OSCamp Kubernetes 2024 | A Tester's Guide to CI_CD as an Automated Quality Co...
Mothers' Perception of Marital Quality After Childbirth
1. Mothers' Perception of Marital
Quality Over the Course of Two years
Following Childbirth
Adi Noy
Orit Taubman – Ben-Ari
Bar Ilan University, Israel
2. Marital Quality
• Higher levels of personal well-being (Proulx et al., 2007).
• Better health (Robles et al., 2014).
• Greater satisfaction with life, lower stress, and less
depression (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2008).
2
3. Marital Quality among Parents
• Decline in marital satisfaction - Parents have
significantly lower marital satisfaction than
nonparents (Keizer & Schenk, 2012; Lawrence et al., 2008; Twenge et al.,
2003).
3
4. Aims of the Present Study
To examine:
• Mothers' perception of marital quality after
childbirth, and over a period of two years following
childbirth
• Variables that may contribute to this perception
4
5. Mothers of Twins
• Higher level of tension (Glazebrook et al., 2004; Olivennes et al.,
2005).
• Higher levels of burden, stress, and exhaustion(Baor &
Soskolne, 2012; Vandell, 1990; Weigel et al., 2000).
What happens to the marital relationship after
the birth of twins?
• Loss of contact with their partner vs. creating
greater cohesion between the parents as a team
(Ellison & Hall, 2003).
5
6. Mothers of Pre-term
• Maternal anxiety and distress (Zelkowitz et al., 2007).
What happens to marital quality after the birth
of a pre-term baby?
• Greater risk of separation(Shailender et al., 2006).
• No relationship between a pre-term birth and
marital satisfaction(Gray et al., 2012).
6
7. Attachment Orientation
• Affects quality of the marital relationship (Knoke et al.,
2010).
• Attachment anxiety and avoidance are associated
with lower levels of current relationship quality
(Kohn et al., 2012; Saavedra et al., 2010).
• Secure attachment is associated with better marital
quality, and may protect this relationship during life
transitions and stressful periods(Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).
7
8. Social Support - Emotional and Instrumental
Maternal grandmother's support
• Contributes to the marital quality (Poehlmann et al., 2009;
Vandell, 1990; Findler et al., 2007).
Paternal grandmother's support
• May play a significant role in providing support,
although mothers were less satisfied with the
support from their mothers-in-law than with that
from their own mothers(Ahlborg et al., 2009).
8
9. The Current Study
• Mothers' perception of marital quality
• one month (intercept)
• over two years (slope)
• Birth circumstances
• twins or singletons
• pre-term or full-term
• first or non-first baby
• Attachment orientation
• anxious attachment
• avoidant attachment
• Perceived support
• from maternal grandmother
• from paternal grandmother
9
10. Hypotheses
1. Marital quality will show a decline over the two years
following childbirth.
2. Mothers of twins, mothers of pre-terms, and first-time
mothers will report lower marital quality.
3. Mothers with higher anxious and/or avoidant
attachment will report lower marital quality.
4. Perceived mother’s and mother-in-law’s emotional and
instrumental support will be related to higher marital
quality.
5. Perceived mother’s and mother-in-law’s emotional and
instrumental support will mediate the relationship
between attachment orientation and marital quality.
10
12. Procedure
• Data was collected through deliberate sampling as part of a
longitudinal investigation conducted at a large medical
facility in the center of Israel.
• Mothers filled out the questionnaires one month, one year
and two years after childbirth.
12
13. Instruments
• Evaluating and Nurturing Relationship Issues,
Communication, and Happiness (ENRICH; Fowers & Olson, 1989).
• Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR; Brennan, Clark, &
Shaver, 1998).
• The Support Functions Scale (Dunst, Trivette, & Deal, 1988).
• demographic questionnaire.
13
14. Data Analysis
Structural Latent Growth Model
• Used to estimate latent intercept (one month after
childbirth) and latent slope (change over time) in level of
marital quality.
• The background variables, circumstances of the birth,
attachment orientations, and perceived support variables
were all included in the model.
14
16. Results
• A significant decline in marital quality over time (-0.13,
p<.001).
• The model explained 40% of the variance in marital quality
one month after birth (p<.0001).
• The model accounted for 19% of the variance in the change
in marital quality over time (p<.001).
16
18. Conclusions
• Motherhood to twins or to pre-term does not affect marital
quality.
• There is more rapid return to base-line marital quality in
non-first time mothers.
• Attachment orientation is strongly connected to marital
quality, both directly and through the perception of the
support.
• Not all forms of support offered to mothers are positively
related to marital quality.
18