate compared with LaF3(s) at near neutral and alkaline
conditions. Thus, the precipitation difference allows for the selective removal and separation
of phosphate and fluoride. The above analysis proves that pH is a crucial factor for the
selective removal of fluoride and phosphate. In the pH region of 1.0–4.0, the precipitation
rate of fluoride maintains above 84.0%. The optimal pH for selective fluoride removal by
lanthanum ranges from 1.0 to 4.0 under the initial conditions specified in this system. Within
this range, phosphate mainly exists as H2PO−
4, and the residual fluoride in the solution
remains about 2 × 10− 3 mol/L. While phosphate removal can be realized at pH > 5.2 with
fluoride left in the solution. From this, we summarize that fluoride can be precipitated firstly
prior to removing phosphate for acidic wastewater, while phosphate can be removed as a
priority for alkaline wastewater, so as to avoid the frequent adjustment of pH value and
simplify the steps.
In the other research, nitrogen and phosphorus were removed from sewage treatment plant
effluent using an anoxic bioreactor filled with wood and iron. The nitrogen and phosphorus
removal activities were assessed first, followed by the sulphur denitrification activity; we
employed PCR-DGGE to analyse the sulfate-reducing bacteria living inside the wood and
forecast the sulphate reduction features. Because the majority of the effluent contained
ammonium as a nitrogen source, nitrification was accomplished using a trickling filter filled
with foam ceramics. Foam ceramics are a form of porous media with high water retention
that promotes the establishment of biofilms for nitrifying bacteria. The reactor was designed
as a trickling-filter reactor to save energy for aeration-based oxygen delivery.

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Industrial wastewater treatment is an usually difficult task that demands specialized
techniques and cutting-edge technology. Physical, chemical, and biological treatment
procedures are the three most used for industrial sludge.
Physical Treatment: Sedimentation, flotation, filtration, stripping, ion exchange, adsorption,
and other procedures that remove dissolved and non-dissolved compounds without
necessarily affecting their chemical structures are examples of this approach.
Chemical Treatment: Chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation or reduction, production
of an insoluble gas followed by stripping, and other chemical processes involving the
exchange or sharing of electrons between atoms are all examples of this approach.
Biological Treatment method: This approach is based on live organisms feeding on organic
or, in certain cases, inorganic material.
Figure 5: The influent of Reactor 1 was effluent from the treatment plant's traditional
activated sludge process's final sedimentation basin. Reactor 2's influent was Reactor 1's
effluent. Reactor 2-1 was full with cedar chips and iron. Chopsticks trash (made of aspen
wood) and iron were placed into Reactor 2-2.

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Large pharmaceutical and industrial businesses frequently use Effluent Treatment Plants
(ETP). Industrial effluents contain a variety of impurities. Some of them include oil and
grease, while others contain potentially toxic materials like cyanide. To eliminate these
distinct types of waste, industries utilise Effluent Treatment Plants, or ETPs, a specific
treatment technology.
Various effluents and pollutants are created throughout the medication production process.
ETPs are used to remove large amounts of organics, debris, grit, dirt, pollutants, poisonous
and non-toxic chemicals, polymers, and so on. For chemical processing and effluent
treatment, ETP facilities employ evaporation and drying technologies, as well as additional
auxiliary techniques such as centrifuging, filtering, and cremation.
STP: INDUSTRIAL INITIAL ACTIVITY
Figure 6: Industrial sludge treatment techniques are the mechanisms and processes used to
remediate waterways that have been polluted in some manner by human industrial or
commercial operations prior to discharge or reuse. The pollutants are concentrated into a
smaller amount of liquid, known as sludge, by the treatment.
This method is used on a wide scale to remove pollutants from wastewater and family unit
sewage. It combines physical, biological, and chemical techniques to remove contaminants.
Pre-treatment aids in the removal of materials accumulated from raw wastewater in order to
minimise damage or congestion of pipelines and pumps. Currently, the procedure is carried
out in factories servicing diverse populations using an automated and mechanically rounded

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bar screen. In smaller and less sophisticated facilities, a manually cleaned screen may be
used.
The wastewater is collected and either disposed of in a landfill or burned. Grit evacuation is a
sort of pre-treatment that incorporates a sand or coarseness channel or chamber where the
entering wastewater's speed is purposefully lowered to enable stones, sand, and grit to settle.
COMBINED EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS
Small-scale businesses sometimes lack the energy, space, or funds to establish their own
treatment infrastructure. As a result, to remove wastewater, they rely on a centralised
networking system structure of facilities. To keep these organisations' belongings out of
reach, integrated effluent treatment facilities are being introduced on a regular basis.
Activated-sludge process
The activated-sludge process is an aerobic, continuous-flow system that has a large
population of activated microorganisms that can stabilise organic waste. Purified waste water
is pumped into an aeration basin after initial settling and mixed with an active mass of
microorganisms, typically bacteria and protozoa, which aerobically breakdown organic
matter into carbon dioxide, water, new cells, and other end products. The bacteria in activated
sludge systems are mostly formed of 15 Gram-negative species, which include carbon and
nitrogen oxidizers, floc and non-floc formers, aerobes, and facultative anaerobes. Flagellates,
amoebas, and ciliates are examples of protozoa. By using diffused or mechanical aeration, an
aerobic atmosphere is maintained in the basin, which also serves to keep the contents of the
reactor (or mixed liquor) thoroughly mixed. The combined liquid enters the secondary
clarifier after a predefined detention period, where the sludge settles and a cleaner effluent is
formed for discharge. A portion of the settled sludge is recycled back to the aeration basin to
maintain the right activated sludge concentration (see figure 7). Furthermore, a portion of the
settled sludge is intentionally squandered in order to maintain the required solids retention
time (SRT) for effective organic removal.

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Figure 7: Typical flow diagram for an activated-sludge process
4. CASE STUDY ANALYSIS: INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
ANGUIL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
The challenge
Anguil Environmental Systems was charged with supplying an oxidizer and packed tower air
stripper to treat a 65 gallon per minute water stream that had high levels of Diesel Range
Organics (DRO), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS).
The wastewater was being sent via a cooling tower, which was continuously clogging owing
to the DRO in the water. Significant maintenance costs and production downtime were
incurred each time the tower was taken out of service for cleaning. In addition, the customer
desired 0% VOC emissions from their facilities.
The solution
Anguil application engineers found that a Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer (RTO) would fulfil
the client's needs, but they were dubious about the performance of the air stripper given the
water parameters supplied by the customer. Anguil was brought in to evaluate the water flow

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for the air stripping application. A evaluation of the supplied water research revealed that
levels of the heavier Diesel Range Organics (naphthalene and higher) exceeded their
solubility limits. As a result of the availability of free product in this water stream, any air
stripper would quickly clog, limiting stripping performance and potentially creating a safety
problem. Anguil suggested that the customer look into oil/water separation and emulsion
breaking to separate and perhaps recover the free product before entering the air stripper.
The result
An first bench test of oil/water separation was performed using water samples supplied from
the client. Anguil discovered after obtaining the samples that either the customer-supplied
water analysis was wrong or that the water samples obtained were not indicative of the
customer's process water due to the absence of free product. The emulsion breaking
experiments were carried out nevertheless, with predictable results. In addition to the
emulsion breaking experiments, Anguil attempted to coagulate the water to see whether this
strategy would be adequate, and this procedure was shown to be viable.
Based on the preliminary separation research findings, Anguil proposed two solutions. To
begin, the customer would repeat their analytical water analysis using the stated test
procedures to gain confidence in the treatment design requirements. Based on the results of
the second round of analytical testing, Anguil recommended a two-stage pilot study. Anguil
representatives would undertake on-site treatability studies employing jar testing during Stage
1. Anguil engineers would undertake a full-scale, on-site pilot utilising the appropriate
equipment for Stage 2 based on the results of Phase 2.
Stage 1: Anguil representatives went to the site and conducted jar tests with the process
water in question. Because the process water was 110-120 F, it was preferable to deal with
the process directly rather than shipping samples off site, which may compromise their
integrity due to cooling, biological activity, or chemical reactions from extended hold
durations. They successfully found that the water could be coagulated by elevating the pH
from 4 to 8.5 and using a poly aluminium chloride (PAC) based coagulant mix and a typical
polymer after a number of experiments. Color, turbidity, and solids concentration were
decreased after coagulation and filtering. Anguil then submitted the untreated and treated
water to a third-party lab for testing to assess the overall efficacy of the technique. The results
were encouraging, therefore the client decided to proceed with Stage 2 of the pilot project.

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Stage 2Anguil adjusted its prototype clarity system to conduct the second section of the
investigation depending on the site limits and treatment objectives. The equipment was
delivered, unpacked, and put in the facility. A generator was leased since the facility was
unable to generate the necessary energy. Anguil then unpacked the pilot system and hooked it
into the existing process pipe.
Once everything was in place, the operator filled the tank with process water and began
processing using the chemical formula specified in Stage 1: Raise the pH to >8.5 by
employing a 50% caustic solution, 300 ppm coagulant, and 1 ppm polymer. The clarifier
influent produced an excellent floc that soon settled to the bottom of the clarification tank, as
predicted. Clarity improvements in the clarifying tank became obvious as submerged areas of
the tank became visible as the original filthy water was replaced by the coagulated and
cleared water. Water tests taken from the clarifier effluent were clearly cleaner than raw
process water, and adequate clarity was reached with continuing processing.
Following the successful demonstration of the clarification process, The treated samples were
collected and tested using the same method as in Stage 1. A sludge sample was also sent for
benzene testing to see whether the sludge was hazardous. Certain quantities of process water

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were coagulated, flocculated, and filtered to determine sludge production rates. For many
days, filtered samples were wrung dry and air dried. Wet and dry samples were both weighed.
The qualitative and quantitative findings matched the customer's expectations and treatment
objectives. In this pilot study, the chemical coagulation process and clarifier reduced DRO by
85 percent or more and TSS by 80 percent. Anguil proposed a ballasted floc system to
manage the design flow rate of 65 GPM, therefore another set of samples was obtained for
ballasted floc testing, which achieved identical DRO removal rates but improved TSS
reduction to less than 1 NTU. The customer approached Anguil to supply sludge dewatering
equipment after evaluating sludge production rates and potential dangerous categories.
Furthermore, Anguil recommended that the air stripper and oxidizer be removed from the
scope of supply after reviewing the treatment system capabilities and facility requirements,
because removing the heaviest organics would solve the facility's heat exchanger fouling
problems, and the limited VOC loading did not justify the use of an oxidizer.
Anguil was able to assist the customer with the equipment design and selection process by
finding and fixing errors in the analytical data, saving time and money by specifying and
designing equipment that did not fulfil the project goals. Finally, despite the fact that the
chosen solution diverged significantly from the original request, the primary advantage of
Anguil was discovering a solution that satisfied the customer's requirements. The onsite jar
and pilot testing allowed the customer to become acquainted with and comfortable with the
treatment procedure, as well as comprehend the benefits, capabilities, and trade-offs of the
proposed system. Anguil's presence on-site also allowed them to thoroughly understand the
client's demands and process, allowing them to identify customer process factors that might

OSTP-2022
possibly effect treatment system performance and deliver smooth integration of the new
treatment system into the existing process.
CASE STUDY OF VULTURES
• The veterinary usage of the medication diclofenac, which is used to treat livestock, has
been connected to the extinction of vulture populations throughout South Asia.
• Vultures are keystone species that provide an important ecosystem function by
consuming carrion, and their extinction has had profound ecological and
socioeconomic implications.
• • Vultures who feed on the carcasses of animals that have recently been treated with the
medicine develop renal failure and die.
5. INNOVATIVE IDEA ON THE SUBJECT
Wastewater treatment in a hybrid biological reactor (HBR)
Figure 8: Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
Wastewater treatment using a hybrid reactor system has grown in popularity because it
benefits from both the suspended and attached growth phases at the same time. It can be used
to treat rate-limiting substrates, priority pollutants, volatile organic compounds, and so on, in
addition to nitrification. The varied nature of hybrid reactors necessitates a thorough
examination of the mechanism, mode of operation, many applications, and key configurations

OSTP-2022
possible. The purpose of this essay is to investigate these difficulties in light of past history
and subsequent advancement in this field. In addition to the laboratory and pilot-scale studies,
various industrial applications have been examined to better understand the performance of
hybrid reactors in the relevant sector. A fake data set is also used to demonstrate the
modelling approach for the hybrid reactor system. A detailed discussion of key hybrid
processes is presented, along with graphic representations. The hybrid process evaluation
determined that upgrading an existing activated sludge system to ensure carbonaceous
oxidation and nitrification in a single reactor, as well as treatment of slowly biodegradable
compounds, would be cost effective.
The challenges of wastewater treatment are diverse and depend not only on effluent control
regulations, but also on geographical peculiarities and socioeconomic factors. Sewage sludge
generated during wastewater treatment is excessive and must be handled adequately. This
waste sludge is employed or transformed into 10% for application to agricultural fields; 13%
for conversion into energy as a biogas, i.e., methane, via anaerobic digestion; and 77% for
disposal after dewatering, incineration, and landfill or without any necessary treatment.
Emission reduction is also important in a wastewater treatment facility. Sewerage utilities
release up to 7 million tonnes of CO2 each year, accounting for up to 0.5% of total CO2
emissions. Not only CO2 emissions, but also nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, merit
consideration as a new goal for reduction. The present book chapter will concentrate on bio-
electrochemical systems (BES) as a promising technology for producing bioelectricity and
biohydrogen by combining biomass production with industrial wastewater treatment.
Microalgae-based bio-electrochemical systems, on the other hand, might be a promising
technology for producing bioelectricity and biohydrogen by combining biomass production
and industrial wastewater treatment.
Hybrid System Explanation High-strength wastewaters have been identified as those with
COD concentrations greater than 4,000 mg/L, where aerobic treatment is no longer feasible;
anaerobic treatment, on the other hand, would provide a suitable treatment option that
requires no oxygen, produces less excess sludge, and provides a potential energy source.
Advanced biological technologies for high-strength wastewater treatment, with a focus on
hybrid systems like membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and combined and integrated anaerobic–
aerobic systems.

OSTP-2022
Hybrid System Types Membrane-Enabled Bioreactors A membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a
physical barrier (membrane) in a typical biological treatment system that allows wastewater
to be treated in a single system. An MBR combines biological treatment with membrane
filtration. MBRs are used to treat both municipal and industrial wastewaters, with an average
recovery rate of about 80%. Today in Water l April 2016 Separation of suspended particles
and biomass, as well as decoupling of HRT and SRT. In the biological system, membrane
filtering lowers the requirement for secondary clarifiers. Secondary clarifiers are being
phased out, and MBR is being used for a shorter amount of time. HRT has a significantly
lower environmental impact. An MBR also offers several advantages over typical activated
sludge, such as higher volumetric loading rates, shorter reactor HRTs, longer SRTs, lower
sludge production, and the ability to perform simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in
prolonged SRTs.
Integrated Anaerobic–Aerobic Treatment Systems Integrated anaerobic–aerobic treatment
systems integrate anaerobic and aerobic systems into a single reactor, resulting in a minimal
footprint. The viability of developing an integrated anaerobic-aerobic fixed bed combination
bioreactor (UA/AFB) to treat high-strength wastewaters was examined using a bench scale
up-flow fixed bed reactor filled with PVC rings as media. The reactor was separated into two
sections: anaerobic at the bottom and aerobic at the top. The same total HRT of 9 hours (5
hours anaerobic and 4 hours aerobic) was employed with synthetic wastewater with varied
COD ranging from 365 to 3,500 mg/L, corresponding to Organic Loading Rate (OLR) range
of 0.8 to 7.6 kg COD/m3 day. COD removal efficiency in the anaerobic portion decreased
from 67 percent to 27 percent for OLRs of 0.8 and 7.6 kg COD/m3 day, respectively.
However, this drop was offset by a significant increase in aerobic zone efficiency from 37%
to 85%, producing a total improvement in efficiency from 95% to 98 % at OLRs of 0.8 kg
COD/m3 day and 7.6 COD/m3 day, respectively. As a result, while COD removal efficiency
in the anaerobic part of the reactor can decrease with increasing Organic Loading Rate
(OLR), the aerobic part can compensate for this decrease, resulting in an improvement in
total removal efficiency up to the secondary effluent standard limit with OLR's as high as 7.6
kg COD/m3 day.

OSTP-2022
SUMMARY
Wastewater disposal from an industrial plant is a difficult and expensive task. The vast
majority of oil refineries, chemical facilities, and nuclear power plants. Dairy and tannery
plants have on-site wastewater treatment facilities to guarantee that pollutant concentrations
in treated wastewater meet municipal and/or national regulations governing wastewater
discharge into community treatment plants or rivers, lakes, or oceans. Constructed wetlands
are becoming more popular because they offer high-quality and productive on-site treatment.
Other industrial operations that create a significant volume of waste water, such as paper and
pulp production, have aroused environmental concerns, driving the development of systems
to recycle water usage within facilities before it has to be cleaned and disposed of. Treated
wastewater can be used as drinking water, in industry (cooling towers), in agriculture, and in
natural ecosystem rehabilitation.
Treatment of high-strength wastewater presents a new challenge that researchers are seeking
to address. Traditional aerobic treatment methods are unsuitable for treating high-strength
wastewaters due to the high energy requirement for aeration and the creation of massive
volumes of sludge that must be stabilised for disposal. Hybrid biological systems are useful
in the treatment of high-strength wastewater. MBRs and combined/integrated anaerobic-
aerobic systems are examples of these systems. MBRs provide good effluent quality with a
small footprint; nevertheless, membrane fouling raises maintenance and operational
expenses. Membrane properties, operating circumstances, feed mix, and biomass
characteristics all have an impact on MBR performance. Combined anaerobic-aerobic
systems are a low-cost and efficient treatment option for high-strength wastewaters. The goal
of research is to combine the anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes in a single reactor.
Using granular biomass in an integrated anaerobic–aerobic system can provide a distinct
advantage in terms of a compact and vigorous microbial population with superior settling
ability and high biomass retention. Column type reactors with a high Height / Diameter (H/D)
ratio are preferred for longer circular flow paths with strong shear force. High hydrodynamic
shear force works as selective pressure, ensuring that only fast settling granular sludge is
retained in the reactor and enhancing mass transfer, encouraging increased substrate
degradation. High shear stress causes the production of cell polysaccharides, which are
important in the formation of a solid granular matrix. Although mixed anaerobic-aerobic
granular systems provide a viable treatment option for high strength wastewaters, the design

OSTP-2022
and operation of integrated granular bioreactors are still in their infancy, with minimal data in
the continuous flow regime and large-scale operation. Other issues have been reported,
including granular stability and long startup times. More research on the overcoming factor is
necessary. Anguil's presence on-site and pilot testing allowed the customer to become
acquainted with and comfortable with the treatment procedure, as well as comprehend the
benefits, capabilities, and trade-offs of the proposed system. Anguil was able to find and fix
errors in the analytical data, saving time and money. Vultures are a keystone species that
perform a vital ecosystem service by disposing of carrion and their decline has had dramatic
ecological and socio-economic consequences. Veterinary use of the drug diclofenac has been
linked to the collapse of vulture populations throughout Asia.
The activated-sludge process is an aerobic, continuous-flow system containing a large
population of activated microorganisms. Purified waste water is pumped into an aeration
basin after initial settling. Microbes aerobically breakdown organic matter into carbon
dioxide, water, new cells, and other end products.
Pollution is the process of polluting the environment with dangerous and waste chemicals.
Water pollution is defined as the release of toxins into water that renders it unfit for drinking
and other uses. The five primary sources of water contamination are sewage, stormwater
runoff, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and septic tanks. Industrial water
contamination can have far-reaching consequences for the environment. Water can become
polluted with heavy metals, hazardous compounds, organic sludge, and even radioactive
sludge. Dirty water is not cleaned before being discharged into the ocean or other bodies of
water. Industrial effluent can contribute to the murkiness of water. Bottom-dwelling plants
may be unable to photosynthesize because of pollution. Pollutants can also clog fish gills,
making it harder for them to utilise dissolved oxygen from the water.
More than half of all water pollution in the United States is attributed to industry. 40% of
estuaries, lakes, and rivers are too dirty to be used for fishing, drinking, or swimming.
Pollution control technology that is inexpensive and government incentives may motivate
enterprises to prioritise pollution control.

OSTP-2022
REFERENCES:
1. Khatun, R. (2017). Water pollution: Causes, consequences, prevention method and
role of WBPHED with special reference from Murshidabad District. International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 7(8), 269-277. View All Archives -
Anguil Environmental Systems, Inc.
2. Gedda, G., Balakrishnan, K., Devi, R. U., Shah, K. J., & Gandhi, V. (2021).
Introduction to conventional wastewater treatment technologies: limitations and
recent advances. Advances in Wastewater Treatment I, 91, 1-36.
3. Xia, L., Zhang, W., Che, J., Chen, J., Wen, P., Ma, B. and Wang, C., 2021. Stepwise
removal and recovery of phosphate and fluoride from wastewater via pH-dependent
precipitation: Thermodynamics, experiment and mechanism investigation. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 320, p.128872.
4. Yamashita, T., & Yamamoto-Ikemoto, R. (2014). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal
from wastewater treatment plant effluent via bacterial sulfate reduction in an anoxic
bioreactor packed with wood and iron. International journal of environmental
research and public health, 11(9), 9835-9853.
5. Bhargava, A. (2016). Activated sludge treatment process-concept and system
design. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research, 4(2), 890-
896.
6. Gutiérrez, M., Grillini, V., Pavlović, D. M., & Verlicchi, P. (2021). Activated carbon
coupled with advanced biological wastewater treatment: A review of the enhancement
in micropollutant removal. Science of The Total Environment, 790, 148050.
7. Mänttäri, M., Kallioinen, M., & Nyström, M. (2015). Membrane technologies for
water treatment and reuse in the pulp and paper industries. In Advances in Membrane
Technologies for Water Treatment (pp. 581-603). Woodhead Publishing.
8. Ungureanu, N., Vlăduț, V., Dincă, M., & Zăbavă, B. Ș. (2018, May). Reuse of
wastewater for irrigation, a sustainable practice in arid and semi-arid regions.
In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Thermal Equipment,

OSTP-2022
Renewable Energy and Rural Development (TE-RE-RD), Drobeta-Turnu Severin,
Romania (Vol. 31, pp. 379-384).
9. Guo, J. B., Ma, F., Chang, C. C., & Wei, L. (2010). Application of a hybrid process
with biofilm and suspended biomass for treating petrochemical wastewater.
In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 113, pp. 469-473). Trans Tech Publications
Ltd.
10. Gautam, V., Sahni, Y. P., Jain, S. K., & Shrivastav, A. (2018).
Ecopharmacovigilance: An environment safety issue. The Pharma Innovation
Journal, 7(5), 234-239.

OSTP-2022
APPENDIX: ALL THE ASSIGNMENT
ASSIGNMENT 1:
Calculate the NPSH available of a pump, taking suction from a atmospheric tank, Pump
capacity: 171 m3
/h, liquid Density: 962 kg/m3, viscosity: 0.46 cp, straight length from tank to
pump suction 12 m, suction line having 2 nos of gate valve and 4 nos of 90 deg elbow.
Suction line dia. 10” and line class: AS4A, operating liquid level: 80% [follow the tank
curve], suction centre nozzle ht: 0.97 m, vapor pressure of the liquid: 55 KPa Abs
Solution:
NPSH (net positive suction head) = pressure absolute – vapor pressure absolute + static
height of the liquid – friction
NPSH = A – V + S – F
NPSH = Pa – Pv / Density – hfs - gZa
NPSH = (101325-55000/962)- 0.97-9.81*(1.2-1.0)
NPSH = 45.222 J/Kg or 4.609 m
ASSIGNMENT 2:
Calculate the shaft power of a pump operating 171 m3/h flow and differential pressure head
60 m, pump efficiency 74%, Motor efficiency: 92%, motor voltage: 415 V, powder: 0.92.
Solution:
Ps(kW) = shaft power (kW)
η = pump efficiency
Ps(kW) = Ph(kW) / η
Ph(kW) = (171 m3
/h) (1000 kg/m3
) (9.81 m/s2
) (60 m) / (3.6 106
) / 0.74
Ps(kW) = 37.78 kW

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1. INTRODUCTION:
India is dealing with two issues: a shortage of infrastructure and a rising proportion of its
population living in cities. The urban population in India expanded by around 31% from 285
million in 2001 to 377 million in 2011, while the number of urban centres increased by 5161
to 7935 over the same period (Census 2001, 2011). Despite its low level of urbanisation,
India boasts the world's second biggest urban population in terms of absolute numbers.
Cities and towns are expected to house around 60% of the country's population by 2051.
The rising population has created two self-perpetuating issues: water scarcity and sewage
overflow.
Currently, public services are not keeping up with demand, and water supply, sanitation,
sewage treatment, and solid waste management cover just a percentage of the total urban
population. There are obvious imbalances and discrepancies among different parts of the
population, particularly slum inhabitants. Aside from natural population increase and
migration from rural regions and small towns to major towns and cities, cities' physical
bounds extend to incorporate fresh rural areas into their orbit. Many cities have expanded
beyond municipalities, but the new urban agglomerations are still administered by rural
administrations that lack the competence to deal with water supply and sewage issues.
WASTEWATER GENERATION AND TREATMENT
Figure 1: Waster water Permissible limits
In comparison to over 45000 MLD of wastewater created in urban areas, municipal
capacity to treat wastewater is now around 11553 MLD, representing for just 26% of

wastewater output in urban areas (Infrastructure Report 2011). (Fig 1). The expected
wastewater from urban areas may exceed 116000 MLD by 2051, while rural India would
create at least 50,000 MLD due to water delivery projects for community supplies in rural
regions (Infrastructure Report 2011). (Fig 2). Waste water management strategies, on the
other hand, do not address the rate of wastewater creation.
Figure2: Wastewater Scenario with Various Treatments
According to the 25 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India has 284 sewage
treatment plants (STPs), only 231 of which are active. Untreated sewage is the most
significant source of pollution in rivers and lakes. Many STPs created with Central funding,
such as the Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans under the National River Action Plan, are still
not completely operational.
The increasing activities in rural India are expected to generate a substantial volume of
wastewater, demanding the optimal design 18 of water and wastewater management to
alleviate competing demand on water resources. This includes steps with equal weightage
for a) increasing water supply and b) building wastewater treatment facilities, recycling,
recovery, recharging, and storage.
CURRENT PRACTICES OF WASTEWATER REUSE
The volume of wastewater produced by residential, industrial, and commercial sources has
increased, but so has its productive use, as small-scale farmers in urban and peri-urban
areas rely on wastewater or wastewater-polluted 9 water sources to irrigate high-value
culinary crops for urban markets. Traditionally, sewage is collected through a massive
network of sewerage pipes and sent to a resource-intensive centralised treatment plant.
Rather than shipping material over great distances for centralised treatment, CPCB

promotes localised treatment via the use of technology based on natural processes.
The membrane bioreactor (MBR), 4 a new generation of sewage treatment technology,
can treat waste water to near-river water quality standards. This cleansed sewage may
also be utilised to replenish a riverine system, guaranteeing a constant flow. It is worth
mentioning that the cost of activated sludge processing for 1 MLD sewage is roughly Rs 9
to 10 million, but the cost of MBR processing is approximately Rs 13 to 15 million for 1
MLD sewage (Infrastructure Report 2011). If the treated sewage from the MBR process is
linked to industry, the chances of a positive return are high. Indeed, this would involve a
paradigm change in sewage management, away from sewage treatment and toward reuse
and recycling.
Improved rules, institutional discussions, and financial mechanisms can all help to enhance
wastewater irrigation practises and reduce agricultural risks. In conjunction with incentives,
effluent restrictions can encourage improvements in water management by homes and
industrial sectors that release wastewater from point sources. Separating chemical
pollutants from municipal wastewater simplifies treatment and reduces risk. Inter-
institutional coordination improves wastewater management and risk reduction by building
institutional capacity and connecting the 22 water supply and sanitation sectors.
2. INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER POLLUTION:
Industrial water contamination is a prevalent issue all over the world. When dangerous
chemicals and compounds are released into water, it becomes unfit for drinking and other
uses. Although water covers the majority of the Earth's surface, we can only receive fresh
water from bodies of water such as ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and reservoirs. This
implies that keeping them clean is in our best interests.
Since the industrial revolution, we've gone a long way. Everything from our industrial
processes to science and technology to our everyday lives has improved tremendously.
Everything, however, has a cost. All of the advances and discoveries made 4 over the
last two centuries have brought with them a slew of issues, including water contamination.
Pollution is defined as the process of polluting the environment with dangerous and waste

chemicals, which results in a significant change in the quality of the surrounding
atmosphere. Water pollution, air pollution, and noise pollution are the three categories of
environmental pollution. Water pollution is described as the introduction of contaminants
into water, rendering it unsuitable for drinking and other uses. 1 Domestic sewage,
stormwater runoff, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and wastewater from septic tanks
are the five chief causes of water pollution.
Causes of Industrial Water Pollution
Lack of Strict Policies
Many countries throughout the world suffer from a lack of stringent pollution control
legislation, particularly in emerging or poor countries. Although most nations have
legislation in existence, the indifference of enforcement officials has allowed companies to
simply circumvent such restrictions.
1 Reliance on Outdated Technologies
Another source of water pollution is certain sectors' dependence on obsolete technology,
which produce more pollutants than newer ones. To avoid the expensive expense of
contemporary technology, companies forego improvements and continue to use obsolete
technologies.
Lack of Capital
In many countries, industrial waste is dumped into rivers or lakes without being adequately
handled. This is especially true for small enterprises that do not have the resources to
invest in pollution control equipment.
Unplanned Industrial Growth
Water contamination is caused in part by unplanned industrial expansion. Industrial
expansion helps a country's economy thrive, but it also 18 has a negative impact on the
environment, especially when increase is abrupt and unplanned. The expansion may also
be to blame for a lack of adequate garbage disposal locations, 1 as well as a total
disregard for pollution control legislation.
Extracting from Mines

Mineral extraction through mining and drilling, which leaves the soil unfit for farming and
pollutes both surface and ground water, also contributes to industrial water pollution. Any
unintended leaking can contaminate the surrounding water and, eventually, the ocean. Oil
spills have the potential to harm both the land and the marine. Mining waste can cause an
increase in mineral content and a change in the pH level of water.
Effects of Industrial Water Pollution
When wastes from various industrial activities are put into bodies of water, they can
produce the following changes.
Effects on the Ecosystem
Industrial water contamination can have far-reaching consequences for the environment.
Water is utilised for a variety of reasons in industrial operations and can become polluted
with heavy metals, hazardous compounds, organic sludge, and even radioactive sludge.
When dirty water is not cleaned before being discharged into the ocean or other bodies of
water, it becomes unfit for usage.
Thermal Pollution
When radioactive sludge is dumped into the environment, it frequently settles near the
bottom of bodies of water. Radioactive sludge can be extremely radioactive for decades,
causing major health dangers to those who live nearby. Thermal 4 pollution is defined as
a rise in the temperature of the surrounding water. It can affect aquatic or marine life,
particularly creatures that are very sensitive to temperature fluctuations. 1 Nuclear
reactors and power facilities are major contributors to thermal pollution.
Effect of Eutrophication
When the nutrient composition of the water changes, the ecosystem's equilibrium might be
upset. For example, when eutrophication occurs (the nutrient content of water increases), it
can encourage algal bloom, which can reduce the oxygen level of the water. Although
algae create oxygen during the day, they require dissolved oxygen in water at night.
Following an algal bloom, a huge number of algae die and are destroyed by bacteria with
the assistance of oxygen. As a result, the dissolved oxygen in water is depleted during the

process. In rare cases, this mechanism can reduce the oxygen content in water to
dangerously low levels, leaving it unfit to support aquatic life. These hypoxic portions of the
ocean are referred to as dead zones.
Increase the Murkiness of Water
Industrial effluent can contribute to the murkiness of water. When water becomes too
murky, sunlight cannot reach the bottom. As a result, bottom-dwelling plants may be
unable to photosynthesize. 17 It can also clog fish gills, making it harder for them to utilise
dissolved oxygen from the water.
Effect of Chemicals
1 Common industrial pollutants that cause water contamination include asbestos,
sulphur, mercury, lead, nitrates, toluene, phosphates, dyes, pesticides, alkalies, acids,
benzene, chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, polychlorinated biphenyl, volatile organic
compounds, and hazardous solvents. Asbestos, for example, is a carcinogen that causes
mesothelioma and raises the incidence of benign intestinal polyps, whereas sulphur is
poisonous to marine life.
Nitrates and phosphates are two fertilisers that can exacerbate the effects of eutrophication
and potentially generate dead zones. Drinking water that contains too much carbon
tetrachloride, on the other hand, can cause liver problems. Another industrial pollutant,
benzene, has been linked to conditions including low blood platelets and anaemia, as well
as an increased risk of cancer.
Chlorobenzene is a chemical found in paints and insecticides. Toluene, on the other hand,
is a contaminant produced by the petroleum and oil industries. Both chlorobenzene and
toluene can affect the kidneys, liver, and central nervous system. 7 Volatile organic
compounds are essentially solvents that are employed in a variety of domestic and
industrial applications. When these chemicals are not disposed of correctly, they can
pollute groundwater and cause a variety of health problems such as nausea, migraines,
memory loss, and liver damage.
Control and Prevention

Containing industrial water contamination is a difficult task, 4 but it is not impossible.
However, decreasing water pollution would be impossible without the collaboration of
residents and industrial entities. Thus, more public knowledge is needed concerning how
water becomes polluted, the impacts 1 on the health of living creatures, and how it may
be avoided.
The development and successful implementation of 7 strict pollution control laws and
regulations will play an important role in pollution reduction. Furthermore, 1 the
development of cost-effective pollution control technology, as well as government
incentives for using such equipment, may encourage businesses to prioritise pollution
control.
Ordinary wastes, such as sewage, are simply handled by the municipal system. However,
some wastes, such as oil and grease, heavy metals, and volatile chemical compounds,
need more specific treatment. By building a pre-treatment system, industries may
segregate such hazardous wastes. The partially treated effluent can be delivered to
municipal facilities for additional treatment.
Large-scale businesses produce a lot of wastewater. As a result, they must modernise
their manufacturing processes to reduce pollution, as well as set up and maintain their own
on-site treatment systems. Primary treatment, 7 secondary treatment, and tertiary
treatment, which comprises physical, chemical, and biological processes, are the three
steps of industrial wastewater treatment.
1 Pollutants are removed from water during primary treatment via screening, grinding,
flocculation, and sedimentation procedures. Secondary wastewater treatment requires the
use of biological technologies. Finally, in tertiary treatment, the wastewater is recycled
through physical, chemical, and biological 7 processes. Thermal pollution, on the other
hand, may be decreased by creating cooling ponds or installing cooling towers.
Industry alone is responsible for 1 more than half of all water contamination in the United
States. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 1996 National
Water Quality Inventory, approximately 40% of the estuaries, lakes, and rivers evaluated

were too polluted for fishing, drinking, or swimming. The United States passed many
legislation to combat the problem of water pollution, including the Marine Protection,
Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972), the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean
Water Act of 1972), and the Safe Drinking Water Act (1974). In 1988, the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act was modified once again.
3. Discussion on different industrial application
Treatment of effluent Plants in fertiliser industries are a procedure that is designed to treat
industrial waste water for reuse or discharge to the environment. Removing large volumes
of organic chemicals, trash, pollution, poisonous, non-toxic materials, and polymers,
among other things, from industry.
How many ETP plants are there?
10. Effluent treatment plants
11. Sewage treatment plants
12. Common and combined effluent treatment plants
Benefits:
Provides clean, safe and water processed or reuse of water, Saving money, 9 Beneficial
to the environment, A way to minimize waste.
Treatment Levels:
Figure 3: Wastewater Treatment level in Fertilizer Industries

Phosphate and Fluoride removal
Figure 4: Phosphate and fluoride removal plant via Effluent treatment Plants.
Fig. 4 depicts the lgc-pH diagram of each component of the La–F–P–H2O system at 25 C,
with starting total concentrations of [F]T I [P]Ti, and [La]Ti of 0.03 mol/L. According to the
literature, all phosphate and lanthanum species 18 are considered in the system. As a
consequence, the 3 free phosphate and lanthanum ion content, as well as how they exist
in solution, will be provided. As shown in Fig. 1a and b, the pH value changes dramatically,
and there are three stability areas of solid phase varying from LaF3(s), LaF3(s), and
LaPO4(s) with rising pH value. At pH 4.0, La clearly appears as a solid phase of LaF3(s),
whereas fluoride concentration is less than 0.005 mol/L.
The value (0.03 mol/L) and the lowest concentration of 2.0 × 10− 3 mol/L is obtained at pH
3. This demonstrates that La3+ prefers to generate LaF3(s) rather than LaPO4(s) in acid
environments. It is because, 4 on the one hand, phosphate mainly exists in the form of
unionized H3PO4, which is difficult to bind with La3+. 3 On the other hand, all the
lanthanum is consumed for LaF3(s) generation and insufficient lanthanum is available to
form more precipitate with the phosphate. It is also observed that the dissociation of HF is
enhanced in response to increasing pH and the soluble species of HF and F− account for
about 59.6% and 40.3% respectively, in equilibrium at pH = 3. When the La3+ combines
with F−, 3 it is able to reduce the concentration of F− in the solution, thereby promoting
the dissociation of HF. And it is this dynamic equilibrium that results in the precipitation of
fluoride at low pH value. Further raising the pH, phosphate anions (H2PO− 4 and HPO2−
4) is formed gradually, which compete with fluoride for La3+ and inhibit the binding of
fluoride and La3+, leading to a gradual increase in the fluoride concentration. As a result,
LaPO4(s) appears at pH 4 and LaF3(s) is gradually converted to LaPO4(s) until it
disappears at pH 5.2, due to the increasing solubility of LaF3(s) and the competition from

phosphate anions. 3 Meanwhile, the total phosphate concentration is declined sharply
with fluoride concentration back 0.03 mol/L and almost all lanthanum is precipitated with a
third of phosphate reacted. That is to say, LaPO4(s) is more likely to generate compared
with LaF3(s) at near neutral and alkaline conditions. Thus, the precipitation difference
allows for the selective removal and separation of phosphate and fluoride. The above
analysis proves that pH is 4 a crucial factor for the selective removal of fluoride and
phosphate. In the pH region of 1.0–4.0, the precipitation rate of fluoride maintains above
84.0%. 3 The optimal pH for selective fluoride removal by lanthanum ranges from 1.0 to
4.0 under the initial conditions specified in this system. Within this range, phosphate mainly
exists as H2PO− 4, and the residual fluoride in the solution remains about 2 × 10− 3 mol/L.
While phosphate removal can be realized at pH > 5.2 with fluoride left in the solution. 3
From this, we summarize that fluoride can be precipitated firstly prior to removing
phosphate for acidic wastewater, while phosphate can be removed as a priority for alkaline
wastewater, so as to avoid the frequent adjustment of pH value and simplify the steps.
In the other research, nitrogen and phosphorus were removed from sewage treatment
plant effluent using an anoxic bioreactor filled with wood and iron. 5 The nitrogen and
phosphorus removal activities were assessed first, followed by the sulphur denitrification
activity; we employed PCR-DGGE to analyse the sulfate-reducing bacteria living inside the
wood and forecast the sulphate reduction features. Because the majority of the effluent
contained ammonium as a nitrogen source, nitrification was accomplished using a trickling
filter filled with foam ceramics. Foam ceramics are a form of porous media with high water
retention that promotes the establishment of biofilms for nitrifying bacteria. The reactor was
designed as a trickling-filter reactor to save energy for aeration-based oxygen delivery.
Industrial wastewater treatment is an usually difficult task that demands specialized
techniques and cutting-edge technology. 4 Physical, chemical, and biological treatment
procedures are the three most used for industrial sludge.
Physical Treatment: Sedimentation, flotation, filtration, stripping, ion exchange, adsorption,
and other procedures that remove dissolved and non-dissolved compounds without

necessarily affecting their chemical structures are examples of this approach.
Chemical Treatment: 23 Chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation or reduction,
production of an insoluble gas followed by stripping, and other chemical processes
involving the exchange or sharing of electrons between atoms are all examples of this
approach.
Biological Treatment method: 4 This approach is based on live organisms feeding on
organic or, in certain cases, inorganic material.
Figure 5: 5 The influent of Reactor 1 was effluent from the treatment plant's traditional
activated sludge process's final sedimentation basin. Reactor 2's influent was Reactor 1's
effluent. Reactor 2-1 was full with cedar chips and iron. Chopsticks trash (made of aspen
wood) and iron were placed into Reactor 2-2.
Large pharmaceutical and industrial businesses frequently use Effluent Treatment Plants
(ETP). Industrial effluents contain a variety of impurities. Some of them include oil and
grease, while others contain potentially toxic materials like cyanide. To eliminate these
distinct types of waste, industries utilise Effluent Treatment Plants, or ETPs, a specific
treatment technology.
Various effluents and pollutants are created throughout the medication production process.
ETPs are used to remove large amounts of organics, debris, grit, dirt, pollutants, poisonous
and non-toxic chemicals, polymers, and so on. For chemical processing and effluent
treatment, ETP facilities employ evaporation and drying technologies, as well as additional
auxiliary techniques such as centrifuging, filtering, and cremation.
STP: INDUSTRIAL INITIAL ACTIVITY
Figure 6: Industrial sludge treatment techniques are the mechanisms and processes used
to remediate waterways that have been polluted in some manner by human industrial or
commercial operations prior to discharge or reuse. The pollutants are concentrated into a

smaller amount of liquid, known as sludge, by the treatment.
This method is used on a wide scale to remove pollutants from wastewater and family unit
sewage. It combines physical, biological, and chemical techniques to remove
contaminants. Pre-treatment aids in the removal of materials accumulated from raw
wastewater in order to minimise damage or congestion of pipelines and pumps. Currently,
the procedure is carried out in factories servicing diverse populations using an automated
and mechanically rounded bar screen. In smaller and less sophisticated facilities, a
manually cleaned screen may be used.
The wastewater is collected and either disposed of in a landfill or burned. Grit evacuation is
a sort of pre-treatment that incorporates a sand or coarseness channel or chamber where
the entering wastewater's speed is purposefully lowered to enable stones, sand, and grit to
settle.
COMBINED EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS
Small-scale businesses sometimes lack the energy, space, or funds to establish their own
treatment infrastructure. As a result, to remove wastewater, they rely on a centralised
networking system structure of facilities. To keep these organisations' belongings out of
reach, integrated effluent treatment facilities are being introduced 22 on a regular basis.
Activated-sludge process
The activated-sludge 27 process is an aerobic, continuous-flow system that has a large
population of activated microorganisms that can stabilise organic waste. Purified waste
water is pumped into an aeration basin after initial settling and mixed with an active mass
of microorganisms, typically bacteria and protozoa, which aerobically breakdown organic
matter into carbon dioxide, water, new cells, and other end products. The bacteria 26 in
activated sludge systems are mostly formed of 15 Gram-negative species, which include
carbon and nitrogen oxidizers, floc and non-floc formers, aerobes, and facultative
anaerobes. Flagellates, amoebas, and ciliates are examples of protozoa. By using 11
diffused or mechanical aeration, an aerobic atmosphere is maintained in the basin, which
also serves to keep the contents of the reactor (or mixed liquor) thoroughly mixed. The

combined liquid enters the secondary clarifier after a predefined detention period, where
the sludge settles and a cleaner effluent is formed for discharge. 14 A portion of the settled
sludge is recycled back to the aeration basin to maintain the right activated sludge
concentration (see figure 7). Furthermore, 19 a portion of the settled sludge is intentionally
squandered in order to maintain the required solids retention time (SRT) for effective
organic removal.
Figure 7: Typical flow diagram for an activated-sludge process
4. CASE STUDY ANALYSIS: INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ANGUIL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
The challenge
Anguil Environmental Systems was charged with supplying an oxidizer and packed tower
air stripper to treat a 65 gallon per minute water stream that had high levels of Diesel
Range Organics (DRO), 4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and Total Suspended
Solids (TSS). The wastewater was being sent via a cooling tower, which was continuously
clogging owing to the DRO in the water. Significant maintenance costs and production
downtime were incurred each time the tower was taken out of service for cleaning. In
addition, the customer desired 0% VOC emissions from their facilities.
The solution
Anguil application engineers found that a Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer (RTO) would fulfil
the client's needs, but they were dubious about 2 the performance of the air stripper
given the water parameters supplied by the customer. Anguil was brought in to evaluate
the water flow for the air stripping application. A evaluation of the supplied water research
revealed that levels of the heavier Diesel Range Organics (naphthalene and higher)
exceeded their solubility limits. As a result of the availability of free product in this water

stream, any air stripper would quickly clog, limiting stripping performance and potentially
creating a safety problem. Anguil suggested that the customer look into oil/water
separation and emulsion breaking to separate and perhaps recover the free product before
entering the air stripper.
The result
An first bench test of oil/water separation was performed using water samples supplied
from the client. Anguil discovered after obtaining the samples that either the customer-
supplied water analysis was wrong or that the water samples obtained were not indicative
of the customer's process water due to the absence of free product. The emulsion breaking
28 experiments were carried out nevertheless, with predictable results. In addition to the
emulsion breaking experiments, Anguil attempted to coagulate the water to see whether
this strategy would be adequate, and this procedure was shown to be viable.
Based on the preliminary separation research findings, Anguil proposed two solutions. To
begin, the customer would repeat their analytical water analysis using the stated test
procedures to gain confidence in the treatment design requirements. 2 Based on the
results of the second round of analytical testing, Anguil recommended a two-stage pilot
study. Anguil representatives would undertake on-site treatability studies employing jar
testing during Stage 1. Anguil engineers would undertake a full-scale, on-site pilot utilising
the appropriate equipment for Stage 2 based on the results of Phase 2.
Stage 1: Anguil representatives went to the site and conducted jar tests with the process
water in question. Because the process water was 110-120 F, it was preferable to deal with
the process directly rather than shipping samples off site, which may compromise their
integrity due to cooling, biological activity, or chemical reactions from extended hold
durations. They successfully found that the water could be coagulated by elevating the pH
from 4 to 8.5 and using a poly aluminium chloride (PAC) based coagulant mix and a typical
polymer after a number of experiments. Color, turbidity, and solids concentration were
decreased after coagulation and filtering. Anguil then submitted the untreated and treated
water to a third-party lab for testing to assess the overall efficacy of the technique. The

results were encouraging, therefore the client decided to proceed with Stage 2 of the pilot
project.
Stage 2Anguil adjusted its prototype clarity system to conduct the second section of the
investigation depending on the site limits and treatment objectives. The equipment was
delivered, unpacked, and put in the facility. A generator was leased since the facility was
unable to generate the necessary energy. Anguil then unpacked the pilot system and
hooked it 2 into the existing process pipe.
Once everything was in place, the operator filled the tank with process water and began
processing using the chemical formula specified in Stage 1: Raise the pH to >8.5 by
employing a 50% caustic solution, 300 ppm coagulant, and 1 ppm polymer. The clarifier
influent produced an excellent floc that soon settled to the bottom of the clarification tank,
as predicted. Clarity improvements in the clarifying tank became obvious as submerged
areas of the tank became visible as the original filthy water was replaced by the coagulated
and cleared water. Water tests taken from the clarifier effluent were clearly cleaner than
raw process water, and adequate clarity was reached with continuing processing.
Following the successful demonstration of the clarification process, The treated samples
were collected and tested using the same method as in Stage 1. A sludge sample was also
sent for benzene testing to see whether the sludge was hazardous. Certain quantities of
process water were coagulated, flocculated, and filtered to determine sludge production
rates. For many days, filtered samples were wrung dry and air dried. Wet and dry samples
were both weighed.
The qualitative and quantitative findings matched the customer's expectations and
treatment objectives. In this pilot study, the chemical coagulation process and clarifier
reduced DRO by 85 percent or more and TSS by 80 percent. Anguil proposed a ballasted
floc system to manage the design flow rate of 65 GPM, therefore another set of samples

was obtained for ballasted floc testing, which achieved identical DRO removal rates but
improved TSS reduction to less than 1 NTU. The customer approached Anguil to supply
sludge dewatering equipment after evaluating sludge production rates and potential
dangerous categories. Furthermore, Anguil recommended that the air stripper and oxidizer
be removed from the scope of supply after reviewing the treatment system capabilities and
facility requirements, because removing the heaviest organics would solve the facility's
heat exchanger fouling problems, and the limited VOC loading did not justify the use of an
oxidizer.
Anguil was able to assist the customer with the equipment design and selection process by
finding and fixing errors in the analytical data, saving time and money by specifying and
designing equipment that did not fulfil the project goals. Finally, despite the fact that the
chosen solution diverged significantly from the original request, the primary advantage of
Anguil was discovering a solution that satisfied the customer's requirements. The onsite jar
and pilot testing allowed the customer to become acquainted with and comfortable with the
treatment procedure, as well as comprehend the benefits, capabilities, and trade-offs of the
proposed system. Anguil's presence on-site also allowed them to thoroughly understand
the client's demands and process, allowing them to identify customer process factors that
might possibly effect treatment system performance and deliver smooth integration of the
new treatment system into the existing process.
CASE STUDY OF VULTURES
 The veterinary usage of the medication diclofenac, which is used to treat livestock, has
been connected to the extinction of vulture populations throughout South Asia.
 Vultures are keystone species that provide an important ecosystem function by
consuming carrion, and their extinction has had profound ecological and socioeconomic
implications.
 • Vultures who feed on the carcasses of animals that have recently been treated with the
medicine develop renal failure and die.
5. INNOVATIVE IDEA ON THE SUBJECT

Wastewater treatment in a hybrid biological reactor (HBR)
Figure 8: Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
Wastewater treatment using a hybrid reactor system has grown in popularity because it
benefits from both the suspended and attached growth phases 4 at the same time. It can
be used to treat rate-limiting substrates, priority pollutants, volatile organic compounds, and
so on, in addition to nitrification. The varied nature of hybrid reactors necessitates a
thorough examination of the mechanism, mode of operation, many applications, and key
configurations possible. 21 The purpose of this essay is to investigate these difficulties in
light of past history and subsequent advancement in this field. In addition to the laboratory
and pilot-scale studies, various industrial applications have been examined to better
understand the performance of hybrid reactors in the relevant sector. A fake data set 4 is
also used to demonstrate the modelling approach for the hybrid reactor system. A detailed
discussion of key hybrid processes is presented, along with graphic representations. The
hybrid process evaluation determined that upgrading an existing activated sludge system
to ensure carbonaceous oxidation and nitrification in a single reactor, as well as treatment
of slowly biodegradable compounds, would be cost effective.
The challenges of wastewater treatment are diverse and 4 depend not only on effluent
control regulations, but also on geographical peculiarities and socioeconomic factors.
Sewage sludge 9 generated during wastewater treatment is excessive and must be
handled adequately. This waste sludge is employed or transformed into 10% for
application to agricultural fields; 13% for conversion into energy as a biogas, i.e., methane,
via anaerobic digestion; and 77% for disposal after dewatering, incineration, and landfill or
without any necessary treatment. Emission reduction is also important 6 in a wastewater
treatment facility. Sewerage utilities release up to 7 million tonnes of CO2 each year,
accounting for up to 0.5% of total CO2 emissions. Not only CO2 emissions, but also nitrous
oxide (N2O) emissions, merit consideration as a new goal for reduction. The present book
chapter will concentrate on bio-electrochemical systems (BES) as a promising technology

for producing bioelectricity and biohydrogen by combining biomass production with
industrial wastewater treatment. Microalgae-based bio-electrochemical systems, on the
other hand, might be a promising technology for producing bioelectricity and biohydrogen
by combining biomass production and industrial wastewater treatment.
Hybrid System Explanation High-strength wastewaters have been identified as those with
COD concentrations 8 greater than 4,000 mg/L, where aerobic treatment is no longer
feasible; anaerobic treatment, on the other hand, would provide a suitable treatment 10
option that requires no oxygen, produces less excess sludge, and provides a potential
energy source. Advanced biological technologies for high-strength wastewater treatment,
with a focus on hybrid systems like membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and combined and
integrated anaerobic–aerobic systems.
Hybrid System Types Membrane-Enabled Bioreactors 6 A membrane bioreactor (MBR) is
a physical barrier (membrane) in a typical biological treatment system that allows
wastewater to be treated in a single system. An MBR combines biological treatment with
membrane filtration. MBRs are used to treat both municipal and industrial wastewaters,
with an average recovery rate of about 80%. Today in Water l April 2016 Separation of
suspended particles and biomass, as well as decoupling 16 of HRT and SRT. In the
biological system, membrane filtering lowers the requirement for secondary clarifiers.
Secondary clarifiers are being phased out, and MBR is being used for a shorter amount of
time. HRT has a significantly lower environmental impact. An MBR also offers several
advantages over typical activated sludge, such as higher volumetric loading rates, shorter
reactor HRTs, longer SRTs, lower sludge production, and the ability to perform
simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in prolonged SRTs.
Integrated Anaerobic–Aerobic Treatment Systems Integrated anaerobic–aerobic treatment
systems integrate 13 anaerobic and aerobic systems into a single reactor, resulting in a
minimal footprint. The viability of developing an integrated anaerobic-aerobic fixed bed
combination bioreactor (UA/AFB) to treat high-strength wastewaters was examined using a
bench scale up-flow fixed bed reactor filled with PVC rings as media. The reactor was

separated into two sections: anaerobic at the bottom and aerobic at the top. The same
total HRT of 9 hours (5 hours anaerobic and 4 hours aerobic) was employed with synthetic
wastewater with varied COD ranging from 365 to 3,500 mg/L, corresponding to 16 Organic
Loading Rate (OLR) range of 0.8 to 7.6 kg COD/m3 day. COD removal efficiency in the
anaerobic portion decreased from 67 percent to 27 percent for OLRs of 0.8 and 7.6 kg
COD/m3 day, respectively. However, this drop was offset by 28 a significant increase in
aerobic zone efficiency from 37% to 85%, producing a total improvement in efficiency from
95% to 98 % at OLRs of 0.8 kg COD/m3 day and 7.6 COD/m3 day, respectively. As a
result, while COD removal efficiency in the anaerobic part of the reactor can decrease with
increasing 16 Organic Loading Rate (OLR), the aerobic part can compensate for this
decrease, resulting in an improvement in total removal efficiency up to the secondary
effluent standard limit with OLR's as high as 7.6 kg COD/m3 day.
SUMMARY
Wastewater disposal from an industrial plant is a difficult and expensive task. The vast
majority of oil refineries, chemical facilities, 4 and nuclear power plants. Dairy and tannery
plants have on-site wastewater treatment facilities to guarantee that pollutant
concentrations in treated wastewater meet municipal and/or national regulations governing
wastewater discharge into community treatment plants or rivers, lakes, or oceans.
Constructed wetlands are becoming more popular because they offer high-quality and
productive on-site treatment. Other industrial operations that create a significant volume of
waste water, such as paper and pulp production, have aroused environmental concerns,
driving the development of systems to recycle water usage within facilities before it has to
be cleaned and disposed of. Treated wastewater 13 can be used as drinking water, in
industry (cooling towers), in agriculture, and in natural ecosystem rehabilitation.
Treatment of high-strength wastewater presents a new challenge that researchers are
seeking to address. Traditional aerobic treatment methods are unsuitable for treating high-
strength wastewaters due to the high energy requirement for aeration 22 and the creation
of massive volumes of sludge that must be stabilised for disposal. Hybrid biological

systems are useful in 13 the treatment of high-strength wastewater. MBRs and
combined/integrated anaerobic-aerobic systems are examples of these systems. MBRs
provide good effluent quality with a small footprint; nevertheless, membrane fouling raises
maintenance and operational expenses. Membrane properties, operating circumstances,
feed mix, and biomass characteristics all 4 have an impact on MBR performance.
Combined anaerobic-aerobic systems are a low-cost and efficient treatment option for
high-strength wastewaters. The goal of research is to combine the anaerobic and aerobic
treatment processes in a single reactor. Using granular biomass in an integrated
anaerobic–aerobic system can provide a distinct advantage in terms of a compact and
vigorous microbial population with superior settling ability and high biomass retention.
Column type reactors with a high Height / Diameter (H/D) ratio are preferred for longer
circular flow paths with strong shear force. High hydrodynamic shear force works as
selective pressure, ensuring that only fast settling granular sludge 27 is retained in the
reactor and enhancing mass transfer, encouraging increased substrate degradation. High
shear stress causes the production of cell polysaccharides, which 4 are important in the
formation of a solid granular matrix. Although mixed 8 anaerobic-aerobic granular
systems provide a viable treatment option for high strength wastewaters, the design and
operation of integrated granular bioreactors are still in their infancy, with minimal data in
the continuous flow regime and large-scale operation. Other issues have been reported,
including granular stability and long startup times. More research on the overcoming factor
is necessary. Anguil's presence on-site and pilot testing 2 allowed the customer to
become acquainted with and comfortable with the treatment procedure, as well as
comprehend the benefits, capabilities, and trade-offs of the proposed system. Anguil was
able to find and fix errors in the analytical data, saving time and money. Vultures are a 12
keystone species that perform a vital ecosystem service by disposing of carrion and their
decline has had dramatic ecological and socio-economic consequences. 20 Veterinary use
of the drug diclofenac has been linked to the collapse of vulture populations throughout
Asia.

The activated-sludge process is an aerobic, continuous-flow system containing a large
population of activated microorganisms. Purified waste water is pumped 24 into an
aeration basin after initial settling. Microbes aerobically breakdown organic matter into
carbon dioxide, water, new cells, and other end products.
1 Pollution is the process of polluting the environment with dangerous and waste
chemicals. Water pollution is defined as the release of toxins into water that renders it unfit
for drinking and other uses. The five primary sources of water contamination are sewage,
stormwater runoff, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and septic tanks. Industrial water
contamination can have far-reaching consequences for the environment. Water can
become polluted with heavy metals, hazardous compounds, organic sludge, and even
radioactive sludge. Dirty water is not cleaned before being discharged into the ocean or
other bodies of water. Industrial effluent can contribute to the murkiness of water. Bottom-
dwelling plants may be unable to photosynthesize because of pollution. Pollutants can also
clog fish gills, making it harder for them to utilise dissolved oxygen from the water.
4 More than half of all water pollution in the United States is attributed to industry. 40% of
estuaries, lakes, and rivers are too dirty to be used for fishing, drinking, or swimming.
Pollution control technology that is inexpensive and government incentives may motivate
enterprises to prioritise pollution control.
REFERENCES:
1. Khatun, R. (2017). Water pollution: Causes, consequences, prevention method and role
of WBPHED with special reference from Murshidabad District. International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications, 7(8), 269-277. 2 View All Archives - Anguil
Environmental Systems, Inc.
2. Gedda, G., Balakrishnan, K., Devi, R. U., Shah, K. J., & Gandhi, V. (2021). Introduction
to 13 conventional wastewater treatment technologies: limitations and recent
advances. Advances in Wastewater Treatment I, 91, 1-36.

3. Xia, L., Zhang, W., Che, J., Chen, J., Wen, P., Ma, B. and Wang, C., 2021. Stepwise 4
removal and recovery of phosphate and fluoride from wastewater via pH-dependent
precipitation: Thermodynamics, experiment and mechanism investigation. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 320, p.128872.
4. Yamashita, T., & Yamamoto-Ikemoto, R. (2014). 5 Nitrogen and phosphorus removal
from wastewater treatment plant effluent via bacterial sulfate reduction in an anoxic
bioreactor packed with wood and iron. International journal of environmental research and
public health, 11(9), 9835-9853.
5. 26 Bhargava, A. (2016). Activated sludge treatment process-concept and system
design. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research, 4(2), 890-896.
6. Gutiérrez, M., Grillini, V., Pavlović, D. M., & Verlicchi, P. (2021). Activated carbon
coupled with advanced biological wastewater treatment: A review of the enhancement in
micropollutant removal. 29 Science of The Total Environment, 790, 148050.
7. Mänttäri, M., Kallioinen, M., & Nyström, M. (2015). 6 Membrane technologies for water
treatment and reuse in the pulp and paper industries. In Advances in Membrane
Technologies for Water Treatment (pp. 581-603). Woodhead Publishing.
8. Ungureanu, N., Vlăduț, V., Dincă, M., & Zăbavă, B. Ș. (2018, May). 9 Reuse of
wastewater for irrigation, a sustainable practice in arid and semi-arid regions. 15
In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Thermal Equipment, Renewable
Energy and Rural Development (TE-RE-RD), Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania (Vol. 31,
pp. 379-384).
9. Guo, J. B., Ma, F., Chang, C. C., & Wei, L. (2010). Application of a hybrid process with
biofilm and suspended biomass for treating petrochemical wastewater. In Advanced
Materials Research (Vol. 113, pp. 469-473). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
10. Gautam, V., Sahni, Y. P., Jain, S. K., & Shrivastav, A. (2018). Ecopharmacovigilance:
An environment safety issue. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 7(5), 234-239.

APPENDIX: ALL THE ASSIGNMENT
ASSIGNMENT 1:
Calculate the NPSH available of a pump, taking suction from a atmospheric tank, Pump
capacity: 171 m3/h, liquid Density: 962 kg/m3, viscosity: 0.46 cp, straight length from tank
to pump suction 12 m, suction line having 2 nos of gate valve and 4 nos of 90 deg elbow.
Suction line dia. 10” and line class: AS4A, operating liquid level: 80% [follow the tank
curve], suction centre nozzle ht: 0.97 m, vapor pressure of the liquid: 55 KPa Abs
Solution:
NPSH (net positive suction head) = pressure absolute – vapor pressure absolute + static
height of the liquid – friction
NPSH = A – V + S – F
NPSH = Pa – Pv / Density – hfs - gZa
NPSH = (101325-55000/962)- 0.97-9.81*(1.2-1.0)
NPSH = 45.222 J/Kg or 4.609 m
ASSIGNMENT 2:

Calculate the shaft power of a pump operating 171 m3/h flow and differential pressure
head 60 m, pump efficiency 74%, Motor efficiency: 92%, motor voltage: 415 V, powder:
0.92.
Solution:
Ps(kW) = shaft power (kW)
η = pump efficiency
Ps(kW) = Ph(kW) / η
Ph(kW) = (171 m3/h) (1000 kg/m3) (9.81 m/s2) (60 m) / (3.6 106) / 0.74
Ps(kW) = 37.78 kW
OSTP-2022

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