2. Biotechnology
It is defined as the manipulation,
genetic modification and multiplication
of living organisms through novel
technologies such as tissue culture and
genetic engineering resulting in the
production of improved or new
organisms and product that can be used
in variety of ways
4. Selection and breeding
It can include manipulating
microbes, plants or animals and
choosing desirable individuals or
populations as breeding stock for
new generation
5. Genetic analysis
It is the overall process of
studying and researching in field of
science that involve genetics and
molecular biology (i.e.) looking at
chromosome, DNA pattern, and DNA
sequences.
6. Tissue culture
It is the in vitro cultivation of plant
cells, tissues, organs, embryos, seeds
and protoplast on nutrient media under
controlled or aseptic conditions in a
laboratory.
7. Genetic engineering
can be defined as changing of genes
by using in vitro process(gene cloning +
rDNA technology).
8. DNA Analysis
This occurs through two methods
1. PCR
2. RFLP Mapping
PCR(Polymerase chain reaction) makes
copies of DNA segment
RFLP mapping(Restricted Fragment Length
Polymorphism) detects patterns in DNA that
can indicate the presence of a gene for a
trait
9. Enzymes used in biotechnology
Genetic engineering is a tool to develop
the plants having gene of interest. The enzyme
used are
Restriction endonuclease
DNA ligase
Methylase
DNA Polymerase
10. Restriction endonuclease
A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that cuts
DNA after recognizing a specific sequence of DNA.
Restriction enzymes are called as molecular
scissors.
Scientists can use restriction enzymes to cut a
single gene from a larger piece of DNA. Restriction
enzymes evolved in bacteria.
Properties
They break phosphodiester bond that link
adjacent nucleotides in DNA molecule.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Methylase
Methyltransferase or methylase catalyzes the
transfer of methyl group (-CH3) to its substrate. The
process of transfer of methyl group to its substrate
is called methylation.
• Methylation is a common phenomenon in
DNA and protein structure.
16. • Methylation normally occurs on cytosine (C)
residue in DNA sequence. In protein, methylation
occurs on nitrogen atom.
• DNA methylation regulates gene or silence
gene without changing DNA sequences, as a part of
epigenetic regulation.
• In bacterial system, methylation plays a major
role in preventing their genome from degradation
by restriction enzymes. It is a part of restriction –
modification system in bacteria.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase (DNAP) is a type of enzyme
that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA,
in the form of nucleic acid molecules.
Nucleic acids are polymers, which are large
molecules made up of smaller, repeating units that
are chemically connected to one another.
DNA polymerase is responsible for the process
of DNA replication, during which a double-stranded
DNA molecule is copied into two identical DNA
molecules.
It is used to copy DNA molecules in test tube
via polymerase chain reaction(PCR)
26.
27. Plasmids
A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded
DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's
chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial
cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes.
Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide
bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic
resistance.
When a bacterium divides, all of the plasmids
contained within the cell are copied such that each
daughter cell receives a copy of each plasmid.
Bacteria can also transfer plasmids to one
another through a process called conjugation.
28.
29.
30. Gel electrophoresis
It is a method for separation and analysis of
macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their
fragments, based on their size and charge. It is used
in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge
and/or size and in biochemistry and molecular
biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and
RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA
and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge.
