2. Discuss how the ideas
postulated by Copernicus,
Darwin, and Freud
contributed to the spark
of scientific revolution
and;
Analyze how scientific
revolution is done in
various parts of the world
like in Latin America,
East Asia, Middle East,
and Africa.
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INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
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LESSON OBJECTIVES:
4. SCIENCE IS AS OLD AS THE
WORLD ITSELF. FROM THE
GENESIS OF TIME, SCIENCE
HAS EXISTED. IT IS ALWAYS
INTERWOVEN WITH THE
SOCIETY.
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SCIENCE AS AN IDEA. IT
INCLUDES THEORIES, IDEAS, AND
ALL AVAILABLE SYSTEMATIC
EXPLANATIONS AND
OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE
NATURAL AND PHYSICAL
WORLD.
SCIENCE AS AN INTELLECTUAL
ACTIVITY. IT ENCOMPASSES A
SYSTEMATIC AN PRATICAL STUDY OF
THE NATURAL AND PHYSICAL WORLD.
THIS PROCESS OF STUDY INVOLVES
SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION AND
EXPERIMENTATION.
SCIENCE AS A BODY OF
KNOWLEDGE. IT IS A SUBJECT OR A
DISCIPLINE, A FIELD OF STUDY, OR A
BODY OF KNOWLEDGE THAT DEALS
WITH THE PROCESS OF LEARNING
ABOUT THE NATURAL AND PHYSICAL
WORLD. THIS IS WHAT WE REFER TO
AS SCHOOL SCIENCE.
SCIENCE AS A PERSONAL AND
SOCIAL ACTIVITY. THIS
EXPLAINS THAT SCIENCE IS
BOTH KNOWLEDGE AND
ACTIVITIES DONE BY HUMAN
BEINGS TO DEVELOP
UNDERSTANDING OF THE
WORLD AROUND THEM.
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IT WAS THE PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT WHEN THE
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELDS OF MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS,
ASTRONOMY, BIOLOGY, AND CHEMISTRY TRANSFORMED THE
VIEWS OF SOCIETY ABOUT NATURE.
VARIABLES THAT INFLUECE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IDEAS, SCIENCE
DISCOVERIES, AND TECHNOLOGY
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THREE NOTABLE SCIENTISTS
NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS
- HE WANTED A
MODEL OF UNIVERSE
IN WHICH
EVERYTHING MOVED
AROUND A SINGLE
CENTER AT
UNVARYING RATES.
CHARLES DARWIN
-IS FAMOUS FOR HIS
THEORY OF
EVOLUTION. HE
ALSO PROVIDED A
DIFFERENT
FRAMEWORK FOR
DOING SCIENTIFIC
ACTIVITIES.
SIGMUND FREUD
- IS A FAMOUS FIGURE IN THE
FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY. HE ALSO
MADE A SIGNIFICANT
CONTRIBUTION IN THE SCIENTIFIC
WORLD THROUGH THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPORTANT
OBSERVATIONAL METHOD TO
GATHER RELIABLE DATA TO
STUDY HUMAN’S INNER LIFE.
8. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
IT INCLUDES THE ENTIRE AREA
OF CENTRAL AMERICA FROM
SOUTHERN MEXICO UP TO THE
BORDER OF SOUTH AMERICA.
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9. 1. IT IS ONE OF THE FAMOUS
CIVILIZATIONS THAT LASTED FOR
APPROXIMATELY 2,000 YEARS.
THESE PEOPLE ARE KNOWN FOR
THEIR WORKS IN ASTRONOMY.THIS
ALLOWS THEM TO USE THEIR
TEMPLES FOR ASTRONOMICAL
OBSERVATION.
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2. THEY BUILT
HYDRAULICS SYSTEM
WITH SOPHISTICATED
WATERWAYS TO SUPPLY
WATER TO DIFFERENT
COMMUNITIES.
3. THE MAYANS BUILT LOOMS FOR
WEAVING CLOTH AND DEVISED A
RAINBOW OF GLITTERY PAINTS
MADE FROM A MINERAL CALLED
MICA. THEY ARE ALSO BELIEVED TO
BE ONE OF THE FIRST PEOPLE TO
PRODUCE RUBBER PRODUCTS.
4. THEY ARE ALSO
FAMOUS AS ONE OF THE
WORLD’S FIRST
CIVILIZATIONS TO USE A
WRITING SYSTEM KNOWN
AS THE MAYAN
HIEROGLYPHICS
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1. ROADS PAVED WITH STONE
2. STONE BUILDINGS THAT SURMOUNTED EARTHQUAKES
AND OTHER DISASTERS
3. IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND TECHNIQUE FOR STORING
WATER FOR THEIR CROPS TO GROW IN ALL TYPES OF LAND.
THE INCAS MADE ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC IDEAS
CONSIDERING THEIR LIMITATIONS AS AN OLD CIVILIZATION.
THE FOLLOWING WERE SCIENTIFIC IDEAS AND TOOLS THAT
THEY DEVELOPED TO HELP THEM IN EVERYDAY LIFE.
11. 4. CALENDAR WITH 12 MONTHS TO MARK THEIR
RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS AND PREPARE THEM FOR
PLANTING SEASON.
5. THE FIRST SUSPENSION BRIDGE
6. ‘QUIPU’ , A SYSTEM OF KNOTTED ROPES TO KEEP
RECORDS THAT ONLY EXPERTS CAN INTERPRET;
AND
7. INCA TEXTILES SINCE CLOTH WS ONE OF THE
SPECIALLY PIZED ARTISTIC ACHIEVEMENTS.
CONTINUATION !
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HAS ALSO MADE SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY AND TO THE SOCIETY AS A WHOLE. SOME
OF THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS ARE THE FOLLOWING:
1. MANDATORY EDUCATION. THE AZTEC PUTS VALUE ON EDUCATION;
THAT IS WHY THEIR CHILDREN ARE MANDATED TO GET EDUCATION
REGARDLESS OF THEIR SOCIAL CLASS, GENDER , OR AGE. IT IS AN EARLY
FORM OF UNIVERSAL OR INCLUSIVE EDUCATION.
2. CHOCOLATES. THE AZTEC IN MEXICO DEVELOPED CHOCOLATED
DURING THEIR TIME. IN THE MAYAN CULTURE, THEY USED IT AS A
CURRENCY. THR AZTEC VALUED THE CACAO BEANS HIGHLY AND MADE
IT AS PART OF THEIR TRIBUTE TO THEIR GODS.
3. ANTISPASMODIC MEDICATION. THEY USED A TYPE OF ANTISPASMODIC
MEDICATION THAT COULD PREVENT MUSCLE SPASMS AND RELAX
MUSCLES , WHICH COULD HELP DURING SURGERY.
13. CONTINUATION !
4. CHINAMPA. IT IS A FORM OF AZTEC TECHNOLOGY FOR
AGRICULTURAL FARMING IN WHICH THE LAND WAS
DIVIDED INTO RECTANGULAR AEAS AND SURROUNDED BY
CANALS.
5. AZTEC CALENDAR. THIS ENABLED THEM TO PAN THEIR
ACTIVITIES , RITUALS, AND PLANTING SEASON.
6. INVENTION OF THE CANOE. A LIGHT NARROW BOAT
USED FOR TRAVELING IN WATER SYSTEMS.
14. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE
IN ASIA
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- IS A HUGE PENINSULA SURROUNDED BY VAST BODIES OF WATER AND
FORTIFIED BY HUGE MOUNTAINS IN ITS NOETHERN BOARDERS.
- THEY ARE KNOWN FOR MANUFACTURING IRON AND IN
METALLURGICAL WORKS.
- THEIR IRON STEEL IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE BEST AND HELD WITH
REGARD IN THE WHOLE OF ROMAN EMPIRE.
- THEY ARE ALSO FAMOUS IN MEDICINE. “ AYURVEDA” , A SYSTEM
OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE THAT ORIGINATED IN ANCIENT INDIA BEFORE 2500
BC , IS STILL PRACTICED AS A FORM OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE. SOME
ANCIENT TEXTS, LIKE THE “ SUSRUTA SAMHITA” , DESCRIBES DIFFERENT
SURGICAL AND OTHER MEDICAL PROCEDURES FAMOUS IN ANCIENT INDIA.
15. - THEY WERE ALSO NOTABLE IN THE FIELD OF
ASTRONOMY. THEY DEVELOPED THEORIES ON THE
CONFIGURATION OF THE UNIVERSE, THE SPHERICAL
SELF- SUPPORTING EARTH.
- “MOHENJODARO RULER” , A STANDARDIZED
MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH TO A HIGH DEGREE OF
ACCURACY . BISHT (1982)
CONTINUATION !
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- IT IS ONE OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WITH
SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS IN MANY AREAS LIKE
MEDICINE, ASTRONOMY, SCIENCE MATHEMATICS,
ARTS, PHILOSOPHY, AND MUSIC AMONG OTHERS.
- CHINESE ARE KNOWN FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINES,
A PRODUCT OF CENTURIES OF EXPRIENCES AND
DISCOVERY OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE. THEY
DISCOVERED VARIOUS MEDICAL PROPERTIES AND
USES OF DIFFERENT PLANTS AND ANIMALS TO CURE
HUMAN ILLNESS.
“ ACCUPUNCTURE ”
17. CONTINUATION !
AMONG THE FAMOUS DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS
OF THE CHINESE CIVILIZATIONS WERE COMPASS,
PAPERMAKING, GUNPOWDER, AND PRINTING TOOLS
IN THE FIELD OF ASTRONOMY, THE CHINESE ALSO
MADE SIGNIFICANT RECORDS ON SUPERNOVAS,
LUNAR AND SOLAR ECLIPSE, AND COMETS WHICH
WERE CAREFULLY RECORDED AND PRESERVED TO
UNDERSTAND BETTER THE HEAVENLY BODIES AND
THEIR EFFECTS TO OUR WORLD.
18. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
MUSLIM SCIENTISTS PLACED GREATER
VALUE ON SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS RATHER
THAN PLAIN-THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS.
IBN AL – HAYTHAM – FATHER OF OPTICS
JABIR IBN HAYYAN – FATHER OF CHEMISTRY
19. DEVELOPMENT Of SCIENCE IN
AFRICA
AFRICA IS BLESSED WITH NATURAL AND MINERAL RESOURCES.
• EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION:
- HAS CONTIBUTED IMMENSELY AND MADE SIGNIFICANT
ADVANCES IN THE FIELD OF ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS AND
MEDICINE.
- KNOWN TO BE THE CENTER OF ALCHEMY, WHICH IS KNOWN
AS THE MEDIEVAL FOERUNNER OF CHEMISTRY.
AFRICANS USED THREE TYPES OF CALENDARS: LUNAR, SOLAR,
AND STELLAR , OR A COMBINATION OF THE THREE.
