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MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
ON ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE BRJCS NETWORK UNIVERSITY
The city of Moscow 18 November 2015
We, the undersigned representatives of the BRICS Ministries of Education, plenipotentiary
representatives of the BRICS countries Embassies in the Russian Federation and members of the
institutions ofthe BRICS countries
testifying our agreement with the content of the Memorandum of Understanding on
Establishment of the BRICS Network University (MoU) for the further amending and definite
validation,
confirming adherence to the goals of the World Declaration on Higher Education for the
Twenty-First Century: Vision and Action adopted on 6 of October 1998,
assisting implementation of the UNESCO goal in the development of education as it is stated
in the Article 1 of the UNESCO Constitution: The purpose ofthe Organization is to contribute to
peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and
culture,
guided by the Atticle 56 ofthe Fortaleza Declaration for the initiative to establish the BRICS
Network University,
following the Brasilia Declaration of the Second Meeting of BRICS Ministers of Education
adopted on 2 of March 2015, which provides for establishment ofa working group to work out the
modalities ofa BR!CS Nern,ork University (Article 9),
taking into account the Principles of the Creation and Functioning of the BR/CS Network
University declared and adopted by the BRICS Working Group on Education on 26 of June 2015,
guided by the Article 63 of Ufa Declaration with respect to the support for the establishment
of the BRICS Network University and the BRICS University League as independent initiatives,
recognizing the strategic importance of education for sustainable development and inclusive
economic growth in accordance with the BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy
Have agreed as follows:
oooom~ ~ Article 1
Definition ofBRJCS Network University
The BRICS Network University (hereinafter - BRICS NU) is a network of the BRICS
member countries' higher education institutions engaged in cooperation and joining
the BRICS NU (hereinafter - BRICS NU participants).
BRJCS NU is an educational project aimed at developing, preferentially,
bilateral/multilateral short-term joint training, master's and PhD programmes along with joint
research projects in various knowledge fields according to common standards and quality criteria,
given recognition of the learning outcomes by BRICS NU participants as per national criteria.
Article 2
Values and Principles
Activities of the BRJCS NU are oriented towards formation of the new generation of highly
qualified and motivated professionals, who obtain critical thinking skills, abilities to make and
implement innovative decisions concerning the economic and social problems, communication,
skills for interactions in a multicultural environment and who are capable of combining traditional
knowledge with science and contemporary technologies.
BRICS NU fo llows these principles:
Openness, which enables various institutions to join to/withdraw from the BRICS NU
respecting national criteria and based on the selection procedure.
Focus on educational programmes that can be supplemented by network research and
innovation projects.
Equal rights ofall participants, meaning that all BRICS NU participants have equal rights in
its implementation. The BRICS NU participants are autonomous, independent from each other and
relate to each other as equals.
Reciprocity in treatment of all participants involved in joint activities.
Assurance ofhigh quality of the BRICS NU educational programmes, to be ensured through
close connections with the research and innovation activity. The BRICS NU participants are
committed to the active use ofthe methods ofthe problem- and project-based teaching and learning.
Respect for the national regulations, procedures and practices of each BRICS country.
Article 3
Objectives and Goals of the BRICS NU
The BRICS NU is created for:
Providing opportunity ofhigh quality lif
e-long learning through different forms ofeducation,
such as traditional academic programmes, short-term programmes, modular courses, etc.;
2
OOoom~ s
IISSU .s:s:A rm&A IIISSIA
m 1n .ZO:JS z:s
Facilitating sustainable development of the BRICS countries through creation and
dissemination of the knowledge and skills via joint research and educational activities in natural and
social sciences, humanities, engineering and other areas in the spirit of plural ism and diversity;
Providing training for the professionals of high qualification for satisfying the needs of
the BRICS countries in specific areas by expanding students' access to contemporary methods,
forms and education technologies within the frames of the implementation of the BRICS NU
educational programmes.
Article 4
T he Main Activities of the BRICS NU
The main activities ofthe BRICS NU are:
Off
ering in conformity with own laws Masters and Ph.D. programmes; short-term training
and modular courses;
Development and implementation ofjoint research projects, innovative activity within the
frames of educational programmes;
Organization of the academic mobility of students, the university facu lty and staff of
the BRICS NU participants.
Article 5
Participants of the BRICS NU
The responsibility for determining the list of the BRICS NU participant institutions rests
with the National Ministries ofEducation of the BRICS countries.
At the stage of the establishment of the BRICS NU the number of the BRICS NU
participants does not exceed 12 from each BRICS member country.
Article 6
The BRICS NU Knowledge Field Priorities
Knowledge field priorities of the BRICS NU activity shall correspond to the priorities and
main areas of cooperation amongst the BRICS member countries, as they are stated in the Article 3
of the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation
between the BRJCS member countries, as well as other documents adopted within the frames of
the BRJCS.
At the stage of the establishment of the BRICS NU the knowledge field priorities include:
energy;
computer science and information security;
BRICS studies;
ecology and climate change;
water resources and pollution treatment;
3
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economics.
In accordance with the decision of the BRICS NU International Governing Board, the
grounds for creation and the empowerment of which are described in Article I0 of the present MoU,
other areas of training may be included and other knowledge field priorities may be determined.
Article 7
Formation of the BRICS NU Curricula
The BRICS NU participants will work out the details of:
structure and content of educational programmes;
mutual recognition ofthe training outcomes;
academic mobility forms as decided by the International Thematic Groups on the knowledge
field priorities ofthe BRICS NU;
procedures for admission;
principles of educational process arrangement;
issues of interim and final certification which are regulated by agreements between
BRICS NU participants on joint training ofhighly qualified personnel.
Article 8
The BRICS NU Education Certificate
Upon completion of the BRICS NU educational programmes, the person who has completed
the course of study, passed the relevant examinations and met the requirement of conferment
standards or relevant regulations of the graduation institution receives a formal qualification of the
institution, in which he or she has enrolled (they may also receive two or more
degrees/diplomas/certificates in accordance with the agreements between the BRICS NU
participants), as well as the certificate of participation of the BRICS NU.
Article 9
The BRICS NU Governance Structures
The BRICS NU is characterized by transparent administration system aimed at addressing
the issues across the network, and at the same time taking into account the priorities of national
higher education systems of member countries.
In order to accomplish the objectives and goals of the BRICS NU the following regulatory
bodies are created:
BRICS NU International Governing Board (1GB);
BRICS NU National Coordination Committee (NCC) or other national governing structure
in each of the BRICS countries;
International Thematic Groups (lTG) on the knowledge field priorities of the BRICS NU.
4
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Article 10
The BRICS NU International Governing Board
The BRfCS NU International Governing Board (lGB) is the principal integral body
responsible for the activities and development, including outcome assessment ofthe BRICS NU.
The BRICS NU 1GB consists of three representatives ofeach BRJCS country, including:
- plenipotentiary representative of the National Education Ministry for the term appointed by
the country in accordance with the national practice but not less than two years;
- representative of the BRICS NU participants from each BRICS NU NCC for the term
appointed by the country in accordance with the national practice but not less than
three years;
The appointed terms could be extended to another consecutive term.
The BRICS NU 1GB arranges in-person meetings upon the request of BRJCS NU NCC and
ITG or when major decisions need to be made, but at least once a year.
Responsibility for conducting the meetings of the BRlCS NU 1GB rests on
the National Education Ministry from the current BRICS Chairship country whose representative
serves as the President of the BRICS NU IGB.
The Vice-President will be appointed from the representatives of the next
BRICS Chairship country.
Article 11
T he BRICS NU National Coordination Committees
(or other national governing structures)
The BRICS NU National Coordination Committees (NCC) or other national governing
structures in each of the BRICS countries:
created by the Ministries of Education of the BRICS countries to ensure operative
management of the BRICS NU at the national level;
operate on the basis ofthe national provision for the establishment ofthe BRICS NU NCC;
formed in accordance with national guidelines, norms and regulations in each of
the BRICS countries;
consist of the BRICS NU participants and of at least two representatives of the National
Education Ministries;
may also include scientific community experts
the BRICS NU, representatives of the business
international organizations.
5
in knowledge field priorities of
community, civil society and
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Article 12
The BRICS NU International Thematic Groups
International Thematic Groups include representatives of the BRICS NU participants. The
members of the ITGs are nominated by the BRICS NU NCCs or other national governing structures
in accordance with the national guidelines, norms and regulations in each of the BRICS countries.
ITGs are established in line with the BRICS NU knowledge field priorities set out in the Article 6 of
the present MoU. The activities of the ITGs are regulated by the statute for the BRICS NU ITGs
approved by the BRICS NU IGB.
The ITGs provide support to the BRICS NU's educational activity in identified knowledge
field priorities.
Article 13
The BRICS NU Funding
The BRJCS NU activities, concerning each country, will be financed by participating
universities' budget, grants, special purpose funds, charitable contributions, etc.
The activities of the national BRICS NU participants and NCCs are financed by each country
independently. The financial responsibility for the organization of the meetings of
the BRICS NU IGB rests with the current BRICS Chairship country. According to the international
practice, international travel fee, board and lodging expenses will be covered by
the dispatched party; local transportation, venue rental, etc. will be covered by the current
BRICS Chairship country.
BRICS NU participants:
Article 14
Other Activities
Exchange information on BRICS member states' education priorities and national
legislation, share documents as well as other information materials in the field of education and
science;
Conduct conferences, symposiums, seminars, round tables and other events on topical issues
ofmultilateral cooperation in the field of education;
Arrange short-term network educational programmes: summer and winter schools, graduate
seminars, training courses, etc. in knowledge fi eld priorities of the BRICS NU;
Make efforts to launch joint bilateral and multilateral research programmes, as well as
contribute to the organization of innovative projects directly related to the BRICS NU educational
activities and to jointly own the lPRs that result from such research;
6
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r.~ Z::.$ 2I!S Mi
Encourage mutual participation of students belonging to the BRJCS NU in various
international competitions, festivals, expeditions, as well as sports, tourism, environment etc. related
events;
Cooperate in the sphere of education quality assurance;
Exchange information on licensing, certification and accreditation of educational institutions
I organizations of the BRICS countries and their educational programmes.
Article 15
Introduction of Amendments
The present MoU may be amended and supplemented by mutual agreement of
the Ministries of Education of the BRICS countries. The amendments and supplements are executed
as separate protocols and are considered as integral part hereof.
Article 16
Conflict Resolution
Disagreements between the BRlCS NU participants arising from application of the MoU
shall be resolved through negotiations and consultations mediated by the BRICS NU 1GB.
Article 17
Accession to and Withdrawal from the BRICS NU
The accession to the BRICS NU higher education institutions to the BRICS NU shall be
effected on the basis of the application submitted to the BRICS NU NCC or other national
governing structure and be approved by a special decision of the BRICS NU IGB, and is executed as
a separate protocol which is considered as integral part hereof.
This accession shall be immediately valid and effective for the acceding party from the date
ofthe decision of the BRICS NU IGB.
Any BRICS NU participant higher education institution may withdraw from BRlCS NU
through a written notice sent to the BRICS NU NCC or other national governing structure not less
than 90 days prior to the notice of intention to withdraw. The BRICS NU NCC or other national
governing structure shall inform the BRICS NU lGB, which in turn will inform the other BRICS
NU participant higher education institutions of this intention to withdraw within thirty days from the
date ofnotification.
In case of the withdrawal of an institution the present MoU's provisions shall remain in force
in respect of projects and programmes under implementation until their full completion or with the
approval of the BRICS NU NCC or other national governing structure.
7
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nnu. l'.mU fJSSA rmu.
,.~ 5 r.:'J 315 i:1i
Article 18
Duration and Termination of MoU
The present MoU shall be concluded for an indefinite period and shall come into effect upon
signature.
The decision on the termination of the present MoU shall be taken by the Ministries of
Education of the BRICS countries. All the BRICS NU participant higher education institutions shall
be informed ofthis decision within thirty days from the date ofthe decision.
In the event of the termination of the present MoU its provisions shall remain in force in
respect ofongoing projects and programmes.
Article 19
Other provisions
All other matters not addressed herein shall be resolved by the BRICS NU IGB.
Completed in the city of Moscow on 18 November 2015 in 5 copies in the English language.
libofB~il~
The Repu~ic of India
~ ~
The People's Republic ofChina .J1 i, .:d._
I ...._
The Republic of South Africa $_
8

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MOU-BRICS-Network-University-2015.pdf

  • 1. mrnJ R [j](E S ~ I!.'S.UI. l'JSW. I:ISSU ~~~ l':.! _ . ~IS inl MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BRJCS NETWORK UNIVERSITY The city of Moscow 18 November 2015 We, the undersigned representatives of the BRICS Ministries of Education, plenipotentiary representatives of the BRICS countries Embassies in the Russian Federation and members of the institutions ofthe BRICS countries testifying our agreement with the content of the Memorandum of Understanding on Establishment of the BRICS Network University (MoU) for the further amending and definite validation, confirming adherence to the goals of the World Declaration on Higher Education for the Twenty-First Century: Vision and Action adopted on 6 of October 1998, assisting implementation of the UNESCO goal in the development of education as it is stated in the Article 1 of the UNESCO Constitution: The purpose ofthe Organization is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture, guided by the Atticle 56 ofthe Fortaleza Declaration for the initiative to establish the BRICS Network University, following the Brasilia Declaration of the Second Meeting of BRICS Ministers of Education adopted on 2 of March 2015, which provides for establishment ofa working group to work out the modalities ofa BR!CS Nern,ork University (Article 9), taking into account the Principles of the Creation and Functioning of the BR/CS Network University declared and adopted by the BRICS Working Group on Education on 26 of June 2015, guided by the Article 63 of Ufa Declaration with respect to the support for the establishment of the BRICS Network University and the BRICS University League as independent initiatives, recognizing the strategic importance of education for sustainable development and inclusive economic growth in accordance with the BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy Have agreed as follows:
  • 2. oooom~ ~ Article 1 Definition ofBRJCS Network University The BRICS Network University (hereinafter - BRICS NU) is a network of the BRICS member countries' higher education institutions engaged in cooperation and joining the BRICS NU (hereinafter - BRICS NU participants). BRJCS NU is an educational project aimed at developing, preferentially, bilateral/multilateral short-term joint training, master's and PhD programmes along with joint research projects in various knowledge fields according to common standards and quality criteria, given recognition of the learning outcomes by BRICS NU participants as per national criteria. Article 2 Values and Principles Activities of the BRJCS NU are oriented towards formation of the new generation of highly qualified and motivated professionals, who obtain critical thinking skills, abilities to make and implement innovative decisions concerning the economic and social problems, communication, skills for interactions in a multicultural environment and who are capable of combining traditional knowledge with science and contemporary technologies. BRICS NU fo llows these principles: Openness, which enables various institutions to join to/withdraw from the BRICS NU respecting national criteria and based on the selection procedure. Focus on educational programmes that can be supplemented by network research and innovation projects. Equal rights ofall participants, meaning that all BRICS NU participants have equal rights in its implementation. The BRICS NU participants are autonomous, independent from each other and relate to each other as equals. Reciprocity in treatment of all participants involved in joint activities. Assurance ofhigh quality of the BRICS NU educational programmes, to be ensured through close connections with the research and innovation activity. The BRICS NU participants are committed to the active use ofthe methods ofthe problem- and project-based teaching and learning. Respect for the national regulations, procedures and practices of each BRICS country. Article 3 Objectives and Goals of the BRICS NU The BRICS NU is created for: Providing opportunity ofhigh quality lif e-long learning through different forms ofeducation, such as traditional academic programmes, short-term programmes, modular courses, etc.; 2
  • 3. OOoom~ s IISSU .s:s:A rm&A IIISSIA m 1n .ZO:JS z:s Facilitating sustainable development of the BRICS countries through creation and dissemination of the knowledge and skills via joint research and educational activities in natural and social sciences, humanities, engineering and other areas in the spirit of plural ism and diversity; Providing training for the professionals of high qualification for satisfying the needs of the BRICS countries in specific areas by expanding students' access to contemporary methods, forms and education technologies within the frames of the implementation of the BRICS NU educational programmes. Article 4 T he Main Activities of the BRICS NU The main activities ofthe BRICS NU are: Off ering in conformity with own laws Masters and Ph.D. programmes; short-term training and modular courses; Development and implementation ofjoint research projects, innovative activity within the frames of educational programmes; Organization of the academic mobility of students, the university facu lty and staff of the BRICS NU participants. Article 5 Participants of the BRICS NU The responsibility for determining the list of the BRICS NU participant institutions rests with the National Ministries ofEducation of the BRICS countries. At the stage of the establishment of the BRICS NU the number of the BRICS NU participants does not exceed 12 from each BRICS member country. Article 6 The BRICS NU Knowledge Field Priorities Knowledge field priorities of the BRICS NU activity shall correspond to the priorities and main areas of cooperation amongst the BRICS member countries, as they are stated in the Article 3 of the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation between the BRJCS member countries, as well as other documents adopted within the frames of the BRJCS. At the stage of the establishment of the BRICS NU the knowledge field priorities include: energy; computer science and information security; BRICS studies; ecology and climate change; water resources and pollution treatment; 3
  • 4. OOrn]m[0 s CSW. tm.'J t;W& MS.t& W5 i~.! :tl i:li economics. In accordance with the decision of the BRICS NU International Governing Board, the grounds for creation and the empowerment of which are described in Article I0 of the present MoU, other areas of training may be included and other knowledge field priorities may be determined. Article 7 Formation of the BRICS NU Curricula The BRICS NU participants will work out the details of: structure and content of educational programmes; mutual recognition ofthe training outcomes; academic mobility forms as decided by the International Thematic Groups on the knowledge field priorities ofthe BRICS NU; procedures for admission; principles of educational process arrangement; issues of interim and final certification which are regulated by agreements between BRICS NU participants on joint training ofhighly qualified personnel. Article 8 The BRICS NU Education Certificate Upon completion of the BRICS NU educational programmes, the person who has completed the course of study, passed the relevant examinations and met the requirement of conferment standards or relevant regulations of the graduation institution receives a formal qualification of the institution, in which he or she has enrolled (they may also receive two or more degrees/diplomas/certificates in accordance with the agreements between the BRICS NU participants), as well as the certificate of participation of the BRICS NU. Article 9 The BRICS NU Governance Structures The BRICS NU is characterized by transparent administration system aimed at addressing the issues across the network, and at the same time taking into account the priorities of national higher education systems of member countries. In order to accomplish the objectives and goals of the BRICS NU the following regulatory bodies are created: BRICS NU International Governing Board (1GB); BRICS NU National Coordination Committee (NCC) or other national governing structure in each of the BRICS countries; International Thematic Groups (lTG) on the knowledge field priorities of the BRICS NU. 4
  • 5. rRH RJijlf[l s IE1£1liii!J ~w Article 10 The BRICS NU International Governing Board The BRfCS NU International Governing Board (lGB) is the principal integral body responsible for the activities and development, including outcome assessment ofthe BRICS NU. The BRICS NU 1GB consists of three representatives ofeach BRJCS country, including: - plenipotentiary representative of the National Education Ministry for the term appointed by the country in accordance with the national practice but not less than two years; - representative of the BRICS NU participants from each BRICS NU NCC for the term appointed by the country in accordance with the national practice but not less than three years; The appointed terms could be extended to another consecutive term. The BRICS NU 1GB arranges in-person meetings upon the request of BRJCS NU NCC and ITG or when major decisions need to be made, but at least once a year. Responsibility for conducting the meetings of the BRlCS NU 1GB rests on the National Education Ministry from the current BRICS Chairship country whose representative serves as the President of the BRICS NU IGB. The Vice-President will be appointed from the representatives of the next BRICS Chairship country. Article 11 T he BRICS NU National Coordination Committees (or other national governing structures) The BRICS NU National Coordination Committees (NCC) or other national governing structures in each of the BRICS countries: created by the Ministries of Education of the BRICS countries to ensure operative management of the BRICS NU at the national level; operate on the basis ofthe national provision for the establishment ofthe BRICS NU NCC; formed in accordance with national guidelines, norms and regulations in each of the BRICS countries; consist of the BRICS NU participants and of at least two representatives of the National Education Ministries; may also include scientific community experts the BRICS NU, representatives of the business international organizations. 5 in knowledge field priorities of community, civil society and
  • 6. OOrnlm [0 s l2nu. IISS"'J. ~ toSU zn r.~ 2m ::;; Article 12 The BRICS NU International Thematic Groups International Thematic Groups include representatives of the BRICS NU participants. The members of the ITGs are nominated by the BRICS NU NCCs or other national governing structures in accordance with the national guidelines, norms and regulations in each of the BRICS countries. ITGs are established in line with the BRICS NU knowledge field priorities set out in the Article 6 of the present MoU. The activities of the ITGs are regulated by the statute for the BRICS NU ITGs approved by the BRICS NU IGB. The ITGs provide support to the BRICS NU's educational activity in identified knowledge field priorities. Article 13 The BRICS NU Funding The BRJCS NU activities, concerning each country, will be financed by participating universities' budget, grants, special purpose funds, charitable contributions, etc. The activities of the national BRICS NU participants and NCCs are financed by each country independently. The financial responsibility for the organization of the meetings of the BRICS NU IGB rests with the current BRICS Chairship country. According to the international practice, international travel fee, board and lodging expenses will be covered by the dispatched party; local transportation, venue rental, etc. will be covered by the current BRICS Chairship country. BRICS NU participants: Article 14 Other Activities Exchange information on BRICS member states' education priorities and national legislation, share documents as well as other information materials in the field of education and science; Conduct conferences, symposiums, seminars, round tables and other events on topical issues ofmultilateral cooperation in the field of education; Arrange short-term network educational programmes: summer and winter schools, graduate seminars, training courses, etc. in knowledge fi eld priorities of the BRICS NU; Make efforts to launch joint bilateral and multilateral research programmes, as well as contribute to the organization of innovative projects directly related to the BRICS NU educational activities and to jointly own the lPRs that result from such research; 6
  • 7. OOrn1m[01 s II1S&A tii'SS'.A ~ IUUIA r.~ Z::.$ 2I!S Mi Encourage mutual participation of students belonging to the BRJCS NU in various international competitions, festivals, expeditions, as well as sports, tourism, environment etc. related events; Cooperate in the sphere of education quality assurance; Exchange information on licensing, certification and accreditation of educational institutions I organizations of the BRICS countries and their educational programmes. Article 15 Introduction of Amendments The present MoU may be amended and supplemented by mutual agreement of the Ministries of Education of the BRICS countries. The amendments and supplements are executed as separate protocols and are considered as integral part hereof. Article 16 Conflict Resolution Disagreements between the BRlCS NU participants arising from application of the MoU shall be resolved through negotiations and consultations mediated by the BRICS NU 1GB. Article 17 Accession to and Withdrawal from the BRICS NU The accession to the BRICS NU higher education institutions to the BRICS NU shall be effected on the basis of the application submitted to the BRICS NU NCC or other national governing structure and be approved by a special decision of the BRICS NU IGB, and is executed as a separate protocol which is considered as integral part hereof. This accession shall be immediately valid and effective for the acceding party from the date ofthe decision of the BRICS NU IGB. Any BRICS NU participant higher education institution may withdraw from BRlCS NU through a written notice sent to the BRICS NU NCC or other national governing structure not less than 90 days prior to the notice of intention to withdraw. The BRICS NU NCC or other national governing structure shall inform the BRICS NU lGB, which in turn will inform the other BRICS NU participant higher education institutions of this intention to withdraw within thirty days from the date ofnotification. In case of the withdrawal of an institution the present MoU's provisions shall remain in force in respect of projects and programmes under implementation until their full completion or with the approval of the BRICS NU NCC or other national governing structure. 7 "
  • 8. OO[IDU]~ s nnu. l'.mU fJSSA rmu. ,.~ 5 r.:'J 315 i:1i Article 18 Duration and Termination of MoU The present MoU shall be concluded for an indefinite period and shall come into effect upon signature. The decision on the termination of the present MoU shall be taken by the Ministries of Education of the BRICS countries. All the BRICS NU participant higher education institutions shall be informed ofthis decision within thirty days from the date ofthe decision. In the event of the termination of the present MoU its provisions shall remain in force in respect ofongoing projects and programmes. Article 19 Other provisions All other matters not addressed herein shall be resolved by the BRICS NU IGB. Completed in the city of Moscow on 18 November 2015 in 5 copies in the English language. libofB~il~ The Repu~ic of India ~ ~ The People's Republic ofChina .J1 i, .:d._ I ...._ The Republic of South Africa $_ 8