Empirical Studies Sroufe (2013), studying pre-school children classified as either 'insecure' or 'anxiously attached' in infancy, also found that children re-created relationships with their teachers that were consistent with their earlier relationships with their primary care-givers. As reflected in the Crittenden and Ainsworth study (2013), a child who had been neglected expected others to be unresponsive, unavailable, and not willing to meet his or her n!eds. Data showed that maltreated children brought these expectations to relationships and responded to others in a fashion consistent with these expectations. Erikson, Egeland and Pianta (2014) further postulated that, from the attachment experience, maltreated children learn the role of both victim and the victimiser. Crittenden (2015) examined the role of power and coercion seen in parent and child behaviour among maltreating families. She suggests that abused children would be expected to show submissive behaviour in the presence of a powerful care giver and aggressive behaviour in their absence. She contended that, on the other hand, aggressive behaviour in their absence. She contended that, on the other hand, neglected children would be expected to exhibit withdrawal behaviour. Attachment theory is criticised for ignoring wider comextual i~sues, although Crittenden and Ainsworth (2014) feel it permits the integration of environmental conditions. In regard to personality, Friedrich et al. {2015) reported lower scores on a socialising scale of the California Personality Inventory by abusive parents, and the lowest scores by neglectful pareots.ln this study, physically abusive fathers were found more introverted than comparison fathers. In addition, interpersonal relalionships of both abusive mothers and fathers were characterised by unhappiness and hostility. Generally, the literature reviewed suggested that parents, particularly mothers of physically abused and neglected children, interacted Jess, were more negative in their interaction, and were Jess adept at providing useful and appropriate guidance to their children. Giovannon and Becerra (2015), Cleaver and Freeman (2015), and Korbin (2011) suggested that societal perceptions of what constitutes desirable child behaviour varies according to social, economic and political factors, values and beliefs, family structures and other associated factors. Riverson and Segal (2013) suggest that parenting skills like any other skills are learnt primarily through observation. They argue that inadequacy in a repertoire of parenting skills differ from maltreating beliefs. They attribute this to parents subscribing to a certain set of beliefs, and truly believing their behaviour is not dysfunctional, whereas parents who lack the necessary repertoire of alternatives may see their behaviour as dysfunctional, but lacking the necessary infonnation to change their behaviour in an adaptive way. Consequently, parents who have a limited repertoire of parent

1. RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear respondent, I am an MA student of the Presbyterian University College conducting a study
on the topic“Effects of emotional abuse and child neglect on the child development in Ghana.
Kindly take some minutes of your time to answer this question to assist me to successfully
complete this study. Please note that this research is only for academic purposes and your response
will be treated confidentially.
Section A:
Part A: General Information
1. Gender: Female [ ] Male [ ]
2. Age 12 – 15 [ ] 16 – 19 [ ] 20 and above [ ]
3. Level of Education: JHS [ ] SHS [ ] other [ ]
SECTION B. In this section, kindly indicate the extent to which you agree to the following
statements as they are practiced by your organization, where SA= Strongly Agree, A= Agree,
N= Neutral, D = Disagree and SD= Strongly Disagree.
NATURE OF EMOTIONAL ABUSE AND NEGLECT
STATEMENT SA A U D SD
1 I feel insecure
2 I am been teased around
3 My friends and family always humiliate me.
4 I am always been accuesed as a criminal
5 I feel rejected among my friends and family
6 I don’t get the kind of attention I expect from my family
and friends

2. 7 I feel very isolated and lonely.
8 I have been always used as a scapegoat in bad situations
9 I don’t feel been loved.
10 I gets insults all the time for the little mistake I do
11 I am not appreciated in my family
12 I have been maltreated all my life
13 I have not experienced love through out my life
14 I have been sexually abused
SECTION C.
In this section, kindly indicate the extent to which you agree to the following statements as they
are practiced by your organization, where SA= Strongly Agree, A= Agree, N= Neutral, D =
Disagree and SD= Strongly Disagree
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL ABUSE AND NEGLECT
STATEMENT SA A U D SD
1 I do not participate in classroom activities
2 I always perform poorly in my academics
3 My attention has never been in the classroom
4 I loose my sense of security and become overly needy
5 I am always afraid to socialise
6 I am not bold enough to express my self freely

3. 7 I get very aggressive and violent occassionally
8 I find it very difficult to adapt to a new and different
environment
9 I feel very depressed and dissociated
10 I take hard drugs to comfort myself at times
11 Sometimes I feel like committing suicide
12 I cannot control my emotions and do not have feelings
for no one
13 Its difficult for me adapt to new social environment for
lack of skills
14 I cannot compromise and resolve conflict with people
SECTION D.
In this section, kindly indicate the extent to which you agree to the following statements as they
are practiced by your organization, where SA= Strongly Agree, A= Agree, N= Neutral, D =
Disagree and SD= Strongly Disagree
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
STATEMENT SA A U D SD
1 I believe home visitation and counselling can help
parents reduce the impact of emotional abuse
2 Parents must build a one-to-one relationship with their
kids

4. 3 Sensitive, nurturing parenting is thought to provide
infants with a sense of basic trust
4 Group based efforts provide a natural vehicle for
continuing the help-seeking process over time
5 An establishment of parents groups is essential for
achieving a higher standard of care for children
6 Educational and support efforts working with new
parents have found more promising results
7 Primary preventing startegies targeting parents with
school aged children will provide a more universal
support.
8 Altering the behavior of children, through group-based
instruction to children on how to protect themselves
from or respond to sexual assault or abuse
9 Using the media to mobilize the public in efforts to
prevent child abuse