Victor Vroom's expectancy theory proposes that motivation is driven by expectations - an individual will be motivated to put in more effort if they believe it will lead to better performance and rewards. The theory focuses on outcomes rather than needs. It has three key elements: expectancy, the belief that effort will lead to performance; instrumentality, the belief that performance will lead to rewards; and valence, how much the individual values the potential rewards. Vroom's expectancy theory suggests that motivation depends on an individual's assessment of the likelihood that effort will result in good performance, that performance will be rewarded, and that the rewards are subjectively important.

1. MOTIVATION
THEORIES
Yumul Garcia Alumbro

2. WHAT IS MOTIVATION?

6. Motivation
 The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving
in a particular way.
 The general desire or willingess of someone to do
something.
 It is a driving force that keeps you going

7.  The processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction,
and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
Key Elements:
1. Intensity- how hard a person tries
2. Direction- toward beneficial goal
3. Persistence- how long a person tries

8. VROOM'S EXPECTANCY
THEORY

9. Why expectancy?
Prefers outcomes, not needs
Maslow and Herzberg consider what you need
Vroom considers what you want

10. Expectancy Theory
The expectancy theory was proposed by Victor Vroom of
Yale School of Management in 1964. Vroom stresses and
focuses on outcomes, and not on needs unlike Maslow and
Herzberg.
Expectancy theory is, “A person will be motivated to put
forth a higher level of effort of they believe their efforts will
result in higher performance and thus, better rewards.”

11. The theory assumes that behavior results from conscious
choices among alternatives whose purpose is to maximize
pleasure and minimize pain.
Vroom realized that an individual's performance is based on
factors such as:
 Personality
 Skills
 Knowledge
 Experience
 Abilities

12. The expectancy theory says that individuals have
different sets of goals and can be motivated if they
believe that:
There is a positive correlation between efforts and
perfomance
Favorable performance will result in desirable reward
The reward will satisfy an important need
The desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make
the effort worthwhile.

13.  The key elements to this theory are referred to as
following:
1. Expectancy- The level of effort an employee is willing to
exert in hopes that the increased effort will result in better
performance.
2. Instrumentality- The belief that if you perform well, then
a valued outcomes (reward) will be received.
3. Valence- The emotional orientations people hold with
respect to outcomes (rewards).

14. EXPECTANCY INSTRUMENTALITY VALENCE
EFFORT PERFORMANCE REWARDS
“Can I achieve the
desired level of
task performance?”
“What work
outcomes will be
received as a result
of the
performance?”
“How highly do I
value work
outcome?”