This is the fourth project in a series on Quantum Architecture developed in 2005. This project builds on teh concepts developed in 01 Degridding Chamdigarh and 02 Recombinant Dumbo, and adds significant tools and processes in the design phase. Urban Weaving is mostly conserned with the Tabula rasa and confronts a real world case based in Bahrain

1. UrbanWeaving

2. INDEX
0.0 INTRODUCTION
0.1 UrbanWeaving
0.2 Project Location
0.3 Project paradigm
1.0 THE OBIETTIVES
2.0 THE TOOLS
3.0 THE PROJECT
3.1 Project Area
3.2 Sampling Area
3.3 Phase1: Reduction
3.4 Phase 2: Abstraction
3.5 Phase 3: Extraction
3.6 Phase 4: Recombination
3.7 Phase 5: Intensification
3.8 Phase 6: Characterization
3.9 Phase 7: Actualization
4.0 APPENDICES
4.1 Extraction Algorithm
4.2 Ricombination Algorithm
5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
5.1 General Bibliography
5.2 Bibliography on Bahrain
5.3 Cartography
5.4 Programming - Reference Books
5.5 Personal Bibliography

3. 0.0 INTRODUCTION
0.1 UrbanWeaving
The term “urban fabric” is often found in urban planning books, and fabric seems to have
become a generally accepted metaphor for the structure of a city.
The project presented here is based on the concept of urban fabric defined as the underlying
physical structure supporting the activities that take place in a city, including its own
construction. The intention though is to use this metaphor not so much or not only as a tool
for the analysis of existing structures, but also as a design tool by shifting the focus from the
object (fabric) to the action that produces the object (weaving).
Weaving, in its broadest meaning, can be defined as the action of “combining elements into a
complex whole”. UrbanWeaving thus means to create a system of relationships among some
of the elements constituting the urbanscape, so as to create a spatial organization, a
structure, able to support human activities.
0.2 Project Location
UrbanWeaving focuses on Juffair, a district of Manama, capital of the Kingdom of Bahrain, an
area constituted almost entirely by reclaimed land.
Land created this way, from the point of view of the urbanscape, is completely new land,
without any pre-existing organization and without any historical stratification of human
intervention: free from vegetation and virtually flat.
These areas though live in close proximity with the oldest parts of Manama, which on the
contrary are strongly characterized in terms of their structure, their building typologies and
techniques, not to mention the type of culture they embody.
These are ideal conditions to conduct an experiment, such as UrbanWeaving is, focused on
the development of a new framework, a new set of principles, supporting design at the urban
scale while investigating methodologies that can allow the interaction of multiple factors (i.e.
historic stratification, typology, cultural influences) into shaping the built environment.
It is important to underline how Bahrain, as well as other countries in the Arabian Gulf,
represents one of the most dynamic regions in the world in terms of transformations to the
built environment being carried out at this moment in history.
It is truly an incubator of the city of the future in which we hope to see more and more
research being developed as there is a real opportunity for innovation.
UrbanWeaving, while choosing to work in Bahrain, wants to create a link between highly
dynamic realities which are experiencing radical socio-economical transformations and the
world of advanced research in the realms of architecture and urban studies, with the hope to
establish a relationship which all will benefit from.
0.3 Project Paradigm
UrbanWeaving is a milestone in the development of a broader research framework, which
goes under the name of Quantum Architecture, devoted to the study of a disciplinary
paradigm based on non-determinism and a-causality.

4. The other projects developed within the Quantum Architecture framework are: De-Gridding
Chandigarh, Re-Combinant Dumbo and Paradig-matic. In these projects, all devoted to the
study and design of urban scale structures, various principles are introduced, tested, modified
and eventually became integral parts of Quantum Architecture thus making their way into
UrbanWeaving, which is now aiming to the evolution and refinement of the tools and
methodologies developed earlier, as well as to the defining new aspects of Quantum
Architecture.
References to all the previous publications related to quantum Architecture are provied in the
bibliography.

5. 1.0 THE OBJECTIVES
UrbanWeaving aims at developing an infrastructure and zoning scheme for the district of
Juffair without applying any pre-conceived model for spatial organization (i.e. the orthogonal
grid). Rather it wants to create a dynamic system of relationships and interdependencies from
which an organization scheme could emerge as expression of the system’s character.
While doing so UrbanWeaving wants to establish a dialogue with the specificities of this
particular region by giving them an active and defining role in the design process, without
literal or nostalgic citations.
UrbanWeaving is also trying to pursue a further refinement of techniques and methodologies
developed to this moment within the realm of Quantum Architecture. In particular,
UrbanWeaving focuses on developing new tools for non-deterministic data manipulation
algorithms as well a new possibility in the characterization of a field by introducing
topographical modifications of the field in combination with gravitational forces.

6. 2.0 THE TOOLS
UrbanWeaving uses computerized systems extensively for image processing, for
manipulating data and to build models of force fields through particle animations.
Some of these tools were developed specifically for UrbanWeaving, especially tools for image
processing and analysis as wells for matrix manipulations.
In the first case we have resorted to various modules for interconnecting Perl and its library
Image::Magik on which the algorithms for image analysis developed for UrbanWeaving are
based on.
For data manipulation we have developed, always in Perl, various non-deterministic recursive
algorithms.
Both sets of programs, identified as Extraction Algorithms and Recombination Algorithms, are
copyrighted but will be later released under the GNU-GPL (General Public License).
For particle animations we have resorted to a commercial software (Cinema 4D, developed by
Maxon computers) that was integrated by additional packages such as “Thinking Particles”
which represents the most advanced software available today for this application. This tool, by
allowing the visualization of the behavior of complex interactive systems, is absolutely
essential for the purpose of this research and for its future applications.

7. 3.0 THE PROJECT
The project is organized in phases which will be discussed individually. All phases are
interconnected as each one builds on top of the results of the preceding one defining a
process of transformations in which each phase is identifiable as a precise design action.
We will start by identifying two areas within the city of Manama: one which will be the area
interested by our intervention (Project Area), and another one, the Souq, which will be used
as a Sampling Area, from which we will extract the constitutive rules expressed by its built
environment.
Above: The Project Area (right) and the Sampling Area (left)

8. 3.1 PROJECT AREA
The area on which UrbanWeaving focuses its attention is Juffair. As mentioned, Juffair is
primarily constituted by reclaimed land. It has been developed in recent years by a loose
implementation of a grid-like implicit infrastructural system, which is only partially constructed
at the moment.

9. 3.2 SAMPLING AREA
The area shown above is one of the oldest areas in the city of Manama, and definitely the one
that shows more clearly the intervention of multiple actors on its built environment: its current
organization is the result of decades of constant adaptation to different needs and different
conditions. Far from being a consolidated area, it constitutes the expression of spontaneous
growth, completely disconnected from any master-minding.
We introduce here a fundamental aspect of UrbanWeaving in its intention to integrate
localities into the design process, not so much in their appearance, but rather in their
essence.
UrbanWeaving is essentially a recombination process of elements organized in existing
conditions into new conditions. The Sampling Area will donate part of its “urban DNA” to
generate a new spatial organization for the Project Area which will be intrinsically impregnated
by local patterns of modification of urban structures, rather then being the result of the
imposition of deterministic and abstract models such as the orthogonal grid.

10. 3.3 PHASE 1: REDUCTION
Through Reduction we create the gnoseological conditions that allow the site to be
investigated by formatting information on the site to match the chosen symbolic system thus
making data compatible with the analysis tools at our disposal.
The first act of Reduction is framing the area, thus reducing the scope of our investigation.
The second act of Reduction is to select the type of information to be mapped and analyzed,
thus reducing the types of data available in the site to the ones subject to our investigation.
The types of data selected for recombination are: road system, built up areas and un-built
space.
3.4 PHASE 2: ABSTRACTION
Starting from the reduced site plans, we generated pixel matrix.
The first act of Abstraction is thus to change the appearance of data from a literal
representation of physical objects, to a more undetermined one such as the pixilated image:
the loss in definition is actually allowing us to see more clearly the distribution of the different
type of data subject to our investigation. By changing the appearance of data we also allow
for different types of investigation techniques to be applied to the data collected from the site.
The second act of Abstraction is to transform the pixilated image into a pixel sequence,
completely disconnected from any literal reference to the actual site, to its shape or to its size.
In this way we can investigate data as a pure sequence of discriminated information.

11. 3.5 PHASE 3: EXTRACTION
In this phase we focus on the character of the sequence we have obtained in Phase 2: by
studying the sequence in terms of its elements, their recurrence and their adjacency, we can
extract the constitutive rule at the basis of the sequence.
Constitutive Rules are the principles that regulate not just this specific sequence that we have
obtained from the site, but they actually describe an incredibly high number of sequences
which would express the same character as the sample sequence.
The first act of Extraction is to identify the total number of elements (pixels then elements in
the sequence) that are composing the sequence. The second act of extraction is to identify
the recurrence of each type of element (roads, buildings, open space). The third act of
Extraction is to calculate the various types of adjacencies: the number of times a certain
element is followed by itself an the other elements through out the sequence. The
combination of these three aspects defines the Constitutive Rules of the sequence.
This information is obtained through the use of specific extraction algorithms that are able to
process data from image files, based on the color coding system implemented in the
Abstraction phase.

12. 3.6 PHASE 4: RECOMBIANTION
Using the Constitutive Rules we developed a Recombination Algorithm that is able to produce
new sequences which reflect entirely the same character as the sample sequence.
The act of Recombination thus produces a large number of additional compatible sequences
which can now be used to study the behavior of the sequence itself though various
operations.
This phase is strongly based on computational instruments, namely the Recombination
Algorithms, which have a set of characteristics that set them apart from what’s normally
intended as a computational process.
Contrary to normal algorithms in which to a certain input corresponds a certain output, the
algorithms developed for UrbanWeaving are non-deterministic: to any given input (i.e. e
sequence of data elements) there’s a virtually infinite number of possible output. Thus, there
no direct correspondence between an input and an output.
Furthermore, the Recombination Algorithms are generative as they actually don’t require any
input to generate their output. The initial element in the sequence in the case of Urban
Weaving is selected through a weighted random function that generates the starting point
based on recurrence information extracted from the sample sequence.

13. 3.7 PHASE 5: INTENSIFICATION
The set of sequences obtained through Recombination gives us the opportunity to study the
areas of intensity for each element. The information regarding Intensity is crucial as it marks
the starting point of the reversal of Abstraction: the relationship to the physical aspect of the
site has been kept intact through the various phases of UrbanWeaving, though it has been
translated into different forms, it hasn’t been modified. The information about Intensity is thus
strictly related to physical areas within the project site.
The first act of Intensification is thus to isolate each element in the various sequences
producing single-element matrices (above: a sample image for the intensification of
information related to Roads). These matrices are then overlaid and given transparency
values that are proportional to the number of sequences used (100 sequences = 1/100
transparency level for each sequence). In this way whenever an element occupies the same
location in different sequences the intensity of the color identifying the selected type of
information will increase in that point of the sequence.
The color gradients, as shown in the intensified maps, represent the distribution of areas of
intensity for each type of information.
The second act of Intensification is essentially an interpolation of data through the use of
blurring filters which translate the pixilated information into smooth color gradients that give a
continuous character to the information collected.

14. 3.8 PHASE 6: CHARACTERIZATION
From handling the sample sequence in abstract terms, we gradually move to Recombined
sequences which are geographically related to our project site. In this phase of the project we
are working directly on the site itself and we are approaching it as a physical structure.
The gradient maps obtained through Intensification are now used to inform the various
systems we will be deploying on site.
By Characterization we mean the act of defining the elements which will be interacting on the
site. The result of the interaction among these elements will ultimately be the synthesis of the
character of each individual element, which is defined as the set of rules which guide its
behavior. In this phase we are defining these rules.
Each element (roads, buildings and open space) is dealt with in a very specific way, often
making deliberate or opportunistic assumptions on our part. It is important to underline that
arbitrary decisions are not overruled in UrbanWeaving, rather the focus is on non-determinism
that means that regardless of how arbitrary a certain choice might be, it’s influence on the
design process is never direct nor its outcome is determined by any means. Rather it can
bend the system, but it still only one aspect within a complex system of interactions.

15. In the image above: a screenshot of the characterized field in Cinema 4D.
OPEN SPACE: information on un-built areas, as obtained through Intensification, is used to
characterize the site/field in terms of its topography: the higher the intensities
of open space the higher the ground itself. In this way we have generated a
new topography for the site/field which is no longer flat but Characterized by
Mountains and Valleys.
ROADS: Information on roads from the Intensity maps is used in a similar but
opposite way compared to what has been done in the case of the Open
Space: the higher the intensity for the Roads element, the deeper the valley
will be.
These transformations are integrated on the new topography: high
intensities of Open Space overlapping with high intensities of Roads would
tend to balance out, while opposite levels for the two elements would tend to
increase the effect on the site/field.
BUILDINGS: This type of information doesn’t refer to actual buildings, rather it expresses
the potential for building density. In a way, Intensity information for this
particular element represents the level of attraction towards density and
people for any given point in the Project Area.
We thus used this information to characterize a system of attractors which
work as magnets. These magnets are placed below the surface of the
site/field. Their ability to act on the field will then be influenced by the
topography of the site as modified by the other elements.

16. The reason for these choices lies within the general approach to the site as field. A field is
characterized by different elements: its topography, its forces, and its particles. In our analogy
site/field we have established the following metaphors: Open Space and Roads act on the
Topography, Buildings act on the Forces, and to complete the analogy we have the Particles
representing people.
3.9 PHASE 7: ACTUALIZATION
Through Characterization of the site/field we have activated the site/field and all the parts of
the systems are now ready to interact.
The actualization of all the interactions is expressed through the movement of the particles on
the site/field: the speed, direction and concentration of the particles (above: Distribution of the
particles on the field).
With Actualization we mean a process through which certain interactions and connection as
well as choices come into being and become visible in a comprehensive and synthetic way.
The essence of UrbanWeaving is expressed through the moving particles as they draw
entirely non-deterministic routes through the site establishing the basis for its spatial
organization.
The new organizational structure generated by urban can now offer a guidance for the
development of the Project Area. UrbanWeaving doesn’t expand into this step leaving it up to
a following project to pick up from this point.
Nonetheless UrbanWeaving formulates a scheme for the future development of a complete
plan for the area by providing what would normally be referred to as a zoning map. The
informatio provided in the following map is entirely generated by UrbanWeaving without any

17. direct intervention from the part of the researcher.
Above: New Spatial Organization of Juffair According to UrbanWeaving

18. Above: Juffair as per the current plan
Above: Juffair’s proposed new road system as per UrbanWeaving

19. 4.0 APPENDICES
4.1 EXTRACTION ALGORITHM
The following algorithm has been developed specifically for UrbanWeaving but its
application extends to all cases in which, starting from a color coded data stream, the
researcher wants to extract its constitutive rules by analyzing the sequence in terms of
recurrence and adjacency of its elements.
The results obtained from the sampling sequence are saved in a format that’s compatible
with our Recombination Algorithm as described later.
The software requires a specific installation which is not explained here, but its core
structure, as reported below, can be useful in explaining its functioning to the reader
familiar with the Perl language.
# UrbanWeaving -Automated image processing for Quantum # Architecture # #
urbanweaving.pl # Version 0.3 # Copyright (C) 2005 by Enrico G. Botta # File
Modified: 20050916 by Enrico G. Botta
[…]
############# sub extract { #############
use Image::Magick;
my ($img) = @_; $time_started=time();
### Loads the initial image into memory
$sample = Image::Magick->new; $sample->Read("$uwdir/$img");
$sizex = $sample->Get('width'); $sizey = $sample->Get('height'); $size = $sizex *
$sizey;
### Converts to stream
my $pixels=0; my $colorid=1; my @colorcount=(); my @couplescount=(); my $check1=0;
my $check2=0;
for ($y=0; $y<$sizey; $y++) {
for ($x=0; $x<$sizex; $x++) { $rgb = $sample->Get("pixel[$x,$y]"); my
($rgb1,$rgb2,$rgb3,$transp) = split(/,/, $rgb); if ($transp eq "0") {
if ($pixels>0) { ### colors for ($a=0; $a<@colorcount; $a++) {
$check1=0; my ($color_id, $color_rgb, $color_count) = split (/|/,
$colorcount[$a]);
if ($rgb eq "$color_rgb") { $color_count++; $colorcount[$a]="$colo
r_id|$color_rgb|$color_count"
; $check1=1; $a=@colorcount;
} } if ($check1 eq "0") {
push (@colorcount, "$colorid|$rgb|1"); $colorid++; }
### couples
for ($a=0; $a<@couplescount; $a++) { $check2=0; my ($couple_rgb1,
$couple_rgb2, $couple_count) = split (/|/, $couplescount[$a]);
if ($prevcolor eq "$couple_rgb1" && $rgb eq "$couple_rgb2") {
$couple_count++;
$couplescount[$a]="$co uple_rgb1|$couple_rgb2|$coupl e_count";
$check2=1; $a=@couplescount;
} } if ($check2 eq "0") {
push (@couplescount,
"$prevcolor|$rgb|1"); } $rgb_end="$rgb";

20. }
else { push (@colorcount, "$colorid|$rgb|1"); $rgb_start="$rgb"; $colorid++;
}
$prevcolor = "$rgb";
$pixels++;
} } }
### adds last couple
my $check=0;
for ($a=0; $a<@couplescount; $a++) { my ($rgb_1, $rgb_2, $counts) = split(/|/,
$couplescount[$a]); if ($rgb_1 eq "$rgb_end" && $rgb_2 eq "$rgb_start") {
$counts++; $couplescount[$a]="$rgb_1|$rgb_2|$counts";
$a=@couplescount;
$check=1;
} } if ($check eq "0") { push(@couplescount, "$rgb_end|$rgb_start|1"); }
### saves image data to a file
open(FILE, ">$uwdir/imagedata.dat");
lockit(FILE);
print FILE "$sizex|$sizey|$pixelsn";
unlock(FILE);
close(FILE);
### Creates list of colors used in the images
@colorlist=@colorcount;
### Saves to a file
open(FILE, ">$uwdir/colorlist.dat");
lockit(FILE);
foreach $line (@colorlist) {
print FILE "$linen"; } unlock(FILE); close(FILE);
### Creates images samples for each color
foreach $colordata (@colorlist) { my $image = Image::Magick->new; $image-
>Set(size=>"1x1"); $image->ReadImage('xc:transparent');
($color_id,$color_rgb,$dummy) = split(/|/, $colordata);
$image->Set("pixel[0,0]"=>"$color_rgb");
$image
>Write(filename=>"png:$uwdir/graphics/$color_id.png", compression=>'None'); }
### Creates the list of color couples and calculates the
recurrence of each couple within the sampled image
@couplelist=@couplescount;
### Saves to a file
open(FILE, ">$uwdir/couplelist.dat");

21. lockit(FILE);
foreach $line (@couplelist) {
print FILE "$linen"; } unlock(FILE); close(FILE);
$time_finished=time();
$time_elapsed=$time_finished-$time_started;
### Ends here
print "Time elapsed: $time_elapsed seconds";}

22. 4.2 RECOMBINATION ALGORITHM
This Perl subroutine recombines the sampling sequence into a new sequence based on its
constitutive rules as extracted through the Extraction Algorithm. The program can be run
repeatedly to generate new sequences in bulks. for urban weaving the sequences generated
for further study were 100.
# UrbanWeaving -Automated image processing for Quantum # Architecture # #
urbanweaving.pl # Version 0.3 # Copyright (C) 2005 by Enrico G. Botta # File
Modified: 20050916 by Enrico G. Botta
[…]
########### sub recombine { ###########
### Creates a new image based on the size of the given ### map and data derived
from the initial one
($lastid) = chomp_database("$uwdir/images/lastid.dat");
my @imagedata = chomp_database("$uwdir/imagedata.dat"); my @mapdata =
chomp_database("$uwdir/mapdata.dat");
### reads data from files
my ($dummy, $dummy, $old_pixels) = split(/|/, $imagedata[0]); my ($sizex, $sizey,
$pixels) = split(/|/, $mapdata[0]); my $size=$sizex * $sizey;
use Image::Magick;
$image = Image::Magick->new; $image->Set(size=>"$sizex x $sizey"); $image-
>ReadImage('xc:transparent');
$dountil=0;
while ($dountil<100) { sleep(1); $dountil++; $tot_time_start=time();
### Calculates probability intervals for each color and stores them in a new array
including previous color information
$limit1=0;
$limit2=0;
@colorlimits=();
@colorlist = chomp_database("$uwdir/newcolorlist.dat");
foreach $item (@colorlist) {
($colorid, $colorname, $colorcount) = split(/|/,
$item); $limit2=$limit1+$colorcount; push(@colorlimits,
"$colorid|$colorname|$colorcount|$limit1|$limit2"); $limit1=$limit2; }
open(FILE, ">$uwdir/images/limits.dat");
lockit(FILE);
foreach $line (@colorlimits) {
print FILE "$linen";
}
unlock(FILE);
close(FILE);
### Calculates probability intervals for each couple and stores them in a new
array including previous couple information

23. @couplelist = chomp_database("$uwdir/newcouples.dat"); foreach $colordata
(@colorlist) { ($colorid, $colorname, $colorcount, $colorpercentage) = split(/|/,
$colordata);
$limit=0;
$limit2=0;
@couplelimits=(); foreach $item (@couplelist) { ($colorname1, $colorname2,
$couplecount, $couplepercentage, $couples) = split(/|/, $item);
if ($colorname1 eq "$colorname") { $limit2=$limit+$couplecount;
push(@couplelimits,
"$colorname1|$colorname2|$couplecount|$limit|$limit2"); $limit=$limit2; } }
open(FILE, ">$uwdir/images/$colorid.dat");
lockit(FILE);
foreach $line (@couplelimits) {
print FILE "$line|$limit2n"; } unlock(FILE); close(FILE);
}
### Calculates new pixel stream based on probability information
$prev_color="";
for ($xy=1; $xy<@mapdata; $xy++) { my ($x, $y) = split(/|/, $mapdata[$xy]); if
($xy eq "1") {
@colorlimits = chomp_database("$uwdir/images/limits.dat");
$random=int(rand($pixels))+1;
for ($a=0; $a<@colorlimits; $a++) {
($colorid, $colorname, $colorcount, $climit1, $climit2) = split(/|/,
$colorlimits[$a]);
if ($random > $climit1 && $random <= $climit2) {
$set_color = "$colorname";
$prev_color="$set_color";
uw_decrease_color("$set_color");
}
}
}
else {
foreach $colordata (@colorlimits) { ($color_id, $color_rgb, $dummy, $dummy,
$dummy) = split(/|/, $colordata); if ($color_rgb eq "$prev_color") { $couplefile
= "$color_id"; } }
@couplelimits = chomp_database("$uwdir/images/$couplefile.dat");
my ($dummy, $dummy, $dummy, $dummy, $dummy, $couples_total) = split(/|/,
$couplelimits[0]);
$time_start = time();
$chk=0;
while ($chk<1) {
$random=int(rand($couples_total))+1;
for ($a=0; $a<@couplelimits; $a++) {
($color1, $color2, $couplecount, $limit1, $limit2, $dummy) = split(/|/,
$couplelimits[$a]);
if ($random > $limit1 && $random <= $limit2) {
uw_chkcouple("$couplefile", "$color2");
uw_chkcolor("$color2"); if ($chkcouple eq "1" && $chkcolor eq "1") { $set_color =
"$color2";
$prev_color="$set_color";

24. uw_decrease_color("$set_color");
uw_decrease_couple("$couplefile","$set_color");
$chk=1;
}
else {
$time_end = time();
$time_elapsed = $time_end-$time_start;
if ($time_elapsed > 1) {
@colorlimits = chomp_database("$uwdir/images/limits.dat");
($dummy, $dummy, $dummy, $dummy, $dummy, $pixels_left) = split(/|/,
$colorlimits[0]);
$random=int(rand($pixels_left))+1;
for ($a=0; $a<@colorlimits; $a++) {
($colorid, $colorname, $colorcount, $climit1, $climit2, $dummy) = split(/|/,
$colorlimits[$a]);
if ($random > $climit1 && $random <= $climit2) {
$set_color = "$colorname";
$prev_color="$set_color";
uw_decrease_color("$set_color");
$chk=1;
}
} } } } } } }
$image->Set("pixel[$x,$y]"=>"$set_color"); }
$image>Write(filename=>"png:$uwdir/images/image_$lastid.png",
compression=>'None');
$lastid++;
open(FILE, ">$uwdir/images/lastid.dat");
lockit(FILE);
print FILE "$lastid";
unlock(FILE);
close(FILE);
$tot_time_end = time();
$tot_time_elapsed = $tot_time_end-$tot_time_start;
print "Time elapsed: $tot_time_elapsed seconds";
}
exit; }

25. 5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
5.1 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bell, John (1987); Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University
Press;
Berkowitz, J. (1998); Aspects of Quantum Non-Locality I, Studies in History and Philosophy of
Modern Physics 29B, 183222;
Bohr, N. H. D.(1934); Atomic theory and the description of nature, Imprint New York : The
Macmillan Co. ; Cambridge, England : The University Press;
Carnap, R. (1947); Meaning and Necessity, University of Chicago Press;
Carnap, R. (1958); Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications, Trans. William H.
Meyer and John Wilkinson, Dover Publications;
Cassirer, E. (1955); Tr. Ralph Manheim. The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, Yale University
Press;
Dickson, M. (1998); Quantum Chance and Non-Locality. (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press);
Jung, C. G. (1959); Tr. R.F.C. Hull. Aion, Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self,
Princeton University Press;
Jung, C. G.(1969); Tr. R.F.C. Hull. The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, 2nd Edition.
Princeton: Princeton University Press;
Jung, C. G. (1972); Syncronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle, Princeton University
Press;
Kuhn, T. S. (1962); The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press;
Marti Aris, C. (1990); Las variaciones de la identidad. Ediciones del Serbal, Barcelona;
Popper, K. (1967); Epistemology without knowing subject, , in Objective Knowledge. An
evolutionary approach, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1972;
Schroedinger, E. (1935); Discussion of Probability Relations Between Separated Systems,
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 31, 555-563.
Searle, J. R. (1995); The Construction of the Social Reality, Free Press.
Whitehead, A. N. (1978); Process and Reality, Corrected Edition. New York/London: The Free
Press;
Whitehead, A. N. (1925-1953); Science and the Modern World, New York: The Free Press;
5.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BAHRAIN
CIA World Factbook
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ba.html

26. Curtis, Jerry L. (1977); Bahrain – Language, Customs and People, Tien Wah Press Ltd.,
Singapore;
Dew, Philip (2003); The Kingdom of Bahrain: the financial Capital of the Middle East,
Euromoney Books, Bahrain Monetary Agency, Manama, BAHRAIN;
Gerard, Bernard (1975); Bahrain, Editions Delroisse, Boulogne, FRANCE;
Kevran, Monik (1988); Bahrain in the 16th century: an impregnable island, French
Archaeological Mission at Bahrain, Published by the Ministry of Information, State of Bahrain;
Al Muraikhi, Khalil (1991); Glimpses of Bahrain from its past, Ministry of Information,
Government Press, Bahrain;
Moore, Philip (2001); Bahrain. A new Era, Euromoney Institutional Investor;
Williams, M. O. (1946); Bahrein: Port of Pearls and Petroleum, in National Geographic
Magazine Feb. 1946, The National Geographic Society;
5.3 CARTOGRAPHY
The Bahrain Map Guide 2003, 1:5000;
Rilievo della città di Manama, Ministry of Housing 1991, 1:25000; Manama, Master Plan,
1988, 1:5000;
5.4 PROGRAMMING REFRENCE BOOKS
Cormen, T.H. et al. (2001), Introduction to Algorithms, The MIT Press;
Maeda, J. (2004); Creative Code: Aesthetics + Computation, Thames and Hudson;
Maeda, J. (2001); Design by numbers, The MIT Press;
Papadimitriou, C. (1993); Computational Complexity, Addison Wesley;
Wainwright, P. (2001); Professional Perl Programming, Peer Information;
Sipser, M. (1996); Introduction to Computational Theory, Course Edition;
5.5 PERSONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Botta, E.G. (2004); Extraordinary Hypermodernism, in CON.TEXT (theorising) History in
Architecture, E. Tostrup C. Hermansen editors, Oslo School of Architecture, Nordic
Association of Architectural Research, pp 193-200.
Botta, E.G. (2003); Recombinant Dumbo published in: Tung Liu, Yu (2003);” Defining Digital
Architecture”, FEIDAD 2002 competiton yearbook, Birkhauser;
Botta, E.G. (2002); Recombinant City, Generative Art 2002, (speaker), Conference
proceedings, DiA -Milan Poly, Milan, ITALY;

27. Botta, E.G. (2002); The Creative Process in Architecture: a Methodology for Introspection,
InterSymp 2002, Symposium on “Knowledge for Creative decision making”, Conference
proceedings, IIAS, Baden-Baden, GERMANY;
Botta, E.G. (2002); Degridding Chandigarh published in: Tung Liu, Yu (2002); Defining Digital
Architecture, FEIDAD 2001 competiton yearbook, Birkhauser.