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1. Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical
Science, Life Science and Technology
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2. 6/23/2021
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5. Chemical Formula
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6. 2.Naming of Alcohol 6

7. 2. By reduction of aldehyde and ketone
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8. 3.By Grignard reagent for preparing Alcohol
4. By reduction of carboxylic acid and ether
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9. 5. By Hydrolysis of Esters
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10. They contain two – OH group.
They contain three – OH group.
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11. At ordinary temperature, the lower members are colorless liquids having a
Characteristics smell and burning taste.
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The boiling points of alcohols are much higher than the corresponding aliphatic hydrocarbon
and haloalkenes.
The lower members of alcohol are highly soluble in water but the solubility decreases
With increases in molecular weight.
Alcohols are lighter than water although the density increases in
molecular mass.

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1. Alcoholic drinks
2. Industrial methylated sprints
3. Use of ethanol as a fuel
4. Ethanol as a solvent
5. Methanol as a fuel
6. Methanol as an industrial feedback.

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Phenol are hydroxyl derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbon
In which the hydroxyl group.

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1. In IUPAC –OH group is represented a hydroxyl. It is used as a prefix, while
Benzene part of the molecule is used as suffix.
Phenol 1,2- Dihydroxy benzene 1,3 – Dihydroxy benzene 1,4- Dihydroxy benzene

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➢ Colorless, crystalline, poisonous solid with phenolic odor.
➢ Melting point 410𝐶 and boiling point 1820𝐶.
➢ Sparingly soluble in water forming pink solution at room temperature.
➢ Completely soluble above 68.50
𝐶.
➢ Causes blisters on skin.
➢ Used as disinfectant and in washrooms.

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Acidity of Phenol
❖ Phenol are more acidic than alcohol.
❖ Phenol are less acidic than carboxylic acids.
❖ Comparison of acidity of phenol and alcohol.
❖ Phenol exists as resonance hybrid of the following structures.
❖ Due to resonance O atoms acquires a positive charge and
Hence attracts the electron pairs of O-H bond leading to the
release of H+ ions.

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✓ Sodium benzene sulfonate on fusion with strong alkali like NaoH
at 3000
𝑐 give sodium phenoxide which on treatment with Hcl
gives phenol.

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➢ Chlorobenzene is hydrolysis by heating with 10% Nacl at
3600
𝑐 under high pressure to form sodium phenoxide which on
Treating with Nacl gives phenol.

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❖ It is recently developed commercial method for preparation of
Phenol. Cumene is oxidized by atmospheric oxygen in presence of
Metal catalyst into cumene hydroperoxide.
❖ The hydroperoxide is converted into phenol through acid catalyze
Arrangement.

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✓ Aryl diazonium salts are prepared by reaction of aryl amines with
Nitrous acid.
✓ Aryl diazonium salt can be converted into phenol using
H2O, H2SO4,Heat.

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• Phenol are very reactive towards oxidizing agent.
• The oxidation takes place through several steps
Eventually destroying the rings.

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In common system of naming ethers, ethers are named by naming
The two group bonded to oxygen followed by the word ether.

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• The reaction of primary alcohol with sodium gives an alkaloid.
• Alkaloid when treated with Rcl form ether
• When Alkyl Halide are heated with dry silver oxide, ethers are produced.

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➢ Dehydration of Alcohols
• Ether can be prepared by heating excess of alcohol with conc. H2SO4
At 1400𝐶
• When alcohols are of different types, then mixed ethers can be
Prepared.

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• The ethereal O atoms in a region of high electron density due to lone pair.
• Ether O atom are Lewis base.
• Like an alcohol –OH group, the –OR group is a poor leaving group and needs
To be converted to a better leaving group before substitution can occur.
• The most important reaction is cleavage by acids such as HI and HBr.

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List of Uses of Ethers
•Ethers are organic compounds with a sweet smell at room temperature.
•They are colourless and evaporate quickly when exposed to air.
•It is flammable and hence catches fire very easily and
therefore should be handled with care.
•Being flammable and volatile it is used in cold weather to start a
diesel or petrol engine. It is also used as a refrigerant.
•Ethers are used as an antiseptic in order to prevent infection
when an injection is administered into the body.
•A cotton ball is dipped in ether and skin is disinfected
before an injection is allowed to pierce the skin.
•Diethyl ether is used as an anaesthetic in hospitals.
•Anaesthetics help in making people go to sleep or become unconscious during surgery.
•The discovery of ether allowed physicians to use more refined techniques of surgery and medications.
•They got a better idea of human physiology.
•But due to the flammable nature of ether, it has now been replaced with safer alternatives.
•Since diethyl ether can be used as an anaesthetic, it is an appealing recreational drug.
•It is basically a controlled substance and can be inhaled by the users to induce euphoria and sedation.
• But overdose of diethyl ether can cause respiratory paralysis and also result in death.