3. WHAT IS A COUGH?
• A cough is a protective, natural reflex intended to keep the airway
clear.
• A cough is an action the body takes to get rid of substances that are irritating to
the air passages, which carry the air a person breathes in from the nose and
mouth to the lungs. A cough occurs when cells along the air passages get irritated
and trigger a chain of events. The result is air in the lungs is forced out under high
pressure. A person can choose to cough (a voluntary process), or the body may
cough on its own (an involuntary process).
4. • A cough can be triggered by both non-infectious causes, such as smoke, dust,
and pet dander, or by infectious agents, like bacteria and viruses. A cough can
also expel food that went down the wrong way, or a foreign object from getting
into your lungs. It can be voluntary or involuntary as a reflex.
9. Acute Cough
• Acute coughs are the kind you most often get with a cold, flu, or acute bronchitis.
Subacute cough
• Subacute coughs last three to eight weeks and remain after the initial cold or respiratory infection is
over.
10. Chronic cough
• Chronic coughs last longer than 2 to 3 weeks. Causes of chronic cough include
• Chronic bronchitis
• Asthma
• Allergies
• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
• GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
• Smoking
11. SPUTUM
• A mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract, typically as a result of infection or other disease
and often examined microscopically to aid medical diagnosis.
• Causes
• Smoking
• In smokers, mucus builds up in the lungs, causing a “smoker’s cough.” The sputum produced
may be green, yellow, or bloody.
• Asthma
• People with asthma have airways that are sensitive to allergens, environmental pollution, and
respiratory infections. This sensitivity can lead to the airways becoming inflamed, as well as an
increase in mucus production.
12. • Cystic fibrosis
• Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease caused by a defective gene. It leads to
smaller airways becoming blocked by thick mucus, which causes breathing
difficulties.
• The thick mucus in cystic fibrosis becomes an ideal environment for bacteria to
grow. Many people with cystic fibrosis develop chronic bacterial lung infections.
13.
14. HEMOPTYSIS
• Hemoptysis is the spitting of blood that originated in the lungs or bronchial tubes.
• Hemoptysis is divided into types based on how much blood you cough up over 24 hours.
• Life-threatening or massive hemoptysis.
• They range from 100 milliliters (mL) of blood to over 600 mL, or about a pint.
15. • Nonlife-threatening or nonmassive hemoptysis.
• This is also known as moderate or submassive hemoptysis. Individual may
cough up between 20 and 200 mL (about a cup) of blood.
• Scant or mild hemoptysis. Individual cough up less than 20 mL, less than
a tablespoon.
16. HEMOPTYSIS CAUSES
• Bronchitis, either short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic)
• Lung cancer
• Damaged airways (bronchiectasis), especially because of cystic fibrosis
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
17. CLUBBING OF NAILS
• Nail clubbing is a change in the structure of fingernails or toenails in which the
finger and nail takes on the appearance of an upside-down spoon, and become
red and sponge-like.
• Causes
• Idiopathic
• Inherited trait
• Lung cancer
18. • Lung conditions: Some lung conditions associated with clubbing
include bronchiectasis, interstitial lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, and cystic fibrosis.
• Congenital heart disease
19.
20.
21. STRIDOR
• Stridor is a high-pitched, wheezing sound caused by disrupted airflow. Stridor
may also be called musical breathing or extrathoracic airway obstruction.
• Airflow is usually disrupted by a blockage in the larynx (voice box) or trachea
(windpipe). Stridor affects children more often than adults.
22. • Inspiratory stridor
• In this type, you can only hear the abnormal sound when you breathe in. This
indicates an issue with the tissue above the vocal cords.
• Expiratory stridor
• People with this type of stridor only experience abnormal sounds when they
breathe out. Blockage in the windpipe causes this type.
TYPES OF STRIDOR
23. • Biphasic stridor
• This type causes the abnormal sound when a person breathes in and out. When
the cartilage near the vocal cords narrows, it causes these sounds.
24. CAUSES
Stridor in adults
• an object blocking the airway
• swelling in your throat or upper airway
• trauma to the airway, such as a fracture in the neck or an object stuck in the nose
or throat
• thyroid, chest, esophageal, or neck surgery
25. • Stridor in infants and children
• Laryngomalacia is usually the cause of stridor. Soft structures and tissues that
obstruct the airway.
• croup, which is a viral respiratory infection
26. WHEEZING
• Wheezing is a high-pitched, coarse whistling sound when you breathe.
• What Causes Wheezing?
• The whistling sound happens when air moves through narrowed airways, much
like the way a whistle or flute makes music.
• Asthma. The condition, in which your airways narrow, swell, and make
extra mucus, can make it hard to breathe.
• Allergic reactions to pollen, chemicals, pet dander, dust, foods, or insect stings
27. • Obstruction of an airway because you’ve inhaled an object such as a coin
• Lung cancer
• Congestive heart failure
• Pneumonia. This infection inflames the air sacs in your lungs, and they fill
with fluid or pus.
• Bronchiolitis. This lung infection inflames airways and causes congestion,
usually in children.
